Redlands, California Explained

Redlands, California
Settlement Type:City
Seal Size:150
Nickname:"Jewel of the Inland Empire"[1]
Named For:The red color of the adobe soil of the area
Mapsize:250x200px
Pushpin Map:California#USA
Pushpin Label:Redlands
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in the United States
Pushpin Relief:1
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name1:California
Subdivision Name2:San Bernardino
Established Title:Incorporated
Established Date:December 3, 1888[2]
Government Type:Council-Manager[3]
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Eddie Tejeda [4]
Unit Pref:Imperial
Area Footnotes:[5]
Area Total Km2:93.87
Area Total Sq Mi:36.24
Area Land Km2:93.20
Area Land Sq Mi:35.98
Area Water Km2:0.67
Area Water Sq Mi:0.26
Area Water Percent:0.83
Elevation Footnotes:[6]
Elevation M:414
Elevation Ft:1358
Population Total:73168
Population As Of:2020
Population Footnotes:[7]
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes[8]
Postal Code:92373–92374
Area Code:909[9]
Area Code Type:Area code
Timezone:Pacific
Utc Offset:−8
Timezone Dst:PDT
Utc Offset Dst:−7
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature IDs
Blank1 Info:,
Population Density Km2:auto

Redlands is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 73,168,[7] up from 68,747 at the 2010 census. The city is located approximately 45miles northwest of Palm Springs and 63miles east of Los Angeles.

History

The area now occupied by Redlands was previously part of the territory of the Morongo and Aguas Calientes tribes of Cahuilla people. Explorations such as those of Pedro Fages and Francisco Garcés sought to extend Catholic influence to the indigenous people and the dominion of the Spanish crown into the area in the 1770s. The Tongva village of Kaawchama, located just to the west of present-day Redlands, was visited by Fr. Francisco Dumetz in 1810, and was the reason the site was chosen for a mission outpost.[10] [11] Dumetz reached the village on May 20, the feast day of Saint Bernardino of Siena, and thus named the region the San Bernardino Valley.[12] The Franciscan friars from Mission San Gabriel established the San Bernardino Asistencia in 1819 and embarked on the usual program of training the native tribes to raise crops and encouraging permanent settlements. By 1820, a ditch, known as a zanja, was dug by conscripted native labor for the friars from Mill Creek to the Asistencia. In 1822, word of the Mexican triumph in the War of Independence reached the inland area, and lands previously claimed by Spain passed to the custody of the Mexican government.

Lugonia

In 1842, the Lugo family bought the Rancho San Bernardino Mexican land grant and this became the first fixed settler civilization in the area. The area northwest of current Redlands, astride the Santa Ana River, would become known as Lugonia. The region was part of Alta California, a Mexican federal province until 1848, when it became part of the United States after the Mexican-American War. By 1850, California as a US state was established. The area received its first Anglo inhabitants in the form of several hundred Mormon pioneers, who purchased the entire Rancho San Bernardino, founded nearby San Bernardino, and established a prosperous farming community watered by the many lakes and streams of the San Bernardino Mountains. The Mormon community left wholesale in 1857, recalled to Utah by Brigham Young during the tensions with the US federal government that ultimately led to the brief Utah War. Benjamin Barton purchased 1000acres from the Latter-Day Saints and planted extensive vineyards and built a winery.[13]

"The first settler on the site of the present Redlands is recorded to have erected a hut at the corner of what is now Cajon St. and Cypress Ave.; he was a sheep herder, and the year, 1865," reported Ira L. Swett in "Tractions of the Orange Empire." Lugonia attracted settlers including, Barry Roberts in 1869, followed a year later by the Craw and Glover families. "The first school teacher in Lugonia, George W. Beattie, arrived in 1874—shortly followed by the town's first negro settler, Israel Beal."[14]

Railroads & Cityhood

In the 1880s, the arrival of the Southern Pacific and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads, connecting Southern California to San Francisco and Salt Lake triggered a land boom, with speculators such as John W. North flooding the area now known as the Inland Empire. North and others saw the area, with its hot, dry climate and ready access to water as an ideal center for citrus production. The city of Redlands was soon established by Frank E. Brown, a civil engineer, and E. G. Judson, a New York stock broker, to provide a center (along with North's nearby settlement at Riverside) for the burgeoning citrus industry. They named their city "Redlands" after the color of the adobe soil.[15] So large had the area grown by 1888 that it was decided to incorporate. "A red-letter day in the Annals of Redlands," pronounced Scipio Craig, editor of The Citrograph newspaper, of the November 26 incorporation.[16] [17] The original community of Lugonia was absorbed at this time. The newspaper was first published in July 1887 by The Citrograph Printing Company, which remains in 2023 as both Redlands' oldest business and the longest-operating printing company in California.[18] E. G. Judson served as the first mayor of Redlands.[19]

The Redlands Street Railway Company was incorporated on March 22, 1888, acquiring on June 5 a franchise from the San Bernardino County Supervisors dating to December 1887, conveying the right to construct, operate and maintain for a term of 50 years a line of street railways in Redlands, Terracina and vicinity.[20] The initial operations began in June 1889 with a single-track line operating two-mule-team cars, the first street railway company of several to provide service to the community. Electrification and new rails replaced mules in 1899,[21] with electrical operation beginning in December.[22] Most Redlands street railways would pass to the San Bernardino Valley Traction Company in a consolidation on June 3, 1903,[23] and thence to the Pacific Electric in the "Great Merger" of Huntington properties under new ownership by the Southern Pacific Transportation Company on February 8, 1911.[24] Henry E. Huntington, nephew of late Southern Pacific president Collis P. Huntington, had gained control of the 4miles streetcar line of the Redlands Central Railway Company in 1908.[25]

The Pacific Electric Railway (PE) completed an interurban connection between Los Angeles and San Bernardino in 1914, providing a convenient, speedy connection to the fast-growing city of Los Angeles and its new port at San Pedro, bringing greater prosperity to the town and a new role as a vacation destination for wealthy Angelenos. Redlands was the eastern terminus of the "Big Red Car" system. At its peak, PE operated five local routes in Redlands, with streetcars running to Smiley Heights and on Orange, Olive, and Citrus Avenues.[26] Pacific Electric's interurban service to Redlands was abandoned on July 20, 1936, with 2.07miles of track into the city lifted,[27] although PE and Southern Pacific (parent company of PE) provided freight service as far as the Sunkist packing plant at Redlands Heights on San Bernardino Avenue[28] into at least the 1970s. The Smiley Heights line was abandoned at this time, as well. Bus service operated by the Motor Transit Company, a subsidiary of Pacific Electric, began on July 20.[29] This also affected mail delivery in Redlands as "Approximately 80 percent of our mail from all directions arrives on the 5 a.m. electric car," explained Postmaster James B. Stone. "This dispatch is sorted and morning deliveries started by 8:30 a.m. on most routes. The post office department has temporarily arranged for this mail to be brought in by the Santa Fe train at 6:05 a.m. As this arrival is an hour later, our service will be one hour later."[30] The abandoned Pacific Electric La Quinta trestle over the Santa Ana River stood immediately south of San Bernardino International Airport into the 2010s but was removed when an Amazon facility was built adjacent to the site.

Electricity

"History was made in the electrical industry July 27, 1892, when a franchise was granted to the Electric Light & Power Co., which was incorporated Oct. 6 and began building a powerhouse in Mill Creek canyon. Thus the groundwork was laid for the world's first (three)-phase transmission line, which brought electricity to Redlands and later became a unit in the Southern California Edison Co."[31] The 250 kilowatt AC Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant was designed by Almirian Decker.[32] Electric arc lamps were first illuminated over Redlands streets on August 5, 1893. George B. Ellis, one of seven men who spearheaded the undertaking, is largely credited with originating the plan.

"The first line was extended from the Mill Creek powerhouse to East Citrus avenue, thence to Redlands and to Mr. Ellis' Terracina hotel. By September the company was advertising power for sale to the public. The firm boasted of ability to supply current enough for 55 arc lamps, and 1,500 homes." Engineer O. H. Ensign was "largely responsible for the success of the undertaking." When gas lighting became available in Redlands in 1900, many homes already had electricity.

"The same group of men in 1894 organized the Southern California Power Co. Later it was merged with the Edison Electric Co., of Los Angeles, a forerunner of the Southern California Edison Co."

Citrus

In the spring of 1882, Mr. E. J. Waite of Wisconsin planted the first orange grove in the city. For almost 75 years, the city was the center of the largest navel orange-producing region in the world.[33] By the late 1930s, Redlands was a fruit-packing center surrounded by more than 15000acres of citrus groves. The city produced more than 4,200 railcars of navel oranges and 1,300 cars of Valencia oranges during the 1937–38 growing season.[34] During the 1930s and 1940s, labor activists campaigned in the canneries and packing houses for union representation and higher wages. The United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA) won 13 National Labor Relations Board representation elections in the Riverside-Redlands area in 1943. In 1945, the first annual Orange Queen Ball at the Redlands City Auditorium was held to raise funds for the union.[35]

The citrus industry declined in the area as more agricultural areas were replaced by subdivisions, and all three citrus packing houses (two in downtown and one on San Bernardino Avenue) had closed by the end of the 1900s. Today only one packing house remains to serve the needs of approximately the 2500acres of citrus that remains in production in the area.

Community

At the turn of the 20th century, Redlands was the "Palm Springs" of the next century, with roses being planted along many city thoroughfares. Some of these plantings would survive as wild thickets into the 1970s, especially adjacent to orange groves where property management was lax. Washingtonia palms (Washingtonia robusta) were planted along many main avenues. So beautifully kept was the area, with the dramatic mountain backdrops, that for several years the Santa Fe Railroad operated excursion trains along the loop that passed through the orange groves of Redlands and Mentone, across the Santa Ana River, and back into San Bernardino via East Highlands, Highlands and Patton, and advertised as the "Kite Route" due to its multi-sided alignment. The trestle over "the Wash" north of Mentone was carried away during a flood in March 1938 and never replaced, the line being truncated there. The Southern Pacific branch line from the San Timoteo Canyon to Crafton was abandoned after the downtown packing house business died. A thru-truss bridge over the Zanja (locally pronounced "san-kee") exists today, abandoned in place. Burlington Northern Santa Fe, result of the AT&SF-Burlington Northern merger, applied to abandon its San Bernardino-connected branch line east of downtown Redlands in 2007, the last shippers at Crafton and Mentone having ceased operations. A move was made by transit activists beginning in the 1990s to have this branch revitalized as part of the Southern California transit districts, but it came to nothing for many years. After Metrolink regional commuter rail became involved and funds secured, reconstruction began in 2019 and named Arrow. It was completed in 2022, a Metrolink branch from San Bernardino to end-of-track on the eastern side of town adjacent to the campus of the University of Redlands. 5 new stations with mostly local service to and from the San Bernardino Transit Center and one daily ride to Los Angeles Union Station.

The city has been visited by three U.S. Presidents: William McKinley was the first in 1901, followed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 and William Howard Taft in 1909. Local landmarks include the A.K. Smiley Public Library, a Moorish-style library built in 1898, and the Redlands Bowl, built in 1930 and home of the oldest continuously free outdoor concert series in the United States. Located behind the Smiley Library is the Lincoln Shrine,[36] the only memorial honoring the "Great Emancipator", the sixteenth president Abraham Lincoln, west of the Mississippi River. Famous homes include "America's Favorite Victorian," the Morey Mansion,[37] on Terracina Boulevard, and the Kimberly Crest House and Gardens, a home museum featured on the PBS series "America's Castles." Named after the family that purchased the house, the owners of Kimberly-Clark (makers of paper goods and Kleenex), it is a beautiful mansion set high on a hill overlooking the whole valley. Redlands is still regarded as the "Jewel of the Inland Empire."[38]

In the mid-late 20th Century, Redlands was home to various light manufacturing firms, and became a bedroom community for the military personnel and contractor employees of the aerospace industry that supported missions at Norton Air Force Base, as well as the Lockheed Propulsion Company plant in Mentone. In 1989, Norton Air Force Base was placed on the Department of Defense closure list. Norton Air Force Base closed in 1994-1995 and the population dropped in the area, with a mild local economic recession occurring due to the closure in the area. The former Air Force Base is now the home of the San Bernardino International Airport and a variety of other business concerns also utilize the space.[39] Jack Dangermond established Esri in 1969, a local software company. By the year 2000, he was the largest employer in Redlands. [40]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 36.4sqmi. 36.1sqmi of it is land and 0.3sqmi of it (0.83%) is water.

Climate

The climate in this area is described by the Köppen Climate Classification System as "dry-summer subtropical" often referred to as "Mediterranean" and abbreviated as Csa.[41]

The data below were compiled from 1898 through 2015, accessed via the Western Regional Climate Center.[42]

Demographics

2020

The 2020 United States Census reported that Redlands had a population of 73,168. The population density was 2032.9sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of Redlands was 44,632 (61.0%) White (44.0% Non-Hispanic White), 4,609 (6.3%) African American, 292 (0.4%) Native American, 5,926 (8.1%) Asian, 292 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 9,072 (12.4%) from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26,925 persons (36.8%).

The Census reported 25,273 households in Redlands. The average household size was 2.77. During 2017 - 2021, Redlands had a median household income of $87,184, with 8.7% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[7]

2010

The 2010 United States Census[43] reported that Redlands had a population of 68,747. The population density was 1887.3sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of Redlands was 47,452 (69.0%) White (54.0% Non-Hispanic White),[7] 3,564 (5.2%) African American, 625 (0.9%) Native American, 5,216 (7.6%) Asian, 235 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 8,266 (12.0%) from other races, and 3,389 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20,810 persons (30.3%). There is an extensive Mexican-American community in Redlands.[44]

The Census reported that 66,379 people (96.6% of the population) lived in households, 1,856 (2.7%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 512 (0.7%) were institutionalized.

There were 24,764 households, out of which 8,598 (34.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 12,374 (50.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,397 (13.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,291 (5.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,255 (5.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 164 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6,083 households (24.6%) were made up of individuals, and 2,198 (8.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68. There were 17,062 families (68.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.21.

The population was spread out, with 16,273 people (23.7%) under the age of 18, 8,185 people (11.9%) aged 18 to 24, 17,381 people (25.3%) aged 25 to 44, 17,930 people (26.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,978 people (13.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

There were 26,634 housing units at an average density of 731.2sp=usNaNsp=us, of which 15,061 (60.8%) were owner-occupied, and 9,703 (39.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.9%. 41,102 people (59.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 25,277 people (36.8%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009 - 2013, Redlands had a median household income of $66,835, with 12.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[7]

2000

As of the census[45] of 2000, there were 63,591 people, 23,593 households, and 16,019 families residing in the city. The population density was 1793.1sp=usNaNsp=us. There were 24,790 housing units at an average density of 699sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of the city was 73.7% White, 4.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 5.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 11.3% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24.1% of the population.

There were 23,593 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.6 and the average family size was 3.2.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $58,155, and the median income for a family was $76,254. Males had a median income of $64,408 versus $52,122 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,237. About 2.7% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

The 2008 population estimated by the California Department of Finance was 71,807.[46]

Economy

Major employers

According to the city's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,[47] the top employers in the city are:

Employer
  1. of employees
1 2,700
2 2,277
3 Redlands Community Hospital 1,373
4 Beaver Medical Group (aka Epic Mgmt) 920
5 543
6 City of Redlands 449
7 Terracina Post Acute 354
8 Loma Linda University Behavioral Medical Center 279
9 269
10 Amazon Fulfillment Center 250

Arts and culture

Historic structures

Museums

Theater and music

Sports

Local attractions

a former indoor shopping mall, now closed (except for a CVS Pharmacy), scheduled for demolition, to be replaced by extending State Street west adding shops and residential housing.

a large open-air shopping center.

20acres theme park, renamed Splash Kingdom Waterpark. The park was used by television filming, including a 2006 episode of C.S.I. Las Vegas featuring a rollercoaster accident. The park was demolished in 2020.

Local events

Parks and recreation

The city of Redlands owns and operates 24 public parks totaling more than 143acres:

The Redlands Conservancy has established 10 city-approved trails:[75]

Cemetery

The Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery, established in 1886 as a private cemetery, was acquired by the city in 1918.[76] Notable burials include actress Gloria Holden,[77] television journalist Robert Pierpoint,[78] author Charles Nordhoff.[79] and merchant and diplomat, Henry L. Atherton.

Government

Federal

Redlands is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Alex Padilla and Laphonza Butler who was appointed by Governor Gavin Newsome after the death of Dianne Feinstein.

In the United States House of Representatives, Redlands is split between, and .[80]

State

In the California State Legislature, Redlands is in . In the State Assembly, Redlands is split into three, all of North Redlands above I-10 is represented by . Downtown and southwest Redlands by and southeast Redlands area by .[81]

Municipal government

Redlands is a general law city that uses the council–manager form of government. Council members were elected at-large prior to 2018, now per council district per state law.[82] [83] The mayor and mayor-pro-tempore are not directly elected, but are chosen by the council.[3]

valign=bottom Districtvalign=bottom City Council MemberNeighborhoodvalign=bottom Next Election[84]
align=center 1Denise DavisWestern Redlandsalign=right 2026
align=center 2Eddie TejedaMid-northern Redlands / Downtownalign=right 2024
align=center 3Mike SaucedoNorth/Eastern Redlandsalign=right 2026
align=center 4Jenna Guzman-LoweryMid-Eastern Redlandsalign=right 2024
align=center 5Paul BarichSouthern Redlandsalign=right 2026

Education

Public education

Redlands Unified School DistrictGorman Learning Center (K-12 charter school)

Private education

Transportation

Coming east from Los Angeles and continuing toward Palm Springs, Interstate 10 bisects Redlands. A tempestuous political battle occurred in the 1950s when three routes for the new freeway were considered, one north of town through the Lugonia district - the Lugonia-Sand Canyon route, the center route through the city, and a southern alignment through San Timoteo Canyon, parallelling the Southern Pacific railroad tracks - the San Timoteo-Live Oak Canyon route.[85] The central route was finalized in 1957 and Redlands Mayor Charles Parker cut the ceremonial ribbon to open the new interstate on August 28, 1962.[86] State Route 210 (the Foothill Freeway) begins at Interstate 10 in Redlands, then heads west toward Pasadena and Los Angeles. The San Bernardino-based Omnitrans bus system which handles the bus service for the area serves Redlands.

Rail

See also: Streetcars in Redlands.

Arrow is a commuter rail service that operates from the University of Redlands to San Bernardino with several stops in Redlands — service began on October 24, 2022.[87] The San Bernardino Line of the Greater Los Angeles regional transportation system Metrolink additionally makes one daily round trip to Redlands–Downtown station.

Airports

Religion

Prior to European colonization, local tongva Serrano people practiced spirituality for millennia, web of life customs. The first known monothistic religious establishment in Redlands, was of the Christian faith. The catholic San Bernardino de Sena Estancia by Francisco Dumetz was established in 1819 on the feast day of Saint Bernardine. Part of an outpost of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel located 56 miles from Los Angeles, CA., a days trip walking. This outpost, was used to convert local native Tongva, Serrano, and Cahuilla Native Americans to christianity. With Spanish colonization and the subsequent Mexican era, San Bernardino Valley was a sparsely populated land grant rancho, considering it unsuitable for an actual mission. The estancia was later sold to José del Carmen Lugo who made it his home in 1842. The Catholic Churches presence remains with the Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church.

Jose del Carmen later sold his land grant of the San Bernardino Valley, including the estancia to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints members Amasa Lyman and Charles C. Rich, establishing a Mormon colony in nearby San Bernardino, CA.[88] [89] Mormon presence remains in Redlands after the property was sold to Dr. Ben Barton in the late 1850s. The Redlands California Temple is the 116th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and one of four LDS temples in Southern California.

Other variety of religions have a presence in Redlands, including a number of other Christian faiths, also Judaism, and Islam. There is a Redlands Area Interfaith Council.[90] Redlands has a large Seventh-day Adventist population along with the neighboring town of Loma Linda.

Judaism Congregation Emanu El, formerly located in nearby San Bernardino, in 2013 dedicated its new building on Ford Street in Redlands. The Congregation claims to trace its history back to the 1850s.[91]

Notable people

In popular culture

Sister cities

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Gold . Scott . November 25, 2001 . 'Jewel of Inland Empire' Is Not Cherished by All. Los Angeles Times . January 23, 2015.
  2. Web site: California Cities by Incorporation Date . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091414/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc . February 21, 2013 . August 25, 2014 . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Word .
  3. Web site: City Council Members . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170606093021/http://cityofredlands.org/citycouncil . June 6, 2017 . January 23, 2015 . City of Redlands.
  4. Web site: City Council . February 7, 2019 .
  5. Web site: 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files . July 1, 2020 . United States Census Bureau.
  6. November 4, 2014.
  7. Web site: Redlands (city) QuickFacts . February 8, 2022 . United States Census Bureau.
  8. Web site: ZIP Code(tm) Lookup . November 12, 2014 . United States Postal Service.
  9. Web site: Number Administration System – NPA and City/Town Search Results . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090228/http://www.nanpa.com/nas/public/npa_city_query_step2.do?method=displayData&cityToNpaModel.stateAbbr=CA&cityToNpaModel.city=Rancho%20Cucamonga . September 29, 2007 . February 20, 2007 .
  10. Book: Crafts, E. P. R. . Pioneer Days in the San Bernardino Valley . Kingsley, Moles & Collins Co. . 1906 . Redlands, California . 12–13. 9783849680169 .
  11. Book: Zappia, Natale A. . Traders and raiders : the indigenous world of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859 . 2014 . 978-1-4696-1585-1 . Chapel Hill . 883632043 . Wa'aachnga, also known as Kaawchama. This village became the site of present-day Redlands and the location of the San Bernardino Asistencia, built in 1820..
  12. Book: Robinson, W.W. . The Story of San Bernardino County . Title Insurance and Trust Company . 1962 . San Bernardino, California.
  13. Book: Hinckley, Edith B. . On the Banks of the Zanja: The Story of Redlands . The Saunders Press . 1951 . . 42.
  14. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 7, Redlands The Beautiful, page 61.
  15. Web site: About the City of Redlands . July 16, 2014 . Redlands.edu.
  16. Craig, Scipio, "HURRAH! For the City of Redlands ! ! – Incorporation Carried by a Rousing Majority", The Citrograph, Redlands, California, Extra, November 27, 1888, Volume 3, Number -, front page.
  17. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 7, Redlands The Beautiful, pages 60–61.
  18. Web site: Citrograph Printing Co. Redlands CA Original Print Shop Est. 1887 . Citrograph Printing Co..
  19. https://www.cityofredlands.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/councilmembers_service2018.pdf?1677621237
  20. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 7, The Horse Cars of Redlands, page 34.
  21. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 7, Official Corporate (PE) Histories – The Redlands Street Railway Company, page 35.
  22. Staff, "Historic Redlands Lighting System Today 50 Years Old - Street Illumination Proved Feasibility Of World's First Long Transmission Line", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday August 6, 1943, Volume 49, page 12.
  23. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 7, The Redlands Street Railway Company, page 54.
  24. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 21, Pacific Electric Waxes and Wanes, page 235.
  25. Crump, Spencer, "Ride the Big Red Cars – The Pacific Electric Story", Trans-Anglo Books, a division of Interurban Press, Glendale, California, 1983, Seventh Edition – Summer 1988,,, page 65.
  26. Crump, Spencer, "Ride the Big Red Cars – The Pacific Electric Story", Trans-Anglo Books, a division of Interurban Press, Glendale, California, 1983, Seventh Edition – Summer 1988,,, page 95.
  27. Web site: Pacific Electric San Bernardino Line . www.erha.org.
  28. Swett, Ira L., "Tractions of the Orange Empire", Interurbans Special Number Forty-One, Interurbans Magazine, Los Angeles, California, August 1967, Chapter 7, The Redlands Interurban Line, page 85.
  29. Staff, "Rail Service On Interurban Lines Dropped - Abandonment Effective Monday Of Car Service; Busses To Be Substituted", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday July 19, 1936, pages 13, 23.
  30. Staff, "Late Mail To Result From P.E. Stoppage", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday July 19, 1936, page 15.
  31. "Golden Jubilee, Redlands, California: 1888-1938", Citrograph Printing Company, Redlands, California, 1938.
  32. http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Mill_Creek_No._1_Hydroelectric_Plant,_1893 IEEE Milestones, Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant, Retrieved January 4, 2012
  33. Web site: Historic Citrus Preservation . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150315004622/http://cityofredlands.org/qol/citrus . March 15, 2015 . March 31, 2015 . City of Redlands.
  34. Workers of the Writers' Program (1941). Los Angeles: A Guide to the City and its Environs. Hastings House Press.
  35. Vicki L. Ruiz. Cannery Women, Cannery Lives. University of New Mexico Press, 1987, pp. 81–83.
  36. Web site: The Lincoln Memorial Shrine – A Lincoln Museum in Redlands, CA . www.lincolnshrine.org.
  37. Web site: Morey Mansion . moreymansion.com.
  38. Web site: ESRI: Redlands Brochure (2007) – . January 5, 2007.
  39. [Norton Air Force Base]
  40. Web site: Esri Named on Forbes Best Midsize Employers List . June 8, 2018 . June 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142136/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/esri-named-forbes-best-midsize-135100557.html . dead .
  41. Web site: Redlands, California Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) . Weatherbase.
  42. Web site: REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA - Climate Summary . July 1, 2020 . wrcc.dri.edu.
  43. Web site: 2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Redlands city . dead . https://archive.today/20140715032630/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0659962 . July 15, 2014 . July 12, 2014 . U.S. Census Bureau.
  44. Book: Mexican Americans in Redlands. 9780738595221 . Vasquez . Antonio Gonzalez . Carpio . Genevieve . December 2, 2023 . Arcadia .
  45. Web site: U.S. Census website . January 31, 2008 . United States Census Bureau.
  46. Web site: State of California, Department of Finance, E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change — January 1, 2007 and 2008. Sacramento, California, May 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110217211255/http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1_2006-07/ . February 17, 2011 . February 22, 2011 . Dof.ca.gov .
  47. Web site: Annual Comprehensive Financial Report . May 20, 2022 . City of Redlands.
  48. Web site: National Register of Historic Place Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150506234758/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreghome.do . May 6, 2015 . January 4, 2012.
  49. Web site: California Historical Landmarks Website .
  50. Web site: Redlands Historical Society Website .
  51. Web site: Edwards Mansion Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071230211145/http://www.edwardsmansion.com/history.html . December 30, 2007 .
  52. Web site: Kimberly Crest Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080405234513/http://www.kimberlycrest.org/aboutus.htm . April 5, 2008 .
  53. Web site: Morey Mansion Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070906132739/http://www.moreymansion.com/history.htm . September 6, 2007 .
  54. Web site: Lincoln Shrine Website .
  55. Web site: Redlands Historical Museum . February 22, 2011 . Redlands Historical Museum.
  56. Web site: Dream is finally coming true . March 30, 2023 .
  57. Web site: August 2, 2005 . Redlands Historical Glass Museum . February 22, 2011 . Historicalglassmuseum.com.
  58. Web site: San Bernardino County Museum . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110217080149/http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/museum/ . February 17, 2011 . February 22, 2011 . Co.san-bernardino.ca.us .
  59. Web site: Fox Event Center Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110920172734/http://www.foxeventcenter.com/Concerts_Shows.html . September 20, 2011 .
  60. Web site: Lifehouse Theater Website .
  61. Web site: Redlands Bowl Website .
  62. Web site: Redlands Chamber Music Society Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111107163611/http://www.redlandschambermusicsociety.com/ . November 7, 2011 . January 4, 2012.
  63. Web site: Redlands Footlighters Website .
  64. Web site: Redlands Symphony Website .
  65. Web site: Redlands Theatre Festival Website .
  66. Web site: Redlands Shakespeare Festival Website .
  67. Web site: Redlands Events Website . January 4, 2012 . February 18, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120218215646/http://www.redlands-events.com/Triathlon.htm . dead .
  68. Web site: Redlands Events Website . January 4, 2012 . January 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120116071504/http://www.redlands-events.com/RTR1.htm . dead .
  69. Web site: Commission OKs another Packing House project . March 24, 2022 .
  70. Web site: Escape Craft Brewery, J. Riley Distillery move into new homes in downtown Redlands . May 3, 2021 .
  71. Web site: Escape Craft Brewery, J. Riley Distillery move into new homes in downtown Redlands . May 3, 2021 .
  72. Web site: Redlands Events Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111114190435/http://www.redlandsweb.com/about/events/July4th.htm . November 14, 2011 .
  73. Web site: About Us . November 8, 2017 . redlandsbowl.org . en-US.
  74. Web site: Redlands Events, Lincoln Pilgrimage . January 4, 2012 . December 3, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111203092052/http://www.redlands-events.com/lincoln.htm . dead .
  75. Web site: Redlands Conservancy Website .
  76. Web site: Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery - City of Redlands . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140120135018/http://www.cityofredlands.org/qol/cemetery . January 20, 2014 . January 20, 2014 . www.cityofredlands.org.
  77. https://books.google.com/books?id=7c5VDwAAQBAJ&dq=gloria+holden+hillside+memorial&pg=PT140 Dracula's Daughter
  78. https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2011/10/27/robert-pierpoint-was-white-house-correspondent/ Redlands Daily Facts
  79. http://www.nndb.com/people/939/000206321/ NNDB
  80. Web site: Communities of Interest - City . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip . September 30, 2013 . September 27, 2014 . California Citizens Redistricting Commission.
  81. Web site: Statewide Database . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html . February 1, 2015 . November 23, 2014 . UC Regents.
  82. Web site: By-District City Council Election System - City of Redlands . cityofredlands.org . December 5, 2017 . December 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140134/http://cityofredlands.org/cms/one.aspx?pageId=7093005 . dead .
  83. Web site: As Redlands mayor, Eddie Tejeda wants to bring back 'neighborliness' . February 16, 2023 .
  84. Web site: Election District Maps . February 28, 2019 .
  85. Staff, "Hearing Scheduled On Freeway Route", San Bernardino Sun, Thursday January 24, 1957, Volume 63, Number 125, page 22.
  86. Book: Moore, Frank Ensor . Redlands Astride the Freeway: The Development of Good Automobile Roads . Moore Historical Foundation . 1995 . 978-0-914167-07-5 . Redlands, California.
  87. News: Asperin . Alexa Mae . Metrolink's new 'Arrow' train service from Redlands to San Bernardino begins . October 24, 2022 . . . October 24, 2022.
  88. Nathan Masters, When San Bernardino Was a Mormon Colony, KCET (August 17, 2015).
  89. Web site: When San Bernardino Was a Mormon Colony . August 17, 2015 .
  90. See Redlands Detailed Profile, Redlands Worship, and Religious Diversity News .
  91. Web site: Our History . October 28, 2011 .
  92. News: Goldsmith . Barbara . June 21, 1987 . LIFE ON STRUGGLE MOUNTAIN . .
  93. News: Burleigh . Nina . October 29, 1989 . Take A Card, Any Card ... . Chicago Tribune . March 25, 2015.
  94. Web site: RD Facts Article . dead . https://archive.today/20130201031443/http://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/news/ci_21220824/clarys-gold-cements-banner-olympics-athletes-redlands-connections . February 1, 2013 . redlandsdailyfacts.com.
  95. Web site: Bonn . Kyle . Who has the most assists in men's international football history? Lionel Messi, Neymar seek all-time FIFA record . The Sporting News . Sporting News . 12 June 2024.
  96. News: SCOTT . JANNY . September 25, 1993 . Times Announces Winners of Annual Book Awards . . July 24, 2018.
  97. Web site: DIY Network Shows on Magnolia Network .
  98. Web site: Jardien's Dream . February 22, 2011 . Jardiensdream.blogspot.com . June 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140602105130/http://jardiensdream.blogspot.com/ . dead .
  99. Web site: Internet Movie Data Base Website . IMDb.
  100. News: Masello . Robert . October 28, 2004 . The Skeleton Crew . Los Angeles Times . https://archive.today/20150420193407/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/28/news/wk-cover28/2 . dead . April 20, 2015 . April 20, 2015.
  101. Web site: April 7, 2018 . April 23, 2018 Program: Restored Redlands - Brett Waterman - Redlands Area Historical Society .

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