2018 Armenian Revolution Explained

2018 Armenian Revolution (Velvet Revolution)
Date:[1]
Place:Armenia
Armenian diaspora

Los Angeles, Glendale, California,[2] Moscow,[3] Milan, Marseille,[4] Toronto, Montreal, Sochi, Brussels, Vancouver,[5] Athens, London, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Chicago, São Paulo[6]

Causes:
Goals:
  • Originally: Resignation of Serzh Sargsyan as PM[8]
  • Later added: Snap elections to the National Assembly[9]
  • Later added: Removal of the Republican Party from power[10] [11]
  • Later added: Appointment of Pashiniyan as interim prime minister until snap elections are held[12]
Methods:Demonstrations, sit-ins, student protest, civil disobedience, online activism, boycotts of business, general strike
Result:Protester victory
  • Resignation of Serzh Sargsyan
  • Republican Party decided to not put forward candidate in votes for new Prime Minister on 1 and 8 May[13]
  • Election of Nikol Pashinyan as the Prime Minister[14]
Side1: Political opposition

Supported by:

Non-political groups:

Side2: Armenian government

Political parties:

Leadfigures1: Nikol Pashinyan MP (detained from 22 to 23 April)[23]
Leadfigures2: Serzh Sargsyan (ex-president, resigned Prime Minister)
Karen Karapetyan (ex-prime Minister, acting Prime minister)
Howmany1:
Yerevan:
  • 250,000 (1 May)[24]
  • 200,000 (23 April)[25]
  • 150,000 (2 May)[26]
  • 115,000 (22 April)[27]
Gyumri:
  • 10,000 (27 April)[28]
Glendale, California:
Casualties1:40 injured including Nikol Pashinyan[30]
Casualties2:6 policemen injured (on 16 April)
Casualties Label:Injuries

The 2018 Armenian Revolution, most commonly known in Armenia as #MerzhirSerzhin (Armenian: #ՄերժիրՍերժին, meaning "#RejectSerzh"), was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — Nikol Pashinyan (head of the Civil Contract party). Protests and marches took place initially in response to Serzh Sargsyan's third consecutive term as the most powerful figure in the government of Armenia, later broadening against the ruling Republican Party, who were in power since 1999. Pashinyan declared it a Velvet Revolution (Armenian: Թավշյա հեղափոխություն|translit=T'avshya heghap'vokhut'yun|label=none).[31] [32]

On April 22, Pashinyan was arrested and held in solitary confinement overnight, then released on April 23, the same day that Sargsyan resigned, saying "I was wrong, while Nikol Pashinyan was right".[33] [34] The event is referred to by some as a peaceful revolution akin to revolutions in other post-Soviet states.[35] [36] [37] By the evening of April 25, the Republican Party's coalition partner, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, had withdrawn from the coalition.[11]

By April 28, all of the opposition parties in Armenia's parliament had announced they would support Pashinyan's candidacy.[38] A vote was scheduled in the National Assembly for May 1; for Pashinyan to be elected Prime Minister, which required 53 votes, he would have had to win the votes of at least six members of the Republican Party.[39] Pashinyan was the only candidate who was put forward for the vote.[40] However, the Republican Party unanimously voted against Pashinyan – 102 MPs were present, out of which 56 voted against his candidacy and 45 voted for it.[41] [42] One week later, on May 8, the second vote took place. Pashinyan was elected Prime Minister with 59 votes.[14] [43]

The revolution was seen as an opportunity for Armenia to realign its foreign policy in the European direction. The revolution contradicted Russian policy, as it opposed the notion of the irreplaceability of post-Soviet leaders and posed a threat to authoritarianism in the post-Soviet space. The revolution in Armenia was deemed "European" in nature as it corresponded to European values and principles, both societal and political.[44] The revolution signaled a significant shift in Armenia's domestic politics, with pro-Russian politicians being ousted from power and a reformist government taking their place. The change brought about a reevaluation of Armenia's relations with Russia. The reformist government sought to distance itself from Russia's aggressive tactics and realign Armenia with the Western values of democracy and human rights.[45]

Preceding situation

See also: Corruption in Armenia. Between 2012 and 2017, reported levels of trust in the national government was at 25%, while confidence in the judicial system was at 29%, figures which were below all of Armenia's neighbouring countries at the time.[46]

Nomination of Sargsyan for the post of Prime Minister

Demonstrations and protests began in March 2018, when members of the Republican Party did not exclude the option of nominating Serzh Sargsyan for the prime minister's post.[47] [48] [49] [50] This meant a continuation of Sargsyan's rule (as either Prime Minister or President) since March 2007. He had amended the constitution in 2015 to remove term limits which would have prevented him doing this.[51]

Protesters had vowed to block the party's headquarters on April 14, where leaders were going to gather to formally nominate Serzh Sargsyan for prime minister. The Republican Party held its meeting outside of the capital Yerevan and unanimously voted to formally nominate Serzh Sargsyan for the office of prime minister.[52] The coalition partner, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, supported the ruling Republican Party's decision, as did most of the opposition Prosperous Armenia party caucus.[53] [54]

Meanwhile, the Way Out Alliance emerged as a pro-European and anti-Russian political alliance, which actively participated in street protests supporting Nikol Pashinyan following Serzh Sargsyan's nomination for prime minister. The alliance believed that Sargsyan was largely controlled by Moscow and labelled him a 'dictator' who rigged elections. Noting the rise of anti-Russian sentiments in the country, the alliance called for Armenia to develop closer ties with the European Union.[55]

Protests

On March 31, Nikol Pashinyan began his Im Qayl (my step) protest walk, starting in the city of Gyumri, and walking through cities and towns such as Vanadzor, Dilijan, Hrazdan, and Abovyan, before finally reaching Yerevan on April 13 and holding a small rally.[56]

About 100 protesters stayed overnight in France Square after the first day of protests, and an equal number did the same on Saturday night, some sleeping in tents, others gathered around fires. By Sunday morning, the Armenian police had made no effort to disrupt the demonstrations.

On Monday April 16, the "Take a Step, Reject Serzh" campaign began actions of civil disobedience. On April 17, the day that the prime minister's election was scheduled, the protesters intended to block entrances to the building of the National Assembly in order to prevent the vote from taking place.[57] [58] Lines of riot police stopped them from advancing further towards the National Assembly building.[59]

After the election of the former president Serzh Sargsyan as the new prime minister, the protests continued to grow, despite hundreds of people being detained by police.[60] [61] The prime minister in response asked the government to take back the presidential mansion which it had given him a few weeks earlier.[62] The crowds reached 50,000[63] on the night of April 21, with countless sporadic street closures in the capital, which also began to spread across the country.[64]

As the crowds grew, the new prime minister called repeatedly for talks with the leader of the protest movement, Nikol Pashinyan, but Pashinyan said he was only willing to discuss the terms of the Prime Minister's resignation.[65] After Pashinyan's rally was visited by the Armenian President on the evening of April 21 for a brief chat with Pashinyan,[66] Pashinyan agreed to meet the prime minister at 10 am on April 22, saying he believed the topic would be Serzh Sargsyan's resignation.[67]

April 22

The meeting, which lasted for a mere three minutes,[68] failed to achieve anything, with Sargsyan walking out of it and accusing the opposition of "blackmail" when Pashinyan stated he had only agreed to discuss terms of the Prime Minister's resignation and nothing else.[69] During the meeting, Sargsyan asked Pashinyan not to speak on behalf of the people and not to issue ultimatums to the government, given the low level of support for his political alliance (less than 10 percent of the vote in the past parliamentary elections). He also warned that Pashinyan had not "learned the lessons of March 1", a reference to the protestors killed by police while contesting the validity of the election results of Sargsyan's election 10 years earlier, amounting to an open threat of violence against the protesters gathering daily in around the nation.[70]

Immediately after the meeting, Pashinyan led a group of supporters from the site of the meeting by Republic Square on a long march down Tigran Mets and Artsakh streets to the Erebuni district, where they were met by riot police and stun grenades as Pashinyan was detained followed by mass detentions of protestors, including opposition lawmakers Sasun Mikayelyan and Ararat Mirzoyan.[71] [72] Protests continue throughout the city. By the evening 232 protestors had been detained or arrested,[73] and, according to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, tens of thousands[74] gathered in Republic Square to continue to demand the resignation of PM Serzh Sargsyan. The police issued a statement saying that Pashinyan, Mikaelyan and Mirzoyan had been detained for 72 hours; however criminal charges could only be brought against them if the Republican-controlled National Assembly stripped them of their parliamentary immunity.[75]

April 23

Protests resumed on April 23, with media outlets reporting that former and current members of the Armenian armed forces, including participants of the 2016 April War, have joined in the rallies for the first time.[76] [77] [78] [79] This information was later confirmed by the Ministry of Defence.[80]

Pashinyan was released at 3pm, and went directly to Republic Square where he spoke briefly, saying he would return at 6:30pm. By 4:30pm, Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan had posted a message on the official website of the prime minister announcing his resignation.[81] Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.[82]

April 24

April 24 is marked as the national day of remembrance of the Armenian genocide. The protesters gathered in masses and walked to Tsitsernakaberd, Armenia's national Genocide Memorial. No protest was held on that day.

April 25

Pashinyan called for renewed protests on 25 April after talks with the Republican Party were cancelled due to Karapetyan's refusal to accept preconditions laid down by Pashinyan.[11] Earlier, Pashinyan stated that the Republican Party had no right to hold power in Armenia, and that a "people's candidate" should be appointed prime minister prior to holding snap elections.[83] [84] He added that the protest movement should nominate this transitional prime minister, a position that was rejected by the current government as it would violate the law.[84] Protesters took to the streets to block the road to Yerevan's international airport and the road leading to the border with Georgia.[85] Meanwhile, the Prosperous Armenia Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation both declared their support for Pashinyan's movement, with the latter pulling out of the ruling coalition.[86] Pashinyan vowed to continue the protests until he was appointed prime minister.[12]

April 26

Tens of thousands continued to protest on 26 April, though Pashinyan asked protestors to stop blocking streets.[87] The ruling Republican party announced it was ready to meet with Pashinyan without any preconditions, while Pashinyan offered to negotiate with them while insisting he must become Prime Minister.[88]

April 27

Pashinyan called on his supporters to suspend their rallies in Yerevan for 2 days while he held rallies in Gyumri on 27 April and Vanadzor on 28 April.[89] In the morning he met with Armenia's largely ceremonial President, leaders of the governing party's former coalition partner the ARF, as well as Parliament's second largest faction, Prosperous Armenia.[89] In an interview on the same day, the president hailed the "New Armenia" that has come about due to the protests, and the chance for "a real democratic state".[90] Meanwhile, the ruling Republican party announced that they do not see any regime change occurring in Armenia.[91]

April 28

On 28 April, Pashinyan held rallies in Vanadzor and Ijevan, while the second and third largest parties in Parliament – Prosperous Armenia and the ARF – announced they would support his candidacy for PM,[92] and the ruling Republican party announced they would not block Pashinyan's candidacy,[93] and that they would not put forward their own candidate.[94]

May 1

Parliament held elections for a new Prime Minister, with the opposition leader Pashinyan the only nominee, as over 100,000 people watched the 9 hour session being broadcast live at Republic Square. However, the majority party blocked his nomination by voting against him with one exception. After the election, prominent Armenian singers such as Iveta Mukuchyan and Sona Shahgeldyan performed for the crowd and made inspiring speeches. Pashinyan walked to Republic Square and told the crowd to go on strike the next day, and block all transportation from 8:15 in the morning until 5 in the evening, then gather for another rally at 7pm in Republic Square.

May 2

The nation ground to a halt as countless streets and highways were peacefully blocked throughout the nation, and many workers and businesses went on strike. The main airport access road was cut off, with some workers striking, and even land crossings were blocked. Approximately 150,000 people gathered in another evening rally in Republic Square to listen to Pashinyan speak, and were told that he had been informed that due to the strike, the ruling party had decided to support his candidacy in the next round of voting on May 8.[95] Protests were suspended in the meantime.

May 8

On May 8, Parliament had another vote for a new Prime Minister, and again Nikol Pashinyan was the only candidate. This time, the majority Republican party gave Pashinyan enough votes to win with a 59–42 margin.[96] All the votes against Pashinyan still came from the Republican party.

Reactions

On April 4 Edmon Marukyan, leader of the Bright Armenia party, which cooperated with the Civil Contract party led by Nikol Pashinyan in the Way Out Alliance published an article in Aravot newspaper, in which he stated his preference for formal means of counteracting the ruling coalition rather than civil disobedience actions.[18]

Leader of the Free Democrats party and former MP Khachatur Kokobelyan attended protests and expressed his support for the actions.[18]

Many cultural figures had already declared solidarity with the opposition movement. In particular, well-known musician Serj Tankian of System of a Down addressed the activists declaring his solidarity and support, stressing the impermissibility of one-party rule in Armenia.[97] Some organizations of the diaspora, in particular the Assembly of Armenians of Europe, also expressed support for the opposition.[98]

The Helsinki Committee of Armenia noted that freedom of expression and media had improved significantly.[99] Meanwhile, the Helsinki Citizens' Assembly–Vanadzor called for further strengthening Armenia's democracy and government transparency.[100] The Europe in Law Association called for the elimination of corruption and for the government to strengthen Armenia's judicial system.[101]

Mamikon Hovespyan, Director of Pink Armenia, an LGBT rights group, stated "while LGBT+ people were present at previous protests, this time they were more visible and accepted."[102]

Following the revolution, it was recommended that an EU Advisory Group to Armenia be reestablished as a way to counter Russian influence in Armenia, tackle corruption, and to assist post-revolutionary Armenia to build closer ties with the EU and continue implementing its reform agenda. Many called for prime minister Nikol Pashinyan to increase engagement with Europe as a way to reduce the country's overdependence on Russia.[103]

International reactions

Impact

During the 2020 Belarusian protests, the Armenian revolution was brought up as a model for Belarus for its lack of anti-Russian or pro-Western geopolitical orientation by commentators such as Carl Bildt,[113] [114] Anders Åslund,[115] Ian Bremmer,[116] Yaroslav Trofimov,[117] Ben Judah,[118] and others. Belarusian journalist Franak Viačorka criticized this notion.[119] Armenia's Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan also rejected the comparisons. "Armenia followed its own path and it's not quite correct to draw parallels based on that. True, there might be some common parameters, but on the whole these are different situations," he said.[120]

Armenian Velvet Revolution in art

The Armenian velvet revolution almost immediately found its response in modern Armenian art. One of the first artists who touched on the topic was the artist Anna Soghomonyan with her painting "The Armenian Velvet Revolution". This is a multi-figure composition in a fabulous style inherent in the author, which includes people of different types who participated in the events of spring 2018.[121] According to the author, this painting is very symbolic not only because it was created during a very emotional period and represents a concentrated reflection of these emotions, but also because it was sold on the day of the defeat of the Armenians in the Second Artsakh War,[122] which, in fact, may symbolize the failure of the hopes of the national awakening of 2018.

In July 2018, in the exhibition hall "Albert and Tove Boyajyan" of the State Academy of Fine Arts of Armenia, art historian Meri Ghazaryan organized a photo exhibition entitled "Velvet Revolution: Between Picture and Reality", which presented the works of young photographers who caught the fresh breath of the revolution, known and unknown pages of spring events, impressive episodes and faces.[123]

In October 2018, art critic Vardan Jaloyan and a group of artists organized an exhibition of contemporary art "Revolutionary Sensorium" at the History Museum of Armenia, where the key events of the revolution were presented to museum visitors in a combination of photographs and video installations.[124]

On May 9, 2019, within the framework of the 59th Venice Biennale of Art, the Armenian pavilion was opened, where the project "Revolutionary Sensorium" was presented under the curatorship of art critic Susanna Gulamiryan. The participants of the project were a group of artists "Artlab Yerevan" (Hovhannes Margaryan, Vardan Jaloyan, Artur Petrosyan, Gagik Charchyan) and artist Narine Arakelyan.[125]

In November 2018, the literary website "Groghutsav", founded by writers Arpi Voskanyan and Hambartsum Hambartsumyan, was relaunched. Since 2011, Groghutsav has rallied writers involved in the opposition, political struggle and not disdaining to bring political and social problems to literature on one platform, but in July 2017, due to lack of financial resources, it ceased its activities. The restarted project has a number of subprojects, one of which is called the "Revolutionary Program". This program is carried out by publishing works that focus on the velvet revolution in Armenia in 2018 with its results and consequences.[126]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Armenia contemplates the unlikely: a nonviolent revolution on the cusp of victory. 7 May 2018. Los Angeles Times. 20 February 2020. 8 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200108231535/https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-armenia-election-20180507-story.html. live.
  2. News: Thousands of SoCal Armenians protest election results in their homeland. KABC-TV. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. 12 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023017/https://abc7.com/politics/socal-armenians-protest-election-results-in-their-homeland/3380671/. live.
  3. News: В Москве у армянской церкви прошла акция в поддержку протестов в Ереване. Митингующих задержали. meduza. 22 April 2018. ru. 23 April 2018. 29 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200929181202/https://meduza.io/news/2018/04/22/v-moskve-u-armyanskoy-tserkvi-zaderzhali-mitinguyuschih-oni-ustroili-aktsiyu-v-podderzhku-protestov-v. live.
  4. News: Ghukasyan. Seda. Yerevan: "Reject Serzh" Rally Kicks-Off in Republic Square; March To Baghramyan Avenue. Hetq. 18 April 2018. He claimed that protesters had removed a photo of Serzh Sargsyan hanging in the Armenian Consulate in Marseille and publicly burnt it.. 23 April 2018. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144838/http://hetq.am/eng/news/87558/yerevan-reject-serzh-rally-kicks-off-in-republic-square.html. live.
  5. Web site: Canada 'applauds' courage of Armenian protesters. Radio Canada. International. 23 April 2018. rcinet.ca. 28 April 2018. 29 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029064848/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/04/23/canada-applauds-courage-of-armenian-protesters/. live.
  6. Web site: Yerevan's 'Velvet Revolution' Rally: Pashinyan Calls Sargsyan a "Political Corpse". International. 20 April 2018. rcinet.ca. 2 May 2018. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143820/http://hetq.am/eng/news/87689/yerevans-velvet-revolution-rally-pashinyan-calls-sargsyan-a-political-corpse.html. live.
  7. News: Armenia: Negotiations Fail, Opposition Leaders Detained, Protesters Increase in Numbers. Armenian Weekly. 22 April 2018. 23 April 2018. 29 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200929180342/https://armenianweekly.com/2018/04/22/armenia-negotiations-fail-opposition-leaders-detained-protesters-increase-in-numbers-2/. live.
  8. Web site: Armenian PM Sarkisian Resigns After Protest Leader Pashinian Released. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 23 April 2018. 13 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190413215131/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-fresh-protests-sarkisian-yerevan-pashinian/29186416.html. live.
  9. News: Thousands Celebrate As Armenia's Longtime Ruler Sarkisian Steps Down. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 24 April 2018. 23 April 2018. 13 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190413215131/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-fresh-protests-sarkisian-yerevan-pashinian/29186416.html. live.
  10. Web site: Пашинян потребовал "единогласной капитуляции" правящей партии Армении. РБК. 25 April 2018 . 25 April 2018. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930181712/https://www.rbc.ru/politics/25/04/2018/5ae0c5ae9a794752c5485fdf. live.
  11. News: Pashinian Claims Armenian Ruling Party Defections, Warns PM. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 April 2018. 25 April 2018. 25 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425070828/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenian-opposition-leader-pashinian-calls-for-renewed-protests-after-negotiation-karapetian-cancelled-hhk/29190858.html. live.
  12. Web site: Пашинян пообещал не прекращать протесты до назначения премьером Армении. РБК. 26 April 2018 . 26 April 2018. 31 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180531112601/https://www.rbc.ru/politics/26/04/2018/5ae0f4129a794760e47036d0. live.
  13. News: Armenia's Pashinian Optimistic As Yerevan Protests Continue. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 April 2018. 29 April 2018. 30 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430094415/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenian-opposition-leader-pashinian-calls-for-protests-to-continue/29198782.html. live.
  14. Web site: 'He's not a populist, he's popular': Nikol Pashinyan becomes Armenian PM. Roth. Andrew. 2018-05-08. the Guardian. en. 2018-05-08. 30 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201130112645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/08/hes-not-a-populist-hes-popular-nikol-pashinyan-becomes-armenian-pm. live.
  15. Web site: Opposition MP Nikol Pashinyan discharged from hospital, joins protesters. 16 April 2018. 18 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125615/http://www.armradio.am/en/2018/04/16/opposition-mp-nikol-pashinyan-discharged-from-hospital-joins-protesters/. live.
  16. Web site: Himnadir.am. 15 December 2018. 24 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190324223626/http://himnadir.am/%D5%AA%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80-%D5%BD%D5%A7%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB-%D6%87-%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1-%D5%AE%D5%BC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80-2/. dead.
  17. News: Huge Crowds Keep Up Pressure On Armenian PM . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան . 22 April 2018 . 10 December 2018 . Aslanian . Karlen . 23 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102226/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29185545.html . live .
  18. Web site: Dilemma of quick defeat and long-term but inevitable victory | www.aravot-en.am. 16 April 2018. 10 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200910171334/https://www.aravot-en.am/2018/04/04/209928/. live.
  19. News: Unarmed soldiers join anti-government protests in Armenia. Reuters. 23 April 2018. 4 May 2018. 10 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220110092925/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-politics-protests-army/unarmed-soldiers-join-anti-government-protests-in-armenia-idUSKBN1HU15U. live.
  20. News: Pashinyan to Negotiate with Authorities 'on Behalf of People' (Live Thread). epress.am. 21 April 2018. Samvel Aleksanyan, a local oligarch close to Serzh Sargsyan, is personally fighting demonstrators in Malatia district. In a video published on Facebook, Aleksanyan is seen kicking a protester who is then forcibly put into a car.. 23 April 2018. 25 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825034022/http://epress.am/en/2018/04/21/thousands-reconvene-anti-government-protests-across-armenia-dozens-detained-live-thread.html. live.
  21. News: Atanesian. Grigor. Thousands of protesters shut down Armenia's capital, dozens injured in clashes. eurasianet. 16 April 2018. 23 April 2018. 25 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825084419/https://eurasianet.org/s/thousands-of-protesters-shut-down-armenias-capital-dozens-injured-in-clashes. live.
  22. News: Nikol Pashinyan Called on Oligarchs Not to Involve Their Bodyguards. lragir.am. 16 April 2018. 26 April 2018. 30 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050514/http://www.lragir.am/index/eng/0/country/68553/38152. live.
  23. Web site: PanARMENIAN.Net – Mobile. panarmenian.net. 23 April 2018. 24 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071426/http://panarmenian.net/m/rus/news/254618. live.
  24. News: Armenia's revolution continues, as its opposition leader nears power. The Economist. 3 May 2018. 4 May 2018. 15 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180515042704/https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21741570-russia-seems-sensibly-wary-interfering-armenias-revolution-continues-its-opposition-leader. live.
  25. News: Weiss. Clara. Armenian prime minister resigns after mass protests. World Socialist Web Site. 25 April 2018. 30 April 2018. 19 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211119235845/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/04/25/arme-a25.html. live.
  26. News: Armenia's pro-democracy leader tells his jubilant followers they can ease up. Ferris-Rotman. Amie. 2018-05-02. Washington Post. 2018-05-05. en-US. 0190-8286. 22 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922161058/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/armenias-pro-democracy-movement-defiant-in-face-of-parliament-rejection/2018/05/02/dbb57c0a-4de7-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html. live.
  27. News: Kucera. Joshua. Armenian opposition leader arrested, but protesters rally. eurasianet. 22 April 2018. 24 April 2018. 25 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825084317/https://eurasianet.org/s/armenian-opposition-leader-arrested-but-protesters-rally. live.
  28. News: Armenian Ruling Party Won't Nominate PM Candidate; Pashinian Rallies Support. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 April 2018. 28 April 2018. 26 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210826172723/https://www.rferl.org/a/pashinian-vows-no-geopolitical-reversals-thousands-show-support-gyumri-russian-military-base/29197219.html. live.
  29. News: SoCal Armenians protest election results in their homeland. about. Melissa MacBride, bio. 23 April 2018. ABC7 Los Angeles. 23 April 2018. en-US. 12 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023017/https://abc7.com/politics/socal-armenians-protest-election-results-in-their-homeland/3380671/. live.
  30. Web site: Հոսպիտալացվել է 46 քաղաքացի, այդ թվում՝ 6 ոստիկան. hy. 16 April 2018. 16 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200933/http://www.armradio.am/hy/2018/04/16/an-3/. live.
  31. Web site: "Velvet Revolution" Takes Armenia into the Unknown. Crisis Group. 26 April 2018. 27 April 2018. 17 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817234731/https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/armenia/velvet-revolution-takes-armenia-unknown. live.
  32. Web site: «Մերժիր Սերժին» նախաձեռնության համակարգողներից Արմեն Գրիգորյանը ձերբակալվել է. Նաիրա. Բուլղադարյան. 21 April 2018. www.azatutyun.am.
  33. Web site: Премьер-министр Армении Саргсян подал в отставку. РБК. 23 April 2018 . 23 April 2018. 11 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911193423/https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/04/2018/5addcf479a79476dc2d8c48d?from=main. live.
  34. News: Breaking: Serge Sarkisian Resigns as Prime Minister. Hairenik. 23 April 2018. The Armenian Weekly. 23 April 2018. en-US. 24 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181224184816/https://armenianweekly.com/2018/04/23/breaking-serge-sarkisian-resigns-as-prime-minister/. live.
  35. News: Armenia's Peaceful Revolution Is a Lesson for Putin. 23 April 2018. Bloomberg.com. 24 April 2018. en. 25 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032531/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-04-23/armenia-s-revolution-is-a-lesson-for-putin. live.
  36. News: Armenian Revolution: Russian influence to remain amid power shift. 24 April 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180710191826/https://www.unian.info/world/10092863-armenian-revolution-russian-influence-to-remain-amid-power-shift.html. 10 July 2018. dead.
  37. News: A 'Color Revolution' In Armenia? Mass Protests Echo Previous Post-Soviet Upheavals. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 24 April 2018. en. 24 April 2018. Eckel. Mike. 25 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032122/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-mass-protests-echo-previous-post-soviet-upheavals-colored-revolutions/29189559.html. live.
  38. Web site: Кандидатуру Пашиняна решили поддержать три партии из парламента Армении. РБК. 28 April 2018 . 28 April 2018. 26 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210526031206/https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5ae4a00a9a7947e332f31b35. live.
  39. News: Armenian Opposition Leader Pashinyan Nominated As PM Candidate. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 April 2018. en. 30 April 2018. 30 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430094415/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenian-opposition-leader-pashinian-calls-for-protests-to-continue/29198782.html. live.
  40. https://www.rferl.org/a/armenian-protest-leader-pashinian-only-candidate-for-premier/29200914.html Armenian Protest Leader Pashinian Only Candidate For Premier
  41. Web site: Парламент проголосовал против Пашиняна на выборах премьера Армении. РБК. May 2018 . 10 December 2018. 11 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711050817/https://www.rbc.ru/politics/01/05/2018/5ae85ad19a794783f11f7ac8. live.
  42. Web site: PanARMENIAN.Net – Mobile. panarmenian.net. 2018-05-08. 2 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064542/http://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/254991. live.
  43. News: Revolution sweeps Armenian opposition leader into power. 8 May 2018. 10 December 2018. www.reuters.com. Reuters. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211052826/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-politics-idUSKBN1I90UD. live.
  44. Web site: Nikol Pashinyan's Russian threats and European opportunities. 1in.am. 13 April 2023. 11 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230411182853/https://www.1in.am/2373166.html. live.
  45. Web site: Armenia's EU Candidacy: A Departure from Moscow's Sphere of Influence. ankasam.org. 24 March 2024.
  46. Web site: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES AND INDICATORS: 2018 STATISTICAL UPDATE. 2 December 2019. 17 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071517/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf. live.
  47. News: "Հնարավոր է Սերժ Սարգսյանը դառնա վարչապետ". Շարմազանով. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 5 March 2018. hy. 8 April 2018. ռ/կ. Ազատություն. 14 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234722/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29079492.html. live.
  48. Web site: Armenia Parliament ex-speaker: I'm sure Serzh Sargsyan will be PM. news.am. 8 April 2018. 8 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180308130818/https://news.am/eng/news/440123.html. live.
  49. News: Ես կհամոզեմ Սերժ Սարգսյանին. գեներալ (տեսանյութ). 1in.am. 8 April 2018. 7 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180507031926/http://henaran.am/348115.html. live.
  50. News: "Պատրաստ եմ վարչապետի պաշտոնում առաջադրել Սերժ Սարգսյանի թեկնածությունը". Արմեն Աշոտյան. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 12 February 2018. hy. 8 April 2018. ռ/կ. Ազատություն. 14 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234712/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29034439.html. live.
  51. http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Who-needs-parliamentary-republic-in-Armenia.html Who needs parliamentary republic in Armenia?
  52. News: Sargsyan officially nominated for office amid continuing protests. 16 April 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422055103/https://eurasianet.org/s/sargsyan-officially-nominated-for-office-amid-continuing-protests. 22 April 2018. dead. dmy-all.
  53. Web site: ARF-D backs decision to nominate Serzh Sargsyan for prime minister. tert.am. 16 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225119/http://www.tert.am/en/news/2018/04/15/arfd/2663182. 11 September 2018. dead.
  54. News: Serzh Sargsyan elected prime minister of Armenia among clashes in Yerevan. 3 May 2018. EurAsia Daily. 17 April 2018. 27 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034340/https://eadaily.com/en/news/2018/04/17/serzh-sargsyan-elected-prime-minister-of-armenia-among-clashes-in-yerevan. live.
  55. Web site: The main paradox of modern Armenia.
  56. Web site: Նիկոլ Փաշինյանը հայտարարեց 14-օրյա քայլարշավ սկսելու մասին. Helix Consulting. LLC. www.panorama.am. 10 September 2018. 21 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164222/https://www.panorama.am/am/news/2018/03/31/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE/1927396. live.
  57. Web site: Armenia crisis: Protesters bring cities to standstill after vote . BBC . 2 May 2018 . 2 May 2018 . 30 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180530172510/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43969592 . live .
  58. News: Arminfo: Armenian opposition continues protests against Serzh Sargsyan's  premiership. 16 April 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118094942/http://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=30345&lang=3. 18 November 2018. dead.
  59. Web site: More Streets In Yerevan Blocked By Hundreds Opposition Protesters. aravot-en.am. 30 April 2018. 17 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023050/http://www.aravot-en.am/2018/04/16/210591/. live.
  60. Web site: Armenian Police Struggle To Contain Continuing Protests. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. hy. 22 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621070101/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29180978.html. 21 June 2018. dead.
  61. Web site: More People Detained In Anti-Sarkisian Protests. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. hy. 22 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093457/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29183967.html. 21 June 2018. dead.
  62. News: Sarkisian Gives Up Ownership Of Official Residence. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 19 April 2018. hy. 22 April 2018. ռ/կ. Ազատություն. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423023254/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29177553.html. live.
  63. News: Armenia protests: 70 arrested, including 2 suspected bombers. https://web.archive.org/web/20180421153401/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/armenia-protests-70-arrested-including-2-suspected-bombers/2018/04/21/4329a64c-4562-11e8-b2dc-b0a403e4720a_story.html. dead. 21 April 2018. Associated Press. 21 April 2018. Washington Post. 22 April 2018. en-US. 0190-8286.
  64. News: Armenia: Protesters Shut Down Noyemberyan-Bagratashen Highway – Hetq – News, Articles, Investigations. 22 April 2018. en. 25 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425045036/http://hetq.am/eng/news/87733/armenia-protesters-shut-down-noyemberyan-bagratashen-highway.html. live.
  65. News: Armenian PM Wants Urgent Talks With Protest Leader. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 21 April 2018. hy. 22 April 2018. Aslanian. Karlen. 22 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202038/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29183714.html. live.
  66. News: Armenian President Visits Main Protest Site (UPDATED) . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան . 21 April 2018 . hy . 22 April 2018 . Aslanian . Karlen . Stepanian . Ruzanna . 22 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202132/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29184147.html . live .
  67. News: Serzh Sarkisian, Pashinian Agree To Meet. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 21 April 2018. hy. 22 April 2018. ռ/կ. Ազատություն. 22 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422201948/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29184267.html. live.
  68. News: Премьер-министр Армении встретился с лидером протестов. Их переговоры продлились три минуты. Meduza. 23 April 2018. ru-RU. 8 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190308041205/https://meduza.io/news/2018/04/22/premier-ministr-armenii-vstretilsya-s-liderom-protestov-ih-peregovory-prodlilis-tri-minuty. live.
  69. News: Tens Of Thousands Fill Yerevan Square As Protest Leader Pashinian Detained. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 April 2018. en. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423215932/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pm-walks-out-of-meeting-with-protest-leader/29184802.html. live.
  70. Web site: Armenian opposition leader detained amid political unrest. Agencies. 22 April 2018. the Guardian. en. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423225047/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/22/armenia-unrest-opposition-leader-nikol-pashinyan-detained. live.
  71. Web site: Власти Армении пошли на силовую акцию против шествия оппозиции в Ереване. РБК. 22 April 2018 . 23 April 2018. 22 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422112436/https://www.rbc.ru/politics/22/04/2018/5adc41269a79471825b9f23e. live.
  72. News: Tens Of Thousands Fill Yerevan Square As Protest Leader Pashinian Detained. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 April 2018. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423215932/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pm-walks-out-of-meeting-with-protest-leader/29184802.html. live.
  73. Web site: Число задержанных полицией активистов в Ереване возросло до 232 человек. РБК. 22 April 2018 . 23 April 2018. 22 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422234210/https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5adc9bba9a794727c661e540. live.
  74. News: Huge Crowds Keep Up Pressure On Armenian PM. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 22 April 2018. hy. 23 April 2018. Aslanian. Karlen. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102226/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29185545.html. live.
  75. Web site: Yerevan Bracing For Fresh Protests After Detention Of Leader. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. en. 23 April 2018. 13 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190413215131/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-fresh-protests-sarkisian-yerevan-pashinian/29186416.html. live.
  76. News: Live Stream: Fresh Protests In Armenia. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 April 2018. en. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423170622/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-protests-live-stream-april-23/29186696.html. live.
  77. News: Group of soldiers joins anti-government protests in Armenia. 23 April 2018. en-US. 8 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190308042412/https://www.yahoo.com/news/group-soldiers-joins-anti-government-protests-armenia-100315832.html. live.
  78. News: Armenian soldiers join anti-government protests in Yerevan. DailySabah. 23 April 2018. 26 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200826213111/https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/04/23/armenian-soldiers-join-anti-government-protests-in-yerevan. live.
  79. Web site: К протестам в Ереване присоединились военные. РБК. 23 April 2018 . 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423115425/https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/04/2018/5addae049a79476016ed7de4. live.
  80. Web site: ՀՀ ՊԱՇՏՊԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՆԱԽԱՐԱՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ Հայտարարություն. LLC. ZOOM GRAPHICS. mil.am. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423235545/http://www.mil.am/hy/news/5233. live.
  81. Web site: Վարչապետ Սերժ Սարգսյանի հայտարարությունը – Մամլո հաղորդագրություններ – Լրատվություն – Հայաստանի Հանրապետության վարչապետ. primeminister.am. hy. 24 April 2018. 24 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424151552/http://www.primeminister.am/hy/press-release/item/2018/04/23/Prime-Minister-Serzh-Sargsyans-statement. live.
  82. News: Armenian PM resigns after protests. 23 April 2018. BBC News. 23 April 2018. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423230246/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43868433. live.
  83. News: Alexander Iskandaryan: Early to Say if Armenia Will Change for Better. Fieke Snijder and. Mahir Zeynalov. 26 April 2018. The Globe Post. 30 April 2018. 1 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180501004852/https://www.theglobepost.com/2018/04/26/armenia-protests-pishanyan-iskandaryan/. live.
  84. News: Оппозиция вновь вышла на улицы Еревана. Переговоры Пашиняна с премьером сорваны. Meduza. 25 April 2018. ru-RU. 8 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190308040944/https://meduza.io/news/2018/04/25/oppozitsiya-vnov-vyshla-na-ulitsy-erevana-peregovory-pashinyana-s-premierom-sorvany. live.
  85. https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5ae046e89a79471c04280ebe Протестующие в Ереване перекрыли дорогу в аэропорт Звартноц
  86. News: Dashnaktsutyun Quits Armenian Government. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. 25 April 2018. hy. 25 April 2018. ռ/կ. Ազատություն. 26 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013500/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29192060.html. live.
  87. News: Armenian Parliament to Choose New PM on May 1 . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 26 April 2018 . Aslanian . Karlen . 19 April 2019 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929171532/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29193611.html . live .
  88. News: Armenian Protest Leader Offers Talks with Government . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 26 April 2018 . Aslanian . Karlen . Stepanian . Ruzanna . 19 April 2019 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929175444/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29194581.html . live .
  89. News: Acting PM Refuses to Meet 'Intransigent' Pashinian . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 27 April 2018 . Tamrazian . Harry . Stepanian . Ruzanna . Aslanian . Karlen . 19 April 2019 . 14 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201114120108/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29195799.html . live .
  90. News: President Hails 'New Armenia' . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 26 April 2018 . Tamrazian . Harry . 19 April 2019 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929180013/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29194645.html . live .
  91. News: Ruling Party Figure Sees No 'Regime Change' in Armenia . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 27 April 2018 . Stepanian . Ruzanna . 19 April 2019 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040519/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29196328.html . live .
  92. News: Tsarukian, Dashnaks Signal Support for Pashinian . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 28 April 2018 . Stepanian . Ruzanna . Bedevian . Astghik . 19 April 2019 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929180342/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29197982.html . live .
  93. News: Armenian Parliament Majority 'Won't Block' Opposition Candidate for PM . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 29 April 2018 . Lazarian . Tatevik . 19 April 2019 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109170233/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29198941.html . live .
  94. News: Armenian Ruling Party Vows No Candidate for PM (UPDATED) . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան . 28 April 2018 . Stepanian . Ruzanna . Aslanian . Karlen . 19 April 2019 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929170803/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29197867.html . live .
  95. News: Armenia's pro-democracy leader tells his jubilant followers they can ease up   . 2 May 2018 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200922161058/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/armenias-pro-democracy-movement-defiant-in-face-of-parliament-rejection/2018/05/02/dbb57c0a-4de7-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html . 22 September 2020 . live .
  96. News: Pashinian Elected Armenian PM (UPDATED) . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան . 8 May 2018 . 10 December 2018 . ռ/կ . Ազատություն . 4 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213548/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29214870.html . live .
  97. Web site: Serj Tankian on Yerevan protests: Civil disobedience works like a charm when enough people participate. news.am. en. 23 April 2018. 21 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232744/https://news.am/eng/news/446477.html. live.
  98. News: Arminfo: In Yerevan, the initiative Take a step, turn down Serzhu began the  action of civil disobedience. 16 April 2018. en. 10 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190210152639/http://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=30467&lang=3. live.
  99. Web site: Հայաստանից մոտ 2 շաբաթ հետո ՄԱԿ-ի Մարդու իրավունքների խորհրդին կեղծ տեղեկություններ են ներկայացվելու. 9 January 2020. Live News. 26 May 2023. 26 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230526203017/https://livenews.am/press/2020/29557/09/22/40/. live.
  100. Web site: «2018-ից հետո ժողովրդավարական գործընթացների սկսման հնարավորություն ունեցանք և ունենք, բայց իշխանությունը հետևողական չեղավ ժողովրդավարական փոփոխությունների առումով». Արթուր Սաքունց | Առավոտ - Լուրեր Հայաստանից. 31 May 2023. 30 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530152323/https://www.aravot.am/2022/05/27/1270679/. live.
  101. Web site: Armenia's judicial tightrope walk |. 28 August 2023. 26 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230826234441/https://en.aravot.am/2020/06/08/257413/. live.
  102. Web site: Armenia's LGBT+ community still waits for change one year after revolution. . 3 May 2023. 20 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221120040322/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-lgbt-politics-idUSKCN1S300H. live.
  103. Web site: Paradox of power: Russia, Armenia, and Europe after the Velvet Revolution. Richard. Giragosian. August 7, 2019. ECFR. 31 August 2023. 31 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230831155645/https://ecfr.eu/publication/russia_armenia_and_europe_after_the_velvet_revolution/. live.
  104. Web site: The functioning of democratic institutions in Armenia. assembly.coe. 14 April 2023. 14 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230414152834/https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=29607&lang=en. live.
  105. Web site: EU envoy pledges to step up ratification of CEPA. tert.am. en. 26 April 2018. 9 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190109110911/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2018/04/24/Switalski/2670578. dead.
  106. Web site: Saakashvili: Armenia has a great future. news.am. 26 April 2018. 9 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062147/https://news.am/eng/news/447914.html. live.
  107. Web site: Civil.Ge – Georgia: Mixed Reactions over Armenia Protests. Civil. Georgia. civil.ge. 26 April 2018. 24 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424151307/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=31041. live.
  108. News: 'I Was Wrong': Armenian Leader Quits Amid Protests. New York Times. 23 April 2018. 24 April 2018. 28 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190528004658/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/world/europe/armenia-prime-minister-protests.html. live.
  109. Web site: Russian foreign ministry emphasizes restoration of public accord in Armenia. arka.am. 25 April 2018 . 26 April 2018. 19 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181019111011/http://arka.am/en/news/politics/russian_foreign_ministry_emphasizes_restoration_of_public_accord_in_armenia. live.
  110. News: U.S. Envoy Hails 'Spirit Of Democracy' In Armenia . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան . 24 April 2018 . hy . 26 April 2018 . Sahakian . Nane . Harutyunyan . Sargis . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142830/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29189913.html . live .
  111. News: SoCal Armenians protest election results in their homeland. Melissa. MacBride. 23 April 2018. ABC7 Los Angeles. 10 December 2018. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095637/https://abc7.com/3380671/. live.
  112. Web site: Armenians gather in Glendale to rally for upcoming election. veronica miracle bio,veronica miracle, veronica abc7. bio. 8 May 2018. ABC7 Los Angeles. 10 December 2018. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095706/https://abc7.com/3442359/. live.
  113. News: Bildt . Carl . Carl Bildt . The Armenian Model for Belarus . . August 18, 2020 . https://archive.today/20200820085556/https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/belarus-armenia-model-2018-democratic-transition-by-carl-bildt-2020-08 . 20 August 2020 . 20 August 2020 . live .
  114. Web site: Bildt . Carl . Carl Bildt . The Armenian model for Belarus . . https://archive.today/20200820085853/https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_the_armenian_model_for_belarus . 20 August 2020 . 19 August 2020 . 20 August 2020 . live .
  115. Web site: Åslund . Anders . Anders Åslund . Why Vladimir Putin is unlikely to invade Belarus . . https://archive.today/20200816215012/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/why-vladimir-putin-is-unlikely-to-invade-belarus/ . 16 August 2020 . August 16, 2020 . Rather than looking to Russia's policy toward Ukraine in 2014, I think we should turn to its policy on Armenia since 2018. This was the most recent post-Soviet color revolution. Initially, Putin's position seemed to be hesitant, but now he appears to be quite happy with Armenia's very popular democratic Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan. Armenia has stayed in the Eurasian Economic Union and in Moscow's Collective Security Treaty Organization along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. In addition, large Russian state companies completely dominate the Armenian economy. . 20 August 2020 . live .
  116. Web site: Bremmer . Ian . Ian Bremmer . Russia didn't intervene when the Armenians threw out their leader two years ago. [...] Same factors in Belarus today. ]. . https://archive.today/20200820091034/https://twitter.com/ianbremmer/status/1295686682579279876 . 20 August 2020 . August 18, 2020 . 20 August 2020 . live .
  117. Web site: Trofimov . Yaroslav . Yaroslav Trofimov . It is also entirely possible that there is a solution in Belarus that satisfies Russia and the EU (including France.) Cf. Armenia 2018. . . https://archive.today/20200820091315/https://twitter.com/yarotrof/status/1294317897968496640 . 20 August 2020 . August 14, 2020 . 20 August 2020 . live .
  118. News: Haddad . Benjamin . Judah . Ben . Ben Judah . Europe Must Stand Up for Belarus . . August 7, 2020 . https://archive.today/20200807204912/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/07/belarus-europe-elections-russia-pro-democracy-protests/ . 7 August 2020 . Toward Moscow, the grouping should be clear that it favors the same approach the West took toward the Armenia revolution in spring 2018: It supports democracy, but will not seek to expand either NATO or EU membership toward Belarus. . 20 August 2020 . live .
  119. Web site: Viačorka . Franak . Franak Viačorka . What Honorable Carl Bildt is offering here— absolutely dangerous and preserving Russian domination over BY. This would lead to entire russification of elites, export of corruption from Russia and unification of political systems (with pocket opposition and Russian parties) . . https://archive.today/20200820090059/https://twitter.com/franakviacorka/status/1295841421887447041 . 20 August 2020 . August 19, 2020 . What Honorable Carl Bildt is offering here— absolutely dangerous and preserving Russian domination over BY. This would lead to entire russification of elites, export of corruption from Russia and unification of political systems (with pocket opposition and Russian parties) . 20 August 2020 . live .
  120. News: Yerevan Rejects Parallels Between Belarus Protests, Armenian Revolution . azatutyun.am . . 1 September 2020 . 2 September 2020 . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152810/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30815426.html . live .
  121. Web site: "Бархатная революция" в искусстве: картины Анны Согомонян . https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182244/https://www.armmuseum.ru/news-blog/2018/7/5/--2 . 2 December 2021 . 2021-12-02 . Армянский музей Москвы и культуры наций . en-CA . dead .
  122. Web site: Anna . Soghomonyan . This painting is iconic for me. I painted this during the fantastic Armenian Velvet Revolution in May 2018. And it was bought on a terrible day when we learned that we had lost the war to Azerbaijan. Today is again an alarming day for #Armenia. God save our country. . 2021-12-02. LinkedIn . en. 2 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182242/https://www.linkedin.com/posts/annukart_armenia-activity-6770670116523806720-PKCZ. live.
  123. News: ՀԵՂԱՓՈԽՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԱՐՎԵՍՏԸ. AZG Daily. 2021-12-02. 2 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182256/https://www.azg.am/AM/culture/2018072703/. live.
  124. Web site: Թավշյա հեղափոխությունն արվեստի գործերում. 2021-12-02. www.1lurer.am. 6 October 2018 . hy. 2 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211202183751/https://www.1lurer.am/hy/2018/10/06/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B7%D5%B5%D5%A1-%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6-%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB-%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4/102622. live.
  125. News: Թավշյա հեղափոխությունը՝ Վենետիկի արվեստի բիենալեում. 2021-12-02. Mystep. en. 2 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201515/https://mystep.foundation/hy/news/355/. live.
  126. Web site: "Գրողուցավի" մասին -. 2021-12-02. en-US. 2 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182247/https://groghutsav.am/%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6/. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "2018 Armenian Revolution".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.