| Reference Re Alberta Statutes | |
| Court: | Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
| Full Name: | Attorney General of Alberta v Attorney General of Canada |
| Judges: | The Lord Chancellor, Lord Atkin, Lord Thankerton, Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Macmillan |
| Number Of Judges: | 5 |
| Decision By: | The Lord Chancellor |
| Appealed From: | Reference Re Alberta Statutes - The Bank Taxation Act; The Credit of Alberta Regulation Act; and the Accurate News and Information Act. 1938. scc. 1. canlii. [1938] SCR 100. 4 March 1938. auto. |
Reference Re Alberta Statutes,[1] also known as the Alberta Press case and the Alberta Press Act Reference, is a landmark reference of the Supreme Court of Canada where several provincial laws, including one restricting the press, were struck down and the existence of an implied bill of rights protecting civil liberties such as a free press was first proposed.
The province of Alberta, under the Social Credit government of William Aberhart had passed several laws as part of a series of reforms inspired by social credit economic theory. Arising from the 1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta passed several Acts to implement the Social Credit agenda, to which royal assent was given:
In August 1937, the federal government disallowed all three Acts. The Supreme Court of Canada, in answering reference questions posed by the federal government, unanimously ruled that such disallowance was valid.[5]
Following the disallowance, the Alberta legislature passed the following bills in October 1937:
All bills were reserved by Lieutenant-Governor John C. Bowen. As a result, the federal government posed reference questions to the Supreme Court as to whether it was intra vires the provincial legislature to pass any of those measures.
All six members of the Court declared the subject matter of all the bills as ultra vires the province. In addition, the Court ruled 5-0 (Cannon J expressing no opinion) that the Alberta Social Credit Act[6] was unconstitutional as well, as it attempted to intrude on the federal powers relating to currency, banks and banking, and trade and commerce.
As to the Accurate News and Information Act, five of the six justices stated that, since the press bill was ancillary to the Alberta Social Credit Act which had been ruled ultra vires, the press bill was automatically as well, while Cannon J considered the subject matter of the bill to be solely under federal jurisdiction. In their concurring opinion for the majority, Duff CJ and Davis J argued that press freedom was too important to be left entirely to the provinces. The three judges argued that the preamble of the British North America Act, 1867, which states that Canada has a constitution similar to that of the United Kingdom, implies that freedom of the press is vital to Canada's democratic system.
The Board declared that, as the Alberta Social Credit Act had been subsequently repealed by the Alberta legislature,[7] Bills 8 and 9 could not be brought into operation, as their provisions were contingent on actions of the now-abolished Social Credit Board. Therefore, the question was moot, and they expressed no opinion on them.
As to Bill 1, the Board agreed with the opinion of Kerwin J (concurred in by Crocket J) that:
Accordingly, the bill was in pith and substance a measure to regulate banking, and was thus ultra vires the province.
The SCC ruling was one of the foundation cases leading to the recognition of an Implied Bill of Rights in Canadian constitutional law.