PGM-11 Redstone explained

See also: Redstone (rocket family).

SSM-A-14/M8/PGM-11 Redstone^[1]
Origin:	United States
Is Ranged:	yes
Is Artillery:	yes
Is Missile:	yes
Is Vehicle:	yes
Service:	1958–1964
Used By:	United States
Designer:	Army Ballistic Missile Agency
Design Date:	1950–1952
Manufacturer:	Chrysler Corporation
Production Date:	1952–1961
Variants:	Block I, Block II
Weight:	61207lb at ignition
Length:	69.3feet
Diameter:	5.83feet
Vehicle Range:	57.5to
Altitude:	28.4to
Accuracy:	300m (1,000feet) CEP
Payload Capacity:	6305lb
Yield:	W39 warhead, 3.75MtonTNT
Engine:	Rocketdyne North American Aviation 75–110 A-7
Engine Power:	78000lbf thrust at sea level for 121 seconds
Boost:	97 seconds to 155 seconds
Speed:	NaNMach maximum at re-entry interface
Guidance:	Ford Instrument Company ST-80 inertial guidance
Steering:	Carbon jet vanes, air rudders, spatial air jet nozzles, air vanes
Launch Platform:	guided missile platform launcher M74

The PGM-11 Redstone was the first large American ballistic missile. A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), it was in active service with the United States Army in West Germany from June 1958 to June 1964 as part of NATO's Cold War defense of Western Europe. It was the first US missile to carry a live nuclear warhead, in the 1958 Pacific Ocean weapons test, Hardtack Teak.^[2]

The Redstone was a direct descendant of the German V-2 rocket, developed primarily by a team of German rocket engineers brought to the United States after World War II. The design used an upgraded engine from Rocketdyne that allowed the missile to carry the W39 warhead which weighed with its reentry vehicle to a range of about . Redstone's prime contractor was the Chrysler Corporation.^[3]

The Redstone spawned the Redstone rocket family which holds a number of firsts in the US space program, notably launching the first US astronaut. It was retired by the Army in 1964 and replaced by the solid-fueled MGM-31 Pershing. Surplus missiles were widely used for test missions and space launches, including the first US man in space, and in 1967 the launch of Australia's first satellite.

History

Redstone was a direct descendant of the German V-2 rocket, developed by a team of predominantly German rocket engineers under the leadership of Wernher von Braun, that had been brought to the United States after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.

A product of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, Redstone was designed as a surface-to-surface missile for the U.S. Army. It was named for the arsenal on 8 April 1952, which traced its name to the region's red rocks and soil.^[4] The first Redstone lifted off from LC-4A at Cape Canaveral on 20 August 1953. It flew for one minute and 20 seconds before suffering an engine failure and falling into the sea. Following this partial success, the second test was conducted on 27 January 1954, this time without a hitch as the missile flew 55miles. After these first two prototypes were flown, an improved engine was introduced to reduce problems with LOX turbopump cavitation.

The third Redstone flight on 5 May was a total loss as the engine cut off one second after launch, causing the rocket to fall back on the pad and explode. After this incident, Major General Holger Toftoy pressured Wernher von Braun for the cause of the failure. The latter replied that he had no idea, but they would review telemetry and other data to find out. Toftoy persisted, asking "Wernher, why did the rocket explode?" An exasperated von Braun said "It exploded because the damn sonofabitch blew up!"

Von Braun pressured the ABMA team to improve reliability and workmanship standards, allegedly remarking that "Missile reliability will require that the target area is more dangerous than the launch area." Subsequent test flights went better and the Army declared Redstone operational in mid-1955. Testing was moved from LC-4 to the bigger LC-5 and LC-6.

The Redstone program proved to be a bone of contention between the Army and Air Force due to their different ideas of nuclear warfare. The Army favored using small warheads on mobile missiles as tactical battlefield weapons while the Air Force, which was responsible for the ICBM program, wanted large cross-continental missiles that could strike Soviet targets and rapidly cripple the USSR's infrastructure and ability to wage war.

With the arrival of newer solid-fueled missiles that could be stored and not require fueling before launch, Redstone was rendered obsolete and production ended in 1961. The 40th Artillery Group was deactivated in February 1964 and 46th Artillery Group was deactivated in June 1964, as Redstone missiles were replaced by the Pershing missile in the U.S. Army arsenal. All Redstone missiles and equipment deployed to Europe were returned to the United States by the third quarter of 1964. In October 1964, the Redstone missile was ceremonially retired from active service at Redstone Arsenal.

Description

Redstone was capable of flights from 57.5miles201miles. It consisted of a thrust unit for powered flight and a missile body for overall missile control and payload delivery on target. During powered flight, Redstone burned a fuel mixture of 25 percent water–75 percent ethyl alcohol with liquid oxygen (LOX) used as the oxidizer. Later Redstones used Hydyne, 60% unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and 40% diethylenetriamine (DETA), as the fuel.^{[5] [6] [7]} The missile body consisted of an aft unit containing the instrument compartment, and the warhead unit containing the payload compartment and the radar altimeter fuze. The missile body was separated from the thrust unit 20–30 seconds after the termination of powered flight, as determined by the preset range to target. The body continued on a controlled ballistic trajectory to the target impact point. The thrust unit continued on its own uncontrolled ballistic trajectory, impacting short of the designated target.

The nuclear-armed Redstone carried the W39, either a MK 39Y1 Mod 1 or MK 39Y2 Mod 1, warhead with a yield of 3.8 megatons.^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

Production

Chrysler Corporation was awarded the prime production contract, to be made at the newly renamed Michigan Ordnance Missile Plant in Warren, Michigan. The navy-owned facility was previously known as the Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant used for jet engine production. Following the cancellation of a planned jet engine program, the facility was made available to the Chrysler Corporation for missile production, and began missile and support equipment production in 1952. Rocketdyne Division of North American Aviation Company provided the rocket engines; Ford Instrument Company, division of Sperry Rand Corporation, produced the guidance and control systems; and Reynolds Metals Company fabricated fuselage assemblies as subcontractors to Chrysler.

Redstone derivatives

See main article: Redstone (rocket family).

In 1955, the Jupiter-C rocket (not to be confused with the later, unrelated Jupiter IRBM) was developed as an enhanced Redstone for atmospheric and reentry vehicle tests. It had elongated propellant tanks for increased burn time and a new engine that burned a fuel mixture known as hydyne and under the name of the Jupiter C/Juno 1 was used for the first successful US space launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958.

The Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle was a derivation of the Redstone with a fuel tank increased in length by 6feet and was used on 5 May 1961 to launch Alan Shepard on his sub-orbital flight to become the second person and first American in space. It retained the Jupiter C's longer propellant tanks, but went back to using ethyl alcohol/water for propellant instead of hydyne.From 1966 to 1967, a series of surplus modified Redstones called Spartas were launched from Woomera, South Australia, as part of a joint U.S.–United Kingdom–Australian research program aimed at understanding re-entry phenomena. These Redstones had two solid fuel upper stages added. The U.S. donated a spare Sparta for Australia's first satellite launch, WRESAT, in November 1967.

Operators

United States Army

• 40th Field Artillery Group 1958–1961 – West Germany^[12]
  • 1st Battalion, 333rd Artillery Regiment
• 46th Field Artillery Group 1959–1961 – West Germany^[13]
  • 2nd Battalion, 333rd Artillery Regiment
• 209th Field Artillery Group – Fort Sill, Oklahoma
  • 4th Bn, 333rd Artillery Regiment

Surviving examples

• Displayed as PGM-11:
  • National Air and Space Museum at the Udvar-Hazy Center, Washington, DC^[14]
  • Warren, New Hampshire^[15]
  • US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama^[16]
  • Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile, Alabama^[17]
  • Air Force Space and Missile Museum, Cape Canaveral, Florida^[18]
  • Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas (payload and aft unit only)^[19]
  • National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, Albuquerque, New Mexico^[20]
  • White Sands Missile Range Museum, White Sands, New Mexico^[21]
  • Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon^[22]
  • Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama^[23]
  • US Army Field Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
• Displayed as Jupiter-C
  • US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama^[16]
  • Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Merritt Island, Florida^[24]
  • Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama^[23]
  • Petal, Mississippi (formerly at John C. Stennis Space Center's StenniSphere, now INFINITY Science Center, not publicly visible)^[25]
• Displayed as a Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle
  • Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Merritt Island, Florida^[24]
    • One in the rocket garden, one near the badging office, and one at Launch Complex 5
  • Air Zoo, Kalamazoo, Michigan (in storage)^[26]
  • Kansas Cosmosphere, Hutchinson, Kansas^[19]
  • Museum of Life + Science, Durham, North Carolina^[27]
  • Parque de las Ciencias Luis A. Ferré at Bayamón, Puerto Rico^[28]
  • Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas^[29]
• Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicles
  • US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama^[30]
  • United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex^[31]

See also

Comparable missiles

• Ghauri (missile)
• J-600T Yıldırım
• SOM
• Bora
• Fateh-313
• Qiam 1
• Al-Hussein
• Zelzal
• Tondar-69
• Burkan-1

Bibliography

• Book: Bullard, John W . History of the Redstone Missile System (Historical Monograph Project Number: AMC 23 M) . 15 October 1965 . Historical Division, Administrative Office, Army Missile Command .
• Book: The Redstone Missile System . August 1960. United States Army . Publication L 619 . Fort Sill, Oklahoma .
• Book: Standing Operating Procedure For Conduct of Redstone Annual Service Practice at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico . 31 March 1962 . Headquarters, United States Army Artillery And Missile Center . Fort Sill, Oklahoma .
• Book: Operator, Organizational, And Field Maintenance Manual – Ballistic Guided Missile M8, Ballistic Shell (Field Artillery Guided Missile System Redstone). September 1960. TM 9-1410-350-14/2 .
• Book: Field Artillery Missile Redstone . February 1962. Department of the Army . FM 6–35 .
• Book: Turnill, Reginald . The Observer's Book of Manned Spaceflight . May 1972 . . London . 0-7232-1510-3 . 48 . Observer's Books .
• Book: von Braun, Wernher . The Redstone, Jupiter and Juno. Technology and Culture, Vol. 4, No. 4, The History of Rocket Technology (Autumn 1963), pp. 452–465.

External links

• Redstone Army Command site
• NASA Documents relating to Redstone and Mercury Projects
• Redstone Image Collection
• Redstone from Encyclopedia Astronautica
• Redstone timeline
• Boeing: History– Products – North American Aviation Rocketdyne Redstone Rocket Engine
• Appendix A: The Redstone Missile in Detail
• Web site: Redstone at the White Sands Missile Range . 2024-01-03 . White Sands Missile Range Museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416191153/http://www.wsmr-history.org/Redstone.htm . 2019-04-16 . dead.
• 40th Artillery Group (Redstone)
• 46th Artillery Group (Redstone)
• From the Stars & Stripes Archives: "Redstone Rocketeers"
• Jupiter A
• The Chrysler Corporation Missile Division and the Redstone missiles
• Brigadier General Julius Braun Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections Files of Julius Braun, Project Officer for the Redstone missiles.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Redstone .
2. Redstone Rocket, Hardtack-Teak Test, August 1958 . . French . August 1958 . 2 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151207095953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLbyY76zt9w&t=8 . 7 December 2015.
3. Web site: Redgap, Curtis The Chrysler Corporation Missile Division and the Redstone missiles, 2008 Orlando, Florida. Retrieved Oct 8 2010 . 6 March 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080330015109/http://allpar.com/history/military/missiles.html . 30 March 2008 . live .
4. Web site: Cagle . Mary T. . The Origin of Redstone's Name . US Army, Redstone Arsenal . 1955 . 9 October 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20000519105836/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/studies/ix.html . 19 May 2000 . dmy-all .
5. Book: Sutton, George P. . 2006 . History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines . Reston, Virginia . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . 413 . 1-56347-649-5.
6. Book: McCutcheon, Kimble D. . The Redstone Engine . Huntsville, Alabama . Aircraft Engine Historical Society . 26 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012951/http://www.enginehistory.org/Museums/USSRC/USSRC_Redstone.shtml . 5 March 2016 . live .
7. Book: Hullard, John W. . 1965 . History of the Redstone Missile System . Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama . Army Missile Command . 66 (60) . 26 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170425071855/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA434109 . 25 April 2017 . dead .
8. Book: Hansen, Chuck . 1995 . The Swords of Armageddon . Sunnyvale, California . Chucklea Publications . Volume VII Pg 297 .
9. Book: Hansen, Chuck . 1995 . The Swords of Armageddon . Sunnyvale, California . Chucklea Publications . Volume VII Pages 293–299 .
10. Book: Hansen, Chuck . 1995 . The Swords of Armageddon . Sunnyvale, California . Chucklea Publications . Volume VII Pg 299 .
11. Web site: Redstone Missile (PGM-11) . Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center . US . 9 January 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150529081330/http://www.amrdec.army.mil/amrdec/50th/innovation-pgm-11.html . 29 May 2015 . dmy-all.
12. Web site: USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989. www.usarmygermany.com.
13. Web site: USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989. www.usarmygermany.com.
14. Web site: Redstone Missile . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094811/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-liquid-fuel-partly-cutaway-redstone . 12 October 2017 . live .
15. Book: Asselin, Ted. The Redstone Missile – Warren, NH. 1996. Bryan Flagg. Warren. https://web.archive.org/web/20060705032710/http://homepage.mac.com/misterbisson/WarrenRocket/brochure.pdf. dead. 5 July 2006. dmy-all.
16. Web site: Permanent Exhibits . US Space and Rocket Center . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170912052247/https://www.rocketcenter.com/museum . 12 September 2017 . live .
17. Web site: Battleship Park . Heroic Relics . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171117052850/http://heroicrelics.org/battleship-park/index.html . 17 November 2017 . live .
18. Web site: Displays . Air Force Space and Missile Museum . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171015161001/http://afspacemuseum.org/displays/ . 15 October 2017 . live .
19. Web site: Redstone Nuclear Warhead . Kansas Cosmosphere . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094901/http://cosmospheretour.com/exhibit.php?exhibit_no=18 . 12 October 2017 . live .
20. Web site: Bomarc, Mace, Snark, Redstone, Minuteman II missiles . National Museum of Nuclear Science and History . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094806/http://nuclearmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/photo/B9867EBE-993F-4753-B44C-451497499820 . 12 October 2017 . live .
21. Web site: Redstone . White Sands Missile Range Museum . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080108051341/http://www.wsmr-history.org/Redstone.htm . 8 January 2008 . live .
22. Web site: Space Flight . Evergreen Aviation Museum . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012045204/https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/space-flight . 12 October 2017 . live .
23. Web site: MSFC Rocket Garden . Heroic Relics . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171022054010/http://heroicrelics.org/msfc/index.html . 22 October 2017 . live .
24. Web site: KSC Mercury-Redstone Boosters . A Field Guide to American Spacecraft . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180819044144/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/booster/mr-kscvc.html . 19 August 2018 . live .
25. Web site: This Jupiter-C Rocket Sits Alongside Mr... . Project Habu . 11 April 2014 . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044243/http://projecthabu.com/post/82438154886/this-jupiter-c-rocket-sits-alongside-mr . 12 October 2017 . live .
26. Web site: Air Zoo . Heroic Relics . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094828/http://heroicrelics.org/air-zoo/index.html . 12 October 2017 . live .
27. Web site: Museum of Life+Science . A Field Guide to American Spacecraft . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180815161151/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/address/n-s/northcar.html . 15 August 2018 . live .
28. Web site: Parque de las Ciencias Luis A. Ferré . A Field Guide to American Spacecraft . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180819041625/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/address/n-s/parque.html . 19 August 2018 . live .
29. Web site: Mercury-Redstone . A Field Guide to American Spacecraft . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094948/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/booster/mr-jsc.html . 12 October 2017 . live .
30. Web site: US Space and Rocket Center . Heroic Relics . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170517184633/http://heroicrelics.org/ussrc/mercury-redstone-tail-unit/index.html . 17 May 2017 . live .
31. Web site: Inside Kennedy Space Center's New Heroes & Legends Exhibits . Smithsonian Magazine . 22 November 2016 . 11 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044535/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/heroes-legends-kennedy-space-center-180961084/ . 12 October 2017 . live .