Redondo Beach, California Explained

Redondo Beach, California
Named For:Spanish for round, in reference to Rancho Sausal Redondo, Spanish for round willow grove ranch
Image Blank Emblem:Redondo Beach CA logo.png
Blank Emblem Type:Logo
Mapsize:250x200px
Pushpin Map:USA
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in the contiguous United States
Pushpin Relief:1
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:United States
Subdivision Name2:Los Angeles
Government Type:Council–manager[1]
Leader Name:James "Jim" Light[2]
Leader Name1:Todd Loewenstein
Leader Name2:Nils Nehrenheim
Todd Loewenstein
Zein Obagi Jr.
Paige Kaluderovic
Scott Behrendt
Leader Name3:Eugene Solomon[3]
Leader Name4:Eleanor Manzano[4]
Established Date:April 29, 1892[5]
Unit Pref:Imperial
Area Footnotes:[6]
Area Total Sq Mi:6.21
Area Land Sq Mi:6.20
Area Water Sq Mi:0.01
Area Total Km2:16.09
Area Land Km2:16.06
Area Water Km2:0.03
Area Water Percent:0.16
Elevation Footnotes:[7]
Elevation Ft:62
Population Footnotes:[8]
Population Total:71576
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Population Density Metro Sq Mi:auto
Utc Offset:−8
Utc Offset Dst:−7
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:90277–90278[9]
Area Code:310/424[10]
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature IDs
Blank1 Info:,
Population Density Km2:auto

Redondo Beach (Spanish for) is a coastal city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area. It is one of three adjacent beach cities along the southern portion of Santa Monica Bay. The population was 71,576 at the 2020 census, up from 66,748 in 2010.

Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1785 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that later became the South Redondo area. The primary attractions include Municipal Pier and the sandy beach, popular with tourists and a variety of sports enthusiasts. The western terminus of the Metro Rail C Line (formerly the Green Line) is in North Redondo Beach.

History

The Chowigna Indians used the site of today's Hopkins Wilderness Park, formerly Nike missile site LA-57 from 1956 to 1963, in Redondo Beach, California, as a lookout place.[11] The wetlands located at the site of the AES power plant in Redondo Beach were a source of foods including halibut, lobster, and sea bass, and also of salt.[12]

In the 1700s, the Chowigna bartered salt from the old Redondo Salt Lake, "a spring-fed salt lake about 200yd wide and 600yd long situated about 200 yards from the ocean", with other tribes.[13] Their village by the lake was called "Onoova-nga", or "Place of Salt."

The Chowigna were relocated to missions in 1854, when Manuel Dominguez sold 215acres of Rancho San Pedro, including the lake, to Henry Allanson and William Johnson for the Pacific Salt Works.[13] [14] [15]

The city's residents and political leaders have long advocated to retire an aging waterfront power plant and allow it to be restored to its natural wetland state,[16] [17] rather than converted into a housing development.[18] The city has also participated in legal proceedings to preserve its ability to participate in residential zoning decisions, including the discretion to regulate single-family homes from being transformed by for-profit developers into “six-on-a-lots.”[19] [20]

In 1983, the city of Redondo Beach adopted a resolution “recognizing the Goodyear Airship Columbia (aka Goodyear blimp) as the “Official Bird of Redondo Beach.”[21]

In 2022, the Redondo Beach government (along with the governments of Torrance, Carson, and Whittier) sued the California state government, seeking to block the California HOME Act (SB 9), which permits the construction of duplexes and fourplexes on lots.[22] Redondo Beach mayor Bill Brand has argued that there is no housing crisis in Redondo Beach.

In 2023, Redondo Beach sued to prevent the transformation of the lot of an aging waterfront power plant into a village-style complex of 2,700 residential units (including 540 affordable units) and commercial space.[23] [24] The mayor of Redondo Beach, Bill Brand, became mayor after spearheading an effort to block housing on the lot.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.2mi2, over 99% of it land.

Redondo Beach was originally part of the 1784 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant of the 43000acres Dominguez Rancho that later became the ten-mile (16 km) ocean frontage of Rancho Sausal Redondo.

Climate

Redondo Beach has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb) with mild winters and warm, almost rainless summers. The coldest months are December through March, and the warmest months are July through September. Redondo Beach has mild temperatures year round due to its coastal location.

Demographics

The city is affluent and predominantly white.[25] [26]

2020

The 2020 census found that greater than 50% of Redondo Beach’s residents are white, nearly double the rate of the greater Los Angeles area.

Redondo Beach, like its neighboring beach towns, has become one of the most exclusionary cities in Los Angeles by limiting housing production, resulting in a median home costing $1.4 million, 60% higher than the regional average for Los Angeles.[27]

2010

The 2010 United States Census[28] reported that Redondo Beach had a population of 66,748. The population density was 10751.1sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of Redondo Beach was 49,805 (74.6%) White (65.2% Non-Hispanic White), 1,852 (2.8%) African American, 291 (0.4%) Native American, 8,004 (12.0%) Asian, 199 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 2,725 (4.1%) from other races, and 3,872 (5.8%) from two or more races. There were 10,142 residents of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race (15.2%).

The Census reported that 66,317 people (99.4% of the population) lived in households, 367 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 64 (0.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 29,011 households, out of which 7,825 (27.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 12,507 (43.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,515 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,207 (4.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,904 (6.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 179 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 9,252 households (31.9%) were made up of individuals, and 2,145 (7.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29. There were 16,229 families (55.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.94.

Redondo Beach had 12,887 people (19.3%) under the age of 18, 4,198 people (6.3%) aged 18 to 24, 23,149 people (34.7%) aged 25 to 44, 19,532 people (29.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,982 people (10.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.

There were 30,609 housing units at an average density of 4930.2/mi2, of which 14,917 (51.4%) were owner-occupied, and 14,094 (48.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%. 36,796 people (55.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 29,521 people (44.2%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Redondo Beach had a median household income of $99,496, with 5.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[8]

2000

As of the census[29] of 2000, there were 63,261 people, 28,566 households, and 15,254 families residing in the city. The population density was 10065.4sp=usNaNsp=us. There were 29,543 housing units at an average density of 4700.6/mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 78.6% White, 9.1% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 4.6, % from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 13.5% of the population.

There were 28,566 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the city, 18.8% of the population was under the age of 18; 6.1%, aged 18 to 24; 43.1%, aged 25 to 44; 23.6%, aged 45 to 64; and 8.5% aged 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $93,274, and the median income for a family was $108,753.[30] Males had a median income of $56,796 versus $45,204 for females. The per capita income for the city was $38,305. About 4.0% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[31] the top employers in the city are:

Employer
  1. of Employees
% of Total City Employment
1Northrop Grumman6,04533.04%
2Redondo Beach Unified School District8684.74%
3City of Redondo Beach4022.2%
4The Cheesecake Factory2611.43
5United States Postal Service2601.42%
6Target2411.32%
7Macy's2321.27%
8DHL Global Forwarding2271.24%
9Frontier1640.9%
10Silverado Beach Cities1400.77%

Cost of living

Government

Local government

Redondo Beach's City Council elections are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March of odd-numbered years after the City Attorney notified California's Secretary of State of not moving both its City Council and Board of Education elections to a statewide primary or general election starting in 2018. The elections are all-mail instead of in-person.

The current mayor and council members are:[32]

The City of Redondo Beach is a charter city.[35] Almost two thirds of the residents in Los Angeles County, the majority in Southern California, and a plurality of Californians live in charter cities according to the 2010 US Census.[36] As a charter city, Redondo Beach can adopt amendments to its city charter.[37]

State and federal representation

In the California State Legislature, Redondo Beach is in, and in .[38]

In the United States House of Representatives, Redondo Beach is in .

Politics

In the 2008 presidential election Barack Obama won 59% of the vote and John McCain won 37% of the vote.[39]

Education

The Redondo Beach Unified School District serves the city. Redondo Union High School is the zoned high school, with the adjoining campus of Patricia Dreizler Continuation High School located to the east of the Redondo Union High School main grounds serving as a continuation school. The Redondo Beach Learning Academy, a community day school houses 9th-12th graders, is located on the South Bay Adult School campus in Redondo Beach. Dreizler continues to be recognized as a California Model Continuation High School.[40] The Independent Study Program supports grades 9-12 and is housed on the Patricia Deizler campus.[41] [42] [43] Additionally, Redondo Beach has two middle schools, Adams Middle School and Parras Middle School. Adams Middle School, located in North Redondo Beach, primarily serves 6th to 8th grade students in the North Redondo area, with Parras Middle School being the designated middle school of South Redondo Beach.[44] [45] The city also has eight established elementary schools: Alta Vista, Beryl Heights, Birney, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Tulita and Washington.[46] All twelve schools are evenly divided throughout the North and South areas of Redondo Beach, with five elementary schools and one middle school located in North/Central Redondo Beach; and three elementary schools, one middle school, and the singular designated high school placed in South Redondo Beach.[47] The Redondo Beach Educational Foundation was founded in 1992 and revitalized in 2008.[48]

Residents of Redondo Beach were in South Bay Union High School District until 1993, when it dissolved.[49]

Valor Christian Academy (formerly Coast Christian School) is in Redondo Beach.

Infrastructure

The United States Postal Service operates the Redondo Beach Post Office at 1201 North Catalina Avenue,[50] the Redondo Beach Station #2 Post Office at 1715 Via El Prado,[51] the North Redondo Beach Post Office at 2215 Artesia Boulevard,[52] and the Galleria Post Office at Suite 377D at 1815 Hawthorne Boulevard.[53]

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Torrance Health Center in Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles, near Torrance and serving Redondo Beach.[54]

The Beach Cities Health District,[55] one of 78 California Health Districts,[56] is located in Redondo Beach. Created in 1955, as South Bay Hospital, to provide health and wellness services to the residents of Hermosa Beach, Manhattan Beach, and Redondo Beach. The district took on its current name in 1993. In 2002, Beach Cities Health District opened AdventurePlex,[57] a Manhattan Beach fitness facility for youth and their families of the three beach cities. AdventurePlex has mazes, tunnels, outdoor rock climbing walls, complex ropes courses, and an indoor gymnasium.

Redondo Beach Police Department

The Redondo Beach Police Department was established in the 1920s. The Police Department consists of 90 sworn members (officers) plus 57 non-sworn members.[58]

Redondo Beach Public Library

The first library in Redondo Beach began as a reading room in 1895. The first five-member Library Commission for the city was formed in November 1908. The library moved into the then City Hall's west wing in 1909 and eventually filled the entire west wing at 301 Emerald Street. In 1928 the Chamber of Commerce recommended a new library be built on the site previously occupied by the Hotel Redondo in what is now Veterans Park. The Veterans Park Library is a Spanish/Dutch colonial building designed by architect Lovel Bearse Pemberton and opened on July 2, 1930. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. After serving as the Main Library for the city for 60 years, a site adjacent to City Hall was identified for a new, modern Main Library building. The new Main Library for the City of Redondo Beach opened on July 8, 1995, at 303 N. Pacific Coast Highway. A North Branch Library was also established in 1930 and started at the Grant Community Hall, it then moved to its current location at 2000 Artesia Boulevard in 1949. A new North Branch Library was constructed on the site in 2009 and opened its doors on September 28, 2010. The North Branch Library is the first City owned Green building and received Gold LEED certification.[59]

Public transportation

Redondo Beach is served by Beach Cities Transit and the Redondo Beach C Line station.

Historically, the city was served by the Santa Fe Railroad and Pacific Electric's Venice-Playa del Rey and Redondo Beach via Gardena lines.[60] [61]

Notable people

In popular culture

Songs & videos

Television

Film

Sister cities

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: About Redondo Beach . City of Redondo Beach . July 21, 2017.
  2. Web site: The Mayor and City Council of the City of Redondo Beach . City of Redondo Beach . February 28, 2024.
  3. Web site: City Treasurer's . City of Redondo Beach . January 26, 2015.
  4. Web site: The City Clerk's Office . City of Redondo Beach . January 13, 2015.
  5. Web site: California Cities by Incorporation Date . Word . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . August 25, 2014. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091414/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc . February 21, 2013.
  6. Web site: 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2020.
  7. December 16, 2014.
  8. Web site: Redondo Beach (city), California. Redondo Beach (city) QuickFacts . . December 26, 2021 .
  9. Web site: USPS - ZIP Code Lookup - Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results . January 18, 2007.
  10. Web site: Number Administration System - NPA and City/Town Search Results . January 18, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120214110901/http://www.nanpa.com/nas/public/npa_city_query_step2.do?method=displayData&cityToNpaModel.stateAbbr=CA&cityToNpaModel.city=Redondo%20Beach . February 14, 2012 . dead .
  11. News: Lacey. Marc. An Urban Oasis : Surrounded by condos sits a place the Chowigna Indians once used as a lookout spot. Today, people go there for an escape.. Los Angeles Times. March 15, 2014. April 17, 1992.
  12. News: Brand . Bill . "Heart Park" Restoring Redondo Beach . The Foggy View, Supplement to the March 2005 Southern Sierran, Sierra Club Palos Verdes - South Bay Group / Angeles Chapter . March 15, 2014. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140716080203/http://angeles.sierraclub.org/pvsb/archives/fv_2005_03.pdf . July 16, 2014.
  13. News: SOUTH BAY HISTORY: Redondo Beach's salt lake. San Jose Mercury News. March 15, 2014. May 20, 2010.
  14. Web site: AES Power Plant Informational Brief . Building a Better Redondo . June 16, 2013. July 6, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131126141437/http://aesredondomustgo.blog.com/files/2011/05/BBR_Presentation_AES-Brief_6-July-Rev-2.pdf . November 26, 2013.
  15. Web site: Welcome to the Redondo Beach Historical Museum: A self-guided tour. redondo.org. August 22, 2017.
  16. Web site: AES Dune & Wetland Restoration. South Bay Park Land Conservancy . 2023 . South Bay Park Land Conservancy, AES Dune & Wetland Restoration . en-US.
  17. News: Brand . Bill . "Heart Park" Restoring Redondo Beach . The Foggy View, Supplement to the March 2005 Southern Sierran, Sierra Club Palos Verdes - South Bay Group / Angeles Chapter . March 15, 2014. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140716080203/http://angeles.sierraclub.org/pvsb/archives/fv_2005_03.pdf . July 16, 2014.
  18. News: Dillon . Liam . Campa . Andrew J. . November 14, 2022 . Crude emails reveal nasty side of a California beach city's crusade to halt growth . en-US . Los Angeles Times .
  19. Web site: November 14, 2022 . Crude emails reveal nasty side of a California beach city's crusade to halt growth . Los Angeles Times . en-US . more than half of Redondo Beach’s residents are white, nearly double the rate of the L.A. area, per U.S. census data..
  20. News: Cody . Kevin . April 22, 2021 . Redondo acts to stop State from allowing "single-family home lot becoming six on a lot" . en-US . Easy Reader News .
  21. WTF Fun Fact 13163 - The Goodyear Blimp Redondo Beach Connection https://wtffunfact.com/wtf-fun-fact-13163-the-goodyear-blimp-redondo-beach-connection/
  22. Web site: Service . City News . April 1, 2022 . 4 Cities Sue to Stop New California Law Permitting More Homes in Single-Family Neighborhoods . Times of San Diego . en-US. Four Southern California cities, led by wealthy Redondo Beach, .
  23. News: Bach . Trevor . August 9, 2023 . YIMBY Law Files Builder's Remedy Suit Against Redondo Beach . September 2, 2023 . The Real Deal . en.
  24. News: Bach . Trevor . May 12, 2023 . Redondo Beach Again Denies Builder's Remedy Project . September 2, 2023 . The Real Deal . en.
  25. Web site: Service . City News . April 1, 2022 . 4 Cities Sue to Stop New California Law Permitting More Homes in Single-Family Neighborhoods . Times of San Diego . en-US. Four Southern California cities, led by wealthy Redondo Beach, .
  26. Web site: November 14, 2022 . Crude emails reveal nasty side of a California beach city's crusade to halt growth . Los Angeles Times . en-US . more than half of Redondo Beach’s residents are white, nearly double the rate of the L.A. area, per U.S. census data..
  27. News: Crude emails reveal nasty side of a California beach city's crusade to halt growth . Dillon . Liam . Campa . Andrew . . November 14, 2022 . Nevertheless, like its neighboring coastal communities, Redondo Beach has become one of the most exclusionary cities in Los Angeles, according to a recent study by the Washington, D.C.-based Urban Institute, which found that Redondo Beach has had limited housing production despite intense demand to live there. Redondo Beach’s median home value of $1.4 million is nearly 60% higher than L.A.’s regional average and 44% more than it was five years ago, according to real estate firm Zillow. And more than half of Redondo Beach’s residents are white, nearly double the rate of the L.A. area, per U.S. census data. .
  28. Web site: 2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Redondo Beach city. https://archive.today/20140715032704/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0660018. dead. July 15, 2014. U.S. Census Bureau. July 12, 2014.
  29. Web site: U.S. Census website. United States Census Bureau. January 31, 2008.
  30. https://www.census.gov http://U.S. Census website.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
  31. Web site: City of Redondo Beach CAFR . June 30, 2020. March 14, 2021.
  32. Web site: City of Redondo Beach . Mayor and City Council . February 28, 2024 . redondo.org.
  33. Web site: Mayor - Jim Light . February 28, 2024 . www.redondo.org . en.
  34. Web site: Election results: Paige Kaluderovic will be Redondo's next District 3 councilmember . March 16, 2023 .
  35. Web site: Archived copy . August 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180216115656/http://www.cacities.org/Resources-Documents/Resources-Section/Charter-Cities/Charter_Cities-List . February 16, 2018 . dead .
  36. Web site: Decennial Census by Decades. www.census.gov.
  37. Web site: Codes Display Text. leginfo.legislature.ca.gov.
  38. Web site: Statewide Database. UC Regents. December 16, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html. February 1, 2015. dead.
  39. Web site: Vote Cast By Community and Council District. June 13, 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120708200726/http://www.lavote.net/VOTER/PDFS/STATEMENT_VOTES_CAST/11042008_COM.pdf. July 8, 2012.
  40. Web site: 2019 Model Continuation High Schools Announced - Year 2019 (CA Dept of Education). www.cde.ca.gov.
  41. Web site: Patricia Dreizler Continuation High School - Home.
  42. Web site: Patricia Dreizler Continuation High School - School Profiles.
  43. Web site: Patricia Dreizler Continuation High School - Independent Studies Program.
  44. Web site: Adams Middle School. www.adamsmiddle.org.
  45. Web site: Parras Middle School. www.parrasmiddle.org.
  46. Web site: School Directory – Our Schools – Redondo Beach Unified School District. www.rbusd.org.
  47. Web site: School Boundary Maps – Our Schools – Redondo Beach Unified School District. www.rbusd.org.
  48. Web site: Redondo Beach Educational Foundation is Making an Impact | The Redondo Beach Localista Magazine - Your guide to all things local.. www.localistamagazine.com.
  49. Web site: Kowsky. Kim. School District Reorganizations Win Handily : The breakup of South Bay Union High School District is approved. But a proposition moving control of two schools from Los Angeles to Rancho Palos Verdes is blocked by a judge. . Los Angeles Times. November 5, 1992. October 28, 2020.
  50. "Post Office Location - REDONDO BEACH ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  51. "Post Office Location - REDONDO BEACH STATION #2 ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  52. "Post Office Location - NORTH REDONDO BEACH ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  53. "Post Office Location - GALLERIA ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008.
  54. "Torrance Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
  55. Web site: Beach Cities Health District. bchd.org. August 22, 2017.
  56. [List of California Health Districts]
  57. Web site: Home. Adventure Plex. August 22, 2017.
  58. Web site: City of Redondo Beach - 404. redondo.org. August 22, 2017.
  59. http://www.redondo.org/depts/library/history.asp The Redondo Beach Public Library, City of Redondo Beach Library
  60. Web site: The beach cities greenbelt: Joggers take over from railroad trains South Bay History. June 13, 2021. blogs.dailybreeze.com.
  61. Web site: Stewart . Harold . Redondo Beach End of The Line . Pacific Electric Railway Historical Society . July 20, 2013.
  62. Enright, Robert. ""No Things But in Ideas: an interview with Allan McCollum", Border Crossings, September 2001, p. 24.
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  72. Book: Moser, Patrick . Surf and Rescue: George Freeth and the Birth of California Beach Culture . 2022 . University of Illinois Press . 978-0-252-04444-1 . Sport and society . Urbana.
  73. News: Henry Rollins: I Liked It So Much in Redondo Beach That I Had to Get Out. Rollins, Henry. LA Weekly. February 23, 2017. July 11, 2017.
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  82. Web site: Redondo Beach comedian Tommy Ryman releases second album. Michael. Hixon. The Beach Reporter.
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  84. Web site: GJW . The O.C. Filming Locations . Seeing-stars.com . June 13, 2012.
  85. Web site: '90210' to Film in Riviera Village. Redondo Beach, CA Patch. October 17, 2011 . en-US. April 7, 2016.
  86. Web site: Morison. Jeanette. May I see Your Badge, Mister - Uh, Spock?. The Retirees Association. December 18, 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131230164513/http://tra-spacepark.org/trek.html. December 30, 2013.
  87. American Dad!" Family Time (TV Episode 2021) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15193168/
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  89. Web site: Mexico. Redondo Beach Sister Cities. July 1, 2016.
  90. Web site: Japan. Redondo Beach Sister Cities. July 1, 2016.
  91. Web site: China. Redondo Beach Sister Cities. July 1, 2016.

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