| Ministry of the Reichswehr | |
| Type: | Ministry |
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| Superseding6: | --> |
| Jurisdiction: | Government of Weimar Republic Government of Nazi Germany |
| Headquarters: | Bendlerblock, Berlin |
| Minister1 Name: | Defence minister |
| Minister8 Name: | --> |
| Deputyminister8 Name: | --> |
| Chief9 Name: | --> |
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The Ministry of the Reichswehr (German: Reichswehrministerium) was the defence ministry of the Weimar Republic and the early Third Reich. Based in the Bendlerblock building in Berlin, it was established in October 1919 under the leadership of a defence minister and staffed mostly from the existing Prussian Ministry of War. Its longest serving Weimar era ministers were the civilian Otto Gessler (almost 8 years) and the former general Wilhelm Groener (4 years).
Under the Nazi government, the Ministry of the Reichswehr was renamed the Reich Ministry of War. It was led by Minister of War General Werner von Blomberg, who had also been the last defence minister. The Ministry was abolished in 1938 and replaced with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Armed Forces High Command) under the direct command of Adolf Hitler.
On 6 March 1919, the Weimar National Assembly – Germany's post-war interim parliament, which was tasked with passing necessary laws while it drafted a constitution for the Republic – enacted the Law on the Formation of a Provisional National Defence Force . It authorized the president of Germany to:[1]
disband the existing Army and to form a provisional Reichswehr, which will protect the Reich's borders, enforce the orders of the Reich government and maintain peace and order within the Reich until the new Armed Forces, which is to be organized by Reich law, is created.
The position of defence minister was established early in 1919[2] and filled by Gustav Noske on 13 February.[3] On 20 August, President Friedrich Ebert ordered that the Reichswehr Ministry take over from the federal states' war ministries on 1 October,[4] although it was not until 8 November 1919 that the new ministry was officially opened. The heads of Army Command and the Admiralty – which became Navy Command on 15 July 1920 – were subordinate to the defence minister.[5] The Ministry was for the most part made up of members from the states' war ministries, with the majority coming from the Prussian Ministry of War.[6]
The Prussian armed forces remained under the command of General Walther Reinhardt, the Prussian Minister of War, until the Ministry was disbanded on 30 September 1919.[7] Reinhardt sat on the first two cabinets of the Weimar Republic as a non-voting member until 30 September, as did Admiral Adolf von Trotha in a similar capacity for the Admiralty until 27 March 1920, when the Bauer cabinet resigned.[8]
As a covert replacement for the German Empire's General Staff (OHL), which had been banned by the Treaty of Versailles (Article 160), the Truppenamt was formed within the Reichswehr Ministry in October 1919. General Hans von Seeckt was its first head.[9]
The Reich law to create a new Armed Forces, which had been referred to in the 1919 Law on the Formation of a Provisional National Defence Force, was promulgated as the Defence Act on 23 March 1921 by the Weimar Reichstag. It formally established the Reichswehr in compliance with the limits set in the Treaty of Versailles. In § 8 [2], it stated that: "the Reich President is the supreme commander of the entire Armed Forces. Under him, the Armed Forces minister exercises command over the entire Armed Forces." Paragraph 10 also provided that:[10]
[1] An Army Board and a Navy Board, whose members are elected by secret ballot, are to be established at the Reichswehr Ministry as advisory and expert bodies. [2] The Army and Navy Boards are directly subordinate to the defence minister.
In § 12, the war ministries of Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg were dissolved, and command authority was concentrated in the hand of the defence minister.[11]
A Minister's Office (Ministeramt), which served as a top military authority between the minister and the army and navy leadership, was set up on 1 March 1929.[12]
Just over two years after Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power, the Proclamation of Military Sovereignty of 16 March 1935 created a new Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) under the Air Ministry and turned the Heeresleitung into the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) and the Marineleitung into the Oberkommando der Marine (OKM). The Minister's Office was renamed the Wehrmacht Office.[13] The Defence Act of 21 May 1935 made the Führer and chancellor (Hitler) supreme commander of the Wehrmacht. Under him, the renamed minister of war became commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht (§ 3).[14]
As a result of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair,[15] Hitler took over as commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht by decree on 4 February 1938. Under the same decree, the functions of the Ministry of War were taken over by the High Command of the Wehrmacht (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, OKW). The Ministry of War ceased to exist at that point.[16]
See also: List of German defence ministers.