1 Line (Sound Transit) Explained

1 Line
Logo Alt:Link light rail logo
Image Alt:A train with four cars, traveling over a concrete bridge under catenary wires.
Other Name:
  • Central Link
  • Red Line
Type:Light rail
System:Link light rail
Locale:Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Start:Northgate (north)
End:Angle Lake (south)
Stations:19
Daily Ridership:78,944 (2023, weekdays)
Owner:Sound Transit
Operator:King County Metro
Character:At grade, elevated, and underground
Stock:
Linelength Mi:24.65
Tracks:2
Speed Mph:55
Map State:collapsed

The 1Line, formerly Central Link, is a light rail line in Seattle, Washington, United States, and part of Sound Transit's Link light rail system. It serves 19 stations in the cities of Seattle, SeaTac, and Tukwila, traveling nearly 25miles between and stations. The line connects the University District, Downtown Seattle, the Rainier Valley, and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. The 1Line carried over 26 million total passengers in 2023, with an average of nearly 80,000 daily passengers on weekdays. It runs for 20 hours per day on weekdays and Saturdays, with headways as low as six minutes during peak hours, and reduced 18-hour service on Sundays and holidays.

Trains are composed of two or more cars that each can carry 194 passengers, including 74 in seats, along with wheelchairs and bicycles. Fares are calculated based on distance traveled and are paid through the regional ORCA card, paper tickets, or a mobile app. Sound Transit uses proof-of-payment to verify passenger fares, employing fare ambassadors and transit police to conduct random inspections. All stations have ticket vending machines, public art, bicycle parking, and bus connections, while several also have park-and-ride lots.

Voters approved Central Link in a 1996 ballot measure and construction began in 2003, after the project was reorganized under a new budget and truncated route in response to higher than expected costs. The light rail line, which followed decades of failed transit plans for the Seattle region, opened on July 18, 2009, terminating at in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel and near Sea–Tac Airport. It was extended south to in December 2009, north to the University of Washington in March 2016, and south to Angle Lake in September 2016. The line was temporarily renamed the Red Line until its designation was changed to the 1Line in 2021, coinciding with an extension to Northgate.

Further extensions to Lynnwood and Federal Way are planned to open in 2024 and 2026, respectively. The 2 Line, connecting Seattle to the Eastside suburbs, will form a multi-line network via its connection with the 1Line in 2025. Further expansion under Sound Transit 3 will divide the current corridor between two lines, the 1Line from Ballard to Tacoma and the 3 Line from Everett to West Seattle.

History

See main article: History of Link light rail.

Background and early transit proposals

Public transit service within Seattle began in 1884, with the introduction of the city's first horse-drawn streetcar line. The system had been replaced with a network of electric streetcars and cable cars by the end of the decade, which spurred the development of new streetcar suburbs across modern-day Seattle.[1] [2] Interurban railways to Everett, Tacoma, and the Rainier Valley were established after the turn of the century, giving the region an intercity passenger rail system to feed the streetcar lines.[3] The interurban system failed to compete with the increasing popularity of automobile travel, capped by the completion of U.S. Route 99 in the late 1920s, and was shut down.[4] By 1941, the streetcars had also been acquired by the municipal government and replaced with a trolleybus network.[2] [5]

Various proposals for a rapid transit system in Seattle, to replace the streetcar—and later bus—networks, were presented in the 20th century and rejected by city officials or voters due to their cost or other factors. In 1911, urban planner Virgil Bogue proposed a 41miles system of subway tunnels and elevated railways as the centerpiece to a comprehensive plan for the city, which was rejected by voters.[6] The Seattle Center Monorail, originally built for the 1962 World's Fair, has been the subject of several unsuccessful expansion proposals backed by Governor Albert Rosellini in the 1960s and Seattle voters in the early 2000s.[7] The Forward Thrust Committee of the late 1960s proposed a 47miles rapid transit system, to connect Downtown Seattle to Ballard, the University District, Lake City, Capitol Hill, Bellevue, and Renton. The federal government offered to fund two-thirds of the rail system's capital costs, approximately $770 million (equivalent to $ in dollars), if $385 million (equivalent to $ in dollars) in local property taxes were approved by voters.[8] The rapid transit initiative was placed on the ballot in February 1968, but fell short of supermajority needed to pass. A second attempt in May 1970, with $440 million (equivalent to $ in dollars) in local funding and $870 million (equivalent to $ in dollars) in federal funding,[9] failed amid a local economic downturn caused by layoffs at Boeing.[10] The federal funding earmarked towards the rapid transit system was granted to Atlanta, Georgia, forming the initial funding for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority's rail system.[11]

Light rail planning

Following the failed Forward Thrust initiatives, Metro Transit was created in 1972 to oversee a countywide bus network, and plan for a future rail system.[12] In the early 1980s, Metro Transit and the Puget Sound Council of Governments (PSCOG) explored light rail and busway concepts to serve the region,[13] ultimately choosing to build a downtown transit tunnel that would be convertible from buses to light rail at a later date.[14] The PSCOG formally endorsed a light rail plan in 1986, recommending a system be built by 2020, and include a line between Seattle and Sea-Tac Airport,[15] with routing alternatives that served the Rainier Valley.[16] [17] A 1988 advisory measure on light rail planning was passed in King County, encouraging Metro Transit to accelerate the plan's timeline to open by 2000.[18] In 1990, the state legislature endorsed the creation of a regional transit board composed of politicians from King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties, with the goal of implementing the regional transit plan.[19] Several members of the Seattle City Council endorsed the rail plan on the condition that it pass through the Rainier Valley, by then an economically disadvantaged and majority-minority neighborhood.[20]

The Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority, later renamed Sound Transit, was created in 1993 to write and present a regional transit plan for voter approval.[21] The agency proposed a 70miles light rail network as the centerpiece of a $6.7 billion transit ballot measure, with a surface line through the Rainier Valley and tunnels between Downtown Seattle, Capitol Hill, and the University District.[22] [23] The ballot measure failed to pass on March 14, 1995,[24] and the light rail line was shortened to 25miles, between the University District and Sea-Tac Airport.[25] Voters approved the $3.9 billion package on November 5, 1996, along with increases to sales taxes and motor vehicle excise taxes across the regional transit district.[25] [26] Sound Transit considered several routing options during a series of public hearings and studies early into the project's environmental impact study,[27] which adopted the name "Central Link".[28] In 1999, Sound Transit selected the alignment for the light rail project, consisting of a line between the University District and Sea-Tac Airport, with surface segments passing through Tukwila, the Rainier Valley, and SoDo, and tunnels under Beacon Hill, First Hill, Capitol Hill, and Portage Bay.[29]

Budget issues and delays

The Central Link project was originally planned to open in 2006 and projected to cost $1.9 billion (equivalent to $ in dollars), but the estimates were found to be unrealistic by auditors in November 2000.[30] New executives, hired by Sound Transit to replace previous program directors, presented a revised plan with an opening date pushed back three years to 2009 and a $3.8 billion (equivalent to $ in dollars) cost estimate.[31] Planning of the Portage Bay tunnel between Capitol Hill and the University District was suspended due to higher than expected contractor bids, attributed to difficult soil conditions.[32] Sound Transit adopted the revised budget and schedule in January 2001, including provisions to re-study routing options between Downtown Seattle and the University District, along with a $500 million federal grant agreement to fund the construction of an "initial segment" for the project.[33] [34] The initial segment identified and approved by Sound Transit later that year shortened the line to, between Downtown Seattle and a southern Tukwila station near Sea-Tac Airport. The remaining routes to the airport and University District were sent back to the planning stage, and re-organized into separate light rail projects.[35] [36]

In November 2001, Sound Transit approved construction of the shortened Central Link light rail project, calling for a summer 2002 groundbreaking.[37] Property acquisition in the Rainier Valley began in March 2002,[38] but two legal battles delayed the start of construction. In November 2002, the King County Superior Court ruled in favor of Sound Transit in a lawsuit filed by light rail opponents, alleging that it lacked the authority to shorten a voter-approved line.[39] The approval of Tim Eyman's Initiative 776 threatened to repeal motor vehicle excise taxes needed to fund Sound Transit's budget, but was declared unconstitutional in February 2003.[40] Another routing change requested by the City of Tukwila, placing light rail tracks along freeways in lieu of International Boulevard, was approved by Sound Transit and the Federal Transit Administration in 2002, moving the project closer to construction.[41]

Construction and testing

Sound Transit received its $500 million federal grant agreement in October 2003,[42] and a groundbreaking ceremony was held in SoDo on November 8, 2003.[43] Construction contracts for various segments were awarded in 2004 and 2005, coming six percent under Sound Transit's estimates,[44] and work began along all parts of the system.[45] [46] The first rails were installed on August 18, 2005, in the SoDo area;[44] a month later, the downtown transit tunnel closed for a two-year renovation to accommodate light rail service.[47] Excavation of the Beacon Hill tunnel and station began in 2005, and two tunnel boring machines were launched in early 2006 to bore the twin tunnels between SoDo and the Rainier Valley.[48]

The SODO and Stadium stations were completed in May 2006,[49] and light rail testing in the SoDo area began the following March.[50] Testing was extended to the re-opened downtown transit tunnel in September 2007, initially limited to weekends without bus service,[51] and further to the Rainier Valley after the completion of the Beacon Hill tunnel in 2008.[52] [53] The elevated guideway in Tukwila, including crossings over major freeways and the Duwamish River, was completed in 2007 after the installation of 2,457 precast concrete segments and balanced cantilever bridges.[54] During construction in the Rainier Valley, Sound Transit and the City of Seattle offered $50 million in mitigation funds and development opportunities to affected businesses.[55] Construction of light rail along Martin Luther King Jr. Way South also resulted in utility lines being moved underground, improved sidewalks, street crossings, and landscaping.[56]

Opening and first extensions

Central Link was opened on July 18, 2009, with a community celebration that attracted more than 92,000 riders over the first weekend of free service.[57] Trains began operating on the 13.91NaN1 segment between and stations,[58] along with a bus shuttle to serve Sea-Tac Airport from Tukwila.[59] The 1.7miles extension to SeaTac/Airport station opened on December 19, 2009, replacing the shuttle and other bus services to the airport.[60] Sound Transit added lubrication equipment and rubber mats to segments in Tukwila and the Rainier Valley in 2010 to reduce noise levels that had reached up to 83 decibels, surpassing federal safety standards and triggering noise complaints from nearby residents.[61] A contract dispute with the Rainier Valley construction contractor was settled in 2011, bringing the project's total price to $117 million below the $2.44 billion budget.[62] The opening of light rail service to the Rainier Valley spurred new transit-oriented development, which had initially stalled during the Great Recession but recovered in the mid-2010s.[63] [64]

Central Link train service was increased to a frequency of 6 minutes during peak hours, from 7.5 minutes, in 2015 to prepare for the opening of the University Link extension.[65] The line was extended north to University of Washington station, via Capitol Hill station, on March 19, 2016, via a $1.8 billion, 3.152NaN2 tunnel.[66] The extension opened six months ahead of its scheduled date, and the opening celebrations drew 67,000 people during the first day of service. Sound Transit deployed additional three-car light rail trains to cope with higher ridership after the extension opened.[67] The line was extended 1.6miles south from Sea-Tac Airport to Angle Lake station on September 24, 2016, including the opening of a 1,120-stall park and ride.[68]

The escalators at Capitol Hill and University of Washington stations experienced several major failures and shutdowns in the two years since the University Link extension was opened. These failures were attributed to the installation of standard commercial escalators instead of stronger escalators designed for transit stations. A new escalator contractor was selected to provide preventative maintenance in lieu of a proposed replacement plan; new stairways and connecting passageways were also opened to allow for alternative access.[69] [70] The Tukwila section of the line was shut down over one weekend in October 2018 for major repairs after cracks were discovered in the rails on the 1200feet bridge crossing Interstate 5.[71]

Renaming and Northgate extension

Central Link was renamed to the "Red Line" as part of a systemwide rebranding in September 2019 by Sound Transit to prepare for the arrival of East Link (the Blue Line).[72] Two months later, the agency announced that it would consider a new name after complaints due to the similarity of the "Red Line" with redlining, which historically affected residents of the Rainier Valley.[73] A new designation, the 1Line (colored green), was announced in April 2020 and took effect in September 2021.[74] [75]

In January 2020, Sound Transit began a ten-week construction project called "Connect 2020" that required trains to single-track in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel. The closure of tracks for work on the East Link Extension where it meets the existing tracks at International District/Chinatown necessitated the construction of a temporary center platform at Pioneer Square for use by through-riding passengers. Sound Transit deployed four-car trains running every 13–15 minutes and implemented restrictions on carrying bicyclists on trains through downtown.[76] [77] The project was completed in late March after a week-long delay in testing, but the frequency restrictions remained due to the COVID-19 pandemic and local shutdowns.[78] [79] Service was reduced to every 30 minutes in April and partially restored in September to every 8 minutes during peak hours and 15 minutes during most other hours.[80] [81] The first of the new "Series 2" light rail vehicles, based on the Siemens S700, entered service in May 2021.

The third expansion of the 1Line, a 4.3miles northern extension from University of Washington station to the Northgate neighborhood of Seattle, was funded by the Sound Transit 2 ballot measure in 2008 and began construction in 2012.[82] The 3.5miles tunnel was excavated between July 2014 and September 2016 using two tunnel boring machines, creating a pair of bores between the extension's three stations.[83] The southernmost section of the extension passes under the University of Washington campus and required several mitigation measures to reduce electromagnetic interference for laboratory equipment, including rubber dampeners on floating slabs of track and the relocation of sensitive equipment at four facilities.[84] The Northgate extension opened on October 2, 2021, adding three stations to the line's north end.[85]

Service on the 1Line was disrupted several times in 2022 and 2023 by emergency repairs and maintenance projects that necessitated section closures and single-tracking with reduced frequencies. The tactile strip on the edge of platforms at several stations in the Rainier Valley was replaced after premature wear and cracking was discovered.[86] On April 27, 2023, the ceiling of Westlake station was punctured during surface construction and necessitated two weeks of service disruptions in Downtown Seattle, including a forced transfer at Pioneer Square station.[87] [88] A grade crossing at Royal Brougham Way (adjacent to Stadium station) was replaced in August 2023 due to ground settling that had caused it to sink by 3inches.[89] The project required trains to single-track and run with extensive delays, which continued during work at Othello and Rainier Beach stations that lasted until mid-September.[90] [91]

Route

The northern terminus of the 1Line is Northgate station, located adjacent to the Northgate Mall along Interstate 5 in North Seattle. The line heads south along an elevated guideway that dives into the Northgate Link tunnel in the Maple Leaf neighborhood. The 3.4miles tunnel travels southeast through Roosevelt, serving a station near Northeast 65th Street, and south to U District station before reaching the University of Washington campus.[92] [93] The tunnel travels southeast under the campus to University of Washington station, located near Husky Stadium, from which it heads south in the University Link tunnel, crossing under the Montlake Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and State Route 520 before taking a turn to the southwest. The tunnel climbs Capitol Hill and passes under Interlaken Park and Volunteer Park before turning due south to enter Capitol Hill station on the east side of Broadway.[94] The tunnel makes a gradual turn to the west, dipping as far south as East Union Street, and crosses under Interstate 5 at Pine Street.[95] [96] It merges into the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel within the Pine Street Stub Tunnel, where it formerly merged with buses from Convention Place station.[97] [98]

The downtown transit tunnel, formerly shared between light rail trains and buses,[99] travels west under Pine Street through Westlake station and south on 3rd Avenue through University Street and Pioneer Square stations in Downtown Seattle.[98] The tunnel ends at International District/Chinatown station, adjacent to King Street Station (served by Amtrak and Sounder commuter rail),[100] and the 1Line travels south through SoDo along the east side of the SODO Busway. The SoDo section has two stations, Stadium and SODO, and includes several gated crossings.[50] From SODO station, the track ascends to an elevated guideway traveling east along South Forest Street,[95] [101] passing the line's railyard and maintenance facility.[102] The elevated trackway passes over Airport Way and comes to rest on an embankment under Interstate 5, entering the Beacon Hill tunnel.[103] [104]

The Beacon Hill tunnel travels approximately 11NaN1 under Beacon Hill, serving a station at Beacon Avenue South.[105] Trains exit the tunnel on the east side of the hill, turning southeast and approaching the elevated Mount Baker station at the intersection of Rainier Avenue South and Martin Luther King Jr. Way South.[106] Light rail trains descend from Mount Baker station onto the median of Martin Luther King Jr. Way South, running at-grade with signal priority at 28 street crossings.[107] [108] The 1Line passes through the Rainier Valley and serves three at-grade stations,,, and, before leaving Seattle.[95] [109]

The line enters Tukwila and crosses west over Interstate 5 and a mainline railroad at Boeing Access Road, near Boeing Field, before making a southward turn over East Marginal Way South. The 1Line continues south over the Duwamish River, traveling non-stop through Tukwila on a 4.7miles elevated guideway.[110] The guideway runs along the west sides of State Route 599 and Interstate 5 towards Southcenter Mall, where it turns west along State Route 518. The line passes through Tukwila International Boulevard station, home to a 600-stall park and ride facility, and turns south into the median of the Airport Expressway towards SeaTac. Light rail trains continue along the east side of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, stopping at SeaTac/Airport station near the airport's terminals, before reaching Angle Lake station, where it terminates.[95] [101]

The 1Line, while officially a "light rail" line, has also been described as a "light metro" hybrid by transit experts due to its grade separated sections and use of longer trainsets than typical American light rail systems.[107] It is 24.65miles long and includes over 7miles of at-grade tracks,[111] including segments along freeways that are separated from intersecting roads.[112] [113]

Stations

Stations on the 1Line are spaced approximately 11NaN1 apart in most areas and are built with 380-longNaN-long platforms to accommodate four-car train sets.[113] [114] Some stations are grade separated, with underground or elevated platforms connected to surface entrances by stairs, escalators, and elevators, while others were built at street level.[113] The line's sixteen stations include bus connections,[115] ticket vending machines, real-time arrivals information signs, public art, and bicycle parking.[116] [117] Stations are also designed with clear sight lines on platforms, emergency phones and lights, and are monitored with surveillance cameras.[118]

All stations are connected to local bus routes, including parallel King County Metro services that stop at multiple Link stations.[119] Since 2019, a set of five stations in the Rainier Valley and Tukwila have had on-demand ride-hail shuttle service that accepts Metro fares and is operated by private contractor Via with subsidies from the city government.[120], there are only three stations that have public park and ride facilities (Angle Lake, Northgate, and Tukwila International Boulevard);[121] for other stations, Sound Transit and local governments encourage alternative means of transportation to and from stations, including bus riding, walking, or bicycling.[122] [123]

List of 1 Line stations
StationTypeImageOpenedConnections and notes
ElevatedPark and ride: 1,525 stalls[124]
Underground
Underground
Underground
UndergroundConnects with First Hill Streetcar
UndergroundConnects with Seattle Center Monorail and South Lake Union Streetcar
Underground
UndergroundConnects with Washington State Ferries, King County Water Taxi, and Kitsap Fast Ferries
UndergroundConnects with Amtrak, Sounder commuter rail, and First Hill Streetcar
At-gradeConnects with Greyhound
At-grade
Underground
Elevated
At-grade
At-grade
At-grade
ElevatedPark and ride: 662 stalls
ElevatedConnects with Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
ElevatedPark and ride: 1,120 stalls

Notes

Service

1Line trains run 20 hours per day from Monday to Saturday, from 5:00 am to 1:00 am, and 18 hours on Sundays and federal holidays, from 6:00 am to midnight.[125] [126] Trains operate most frequently during weekday peak periods, running every eight minutes from 6:00 am to 9:30 am and from 3:00 pm to 6:30 pm. Trains run every 10 minutes during midday and evening hours on weekdays and all day on weekends. Train frequency is reduced to every 15 minutes during the early morning and late night hours of all days.[125]

End-to-end travel from Northgate to Angle Lake stations takes 57 minutes, while trips between SeaTac/Airport station and Downtown Seattle take 38 minutes.[125] The SeaTac–Westlake corridor was formerly served by King County Metro bus route 194, which took 32 minutes to travel between the two areas, and used bus stops that were closer to the terminal. The bus route ran at less frequent intervals, was subject to traffic delays, and had shorter hours of operation.[127] [128] The final four northbound trips during late night service terminate at Beacon Hill station instead of continuing through Downtown Seattle to allow for overnight maintenance to begin earlier on some sections; prior to 2024, these trains terminated at Stadium station.[129]

Ridership

1Line trains carried over 26.88 million total passengers in 2023, averaging 78,944 riders on weekdays.[130] Ridership is measured by on-board infrared passenger counters that automatically record the number of people entering and leaving the train.[57] [131], approximately 32 percent of Series 1 vehicles have automatic passenger counters, while all Series 2 vehicles were installed with them.[132]

Ridership on the 1Line has risen significantly from the beginning of service in 2009, when it averaged 15,500 per weekday.[133] In 2010, ridership fell below projected levels due to an economic downturn, with only 21,611 daily riders on the line.[134] Ridership increased significantly in the following years, surpassing 25,000 daily riders in 2012,[135] 30,000 in 2014,[136] and 35,000 in 2015.[137]

The opening of the University Link extension in March 2016 increased daily ridership by 66 percent in its first month of operation,[138] and averaged 66,203 daily riders during the last quarter of the year.[139] A single-day ridership record of 82,361 estimated boardings was set on April 8, 2016,[140] credited to a Seattle Mariners home opener and the Emerald City Comic Con.[138] The record was surpassed five months later on September 30, estimated at 101,000 riders, due in part to home games for the Washington Huskies football team and Seattle Mariners.[141]

Ridership fell to 9.7 million total passengers in 2020, a decline of 61 percent from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other service reductions.[142] Link ridership grew following the 2021 opening of the Northgate Link Extension and reopening of offices, which allowed it to exceed pre-pandemic levels.[143] The line set a single-day record of 115,600 boardings on July 11, 2023, during the Major League Baseball All-Star Game at T-Mobile Park. This record was surpassed twice by the end of the month due to several simultaneous weekend events, including Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour concerts at Lumen Field, Mariners games at T-Mobile Park, and the Capitol Hill Block Party. A new record of 136,800 boardings was set on July 23 and became the 12th day in July 2023 with more than 100,000 boardings.[144]

Annual 1 Line ridership
Year Ridership
2009 —
2010%
2011%
2012%
2013%
2014%
2015%
2016%
2017%
2018%
2019%
2020%
2021%
2022%
2023%
Source: Sound Transit[145]

Fares

The 1Line uses a proof-of-payment system, requiring valid payment before boarding and lacking a turnstile barrier at stations. Fares can be purchased as paper tickets at ticket vending machines at stations,[146] credit or passes loaded on an ORCA card, or through a mobile ticketing app.[147] Fare ambassadors check for valid fares while aboard trains or in the fare-paid zone of stations;[148] passengers who do not present a valid ticket or validated ORCA card are offered educational materials and warnings.[149] Until 2021, fare inspectors and transit police officers checked fares and issued warnings or a $124 citation to passengers who did not present a valid form of payment.[150] [151] Following the dismissal of fare inspectors, an estimated 42 percent of passengers in January 2022 did not pay their fare.[152] A new program led by fare ambassadors was approved in September 2022, enacting a multi-step system with monetary penalties beginning with the third violation and a $124 infraction for a fifth violation.[153]

Fares are calculated based on distance traveled, ranging from $2.25 to $3.50 for adults.[115] ORCA card users are required to tap a reader before and after riding a train to calculate the fare.[154] Reduced fares are available to elderly passengers, persons with disabilities, and low-income passengers enrolled in ORCA Lift.[155] [156] Transfers from other modes, including buses, water taxis, and streetcars, are only accepted using ORCA cards.[157] Since September 2022, fares for passengers under the age of 19 have been free as part of a statewide transit grant.[158] A flat fare has been under consideration since 2023 for future service expansion, along with a daily charge for parking at stations.[159]

Rolling stock and equipment

The original "Series 1" fleet used on the 1Line consisted of 62 low-floor light rail vehicles manufactured in Japan by Kinkisharyo.[115] The Kinkisharyo vehicles, built through a joint venture with Mitsui & Co.,[160] have 74 seats and can carry 194 seated and standing passengers at standard capacity; a maximum "crush load" of 252 passengers per car can be carried by Link trains for short distances.[161] Individual railcars are 95feet long and 8.7feet wide, sporting dual cabs that allow cars to travel in either direction.[162] The interior is 70 percent low-floor, while the remaining 30 percent is raised above the floor and accessed via stairs. Railcars include four doors on each side, fold-up seating areas for wheelchairs, and two bicycle hooks above luggage storage areas.[163] [164] 1Line trains are typically arranged into four-car sets, but until 2021 all trains were two or three cars long.[161] [165] The trains have a top speed of, but typically operate at 35mph on surface sections and 55mph on elevated and tunneled sections.[162] [166] Link uses a form of positive train control to prevent trains from exceeding the set speed limit for a given area.[167]

Trains are supplied electricity through an overhead catenary that is energized at and converted to three-phase alternating current through on-board inverters.[163] While other North American light rail systems use technology, Sound Transit chose to use 1,500 V DC to reduce the number of electrical substations, which are spaced approximately 11NaN1 apart.[163] [168] Sound Transit placed its initial order of 31 light rail vehicles in 2003, and added four more vehicles in 2005 for the extension to SeaTac/Airport station.[160] [169] The cars were assembled in Everett, to comply with Buy America requirements,[170] and delivered from 2006 to 2008.[171] [172] Another 27 vehicles were ordered for the University Link extension in 2009 and were delivered from 2010 to 2011.[171] The 1Line fleet is stored and maintained at a 26acres operating base in SoDo, between SODO and Beacon Hill stations. It opened in 2007, at a cost of $74 million to construct, and has a capacity of 105 light rail vehicles, including nine bays inside the 162000square feet maintenance building that can hold 16 vehicles.[173] [174] [175] 1Line trains are operated and maintained by King County Metro under a contract with Sound Transit that was renewed in 2019 and is set to expire at the end of 2023.[176] [177]

In September 2016, Sound Transit approved a $554 million order to Siemens Mobility for 122 S700 "Series 2" light rail vehicles that will serve planned extensions to Northgate, Lynnwood, the Eastside, and Federal Way.[178] Another 30 vehicles were added to the order in April 2017, bringing the total to 152 vehicles.[179] The first Series 2 car arrived at Sound Transit's maintenance facility in June 2019, featuring the same seating capacity but a wider central walkway and other new features.[180] [181] The first Siemens cars entered service on May 14, 2021.[182] A satellite maintenance facility in Bellevue was opened in 2021 to accommodate 96 more vehicles, including part of the new fleet and older Series 1 vehicles undergoing retrofit work.[183] [184] A third facility is planned to be built near Federal Way to support future system expansion.[185]

Future plans

Sound Transit's expansion ballot measures, passed as Sound Transit 2 in 2008 and Sound Transit 3 in 2016, enabled the planning of future Link light rail extensions, scheduled to open in stages between 2021 and 2040.[186] [187] The Northgate Link extension opened on October 2, 2021, and extended the 1 Line by three stations to the north end of Seattle.[82] It was followed by the 2 Line in 2024, a new line to Bellevue and Redmond, that will be extended west to Seattle in 2025.[188] During construction related to the 2 Line (then called East Link) in early 2020, trains within the downtown transit tunnel were temporarily limited to single-track operations and divided into two lines at Pioneer Square station.[189]

As part of the Sound Transit 2 program, the 1Line will be extended north to Lynnwood and south to Federal Way by 2026.[190] [191] The Lynnwood extension, scheduled to open August 30, 2024, will extend the 1Line by 8.5miles and serve four stations initially. It was planned to open after the full 2Line between Seattle and the Eastside, which would have provided access to a new operations and maintenance facility in Bellevue. To maintain eight-minute frequencies with four-car trains, some vehicles will be parked outside of the SODO facility and evening service is planned to be reduced; some bus service on the corridor is planned to be retained to accommodate overflow passengers.[192] The line is planned to later have trains every eight minutes at peak and ten minutes mid-day and on weekends, with a combined frequency of four minutes at peak and five minutes off-peak between International District/Chinatown and Lynnwood City Center stations on both lines.[193]

In 2032, the 3 Line to West Seattle will begin service, temporarily operating between Alaska Junction and SODO station.[194] The opening of an extension to Ballard by 2039, traveling via a new tunnel through Downtown Seattle,[195] [196] will split the corridor between two lines: the 1Line, operating from Ballard to Tacoma via the Rainier Valley and Sea-Tac Airport; and the 3Line, operating from Lynnwood (and later Everett) to West Seattle.[187] [197] Two infill stations along the current route of the 1Line are planned to open in 2031 at South Graham Street in the Rainier Valley and Boeing Access Road in northern Tukwila.[198]

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: February 1, 1987 . A look into rail's past . B3 . The Seattle Times.
  2. Web site: Crowley . Walt . Walt Crowley . October 2, 2000 . Street Railways in Seattle . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154346/http://www.historylink.org/File/2707 . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . HistoryLink.
  3. News: Dorpat . Paul . Paul Dorpat . November 6, 1983 . Plush as a Parlor: Some Interurban commuters paid more for a cushy ride . 6 . The Seattle Times.
  4. Web site: Crowley . Walt . September 19, 2000 . Interurban Rail Transit in King County and the Puget Sound Region . March 24, 2018 . HistoryLink.
  5. News: December 10, 2007 . Seattle's streetcar history . A6 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154625/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20071210&slug=streetcartimeline10 . September 18, 2017.
  6. News: Sipe . Tyler . March 5, 2017 . Off track: Seattle rejects first mass transit ballot measure on March 5, 1912 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110620/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/off-track-seattle-rejects-first-rapid-rail-network-measure-on-march-5-1912/ . September 18, 2017.
  7. News: Lindblom . Mike . July 30, 2002 . Another '60s revival: running a monorail along Interstate 5 . A1 . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2017.
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  27. News: Schaefer . David . December 10, 1997 . Residents debate light-rail route: under or out of our neighborhood, some say . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814135107/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19971210&slug=2577212 . August 14, 2017.
  28. Web site: May 14, 1998 . Sound Transit Motion No. M98-40 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170913064731/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/1998/motion20no20m98-40.pdf . September 13, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  29. . November 18, 1999 . Sound Transit Board achieves historic milestone by selecting route for central Link light rail . Seattle, Washington . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220828/http://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Sound-Transit-Board-achieves-historic-milestone-by-selecting-route-for-central-Link-light-rail . March 3, 2016.
  30. News: December 13, 2000 . Light-rail costs soars $1 billion . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160114231022/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20001213&slug=TTGI2KF2J . January 14, 2016.
  31. News: Garber . Andrew . January 18, 2001 . Congressman wants to delay light-rail money . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154436/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20010118&slug=sound18m . September 18, 2017.
  32. News: Dudley . Brier . November 18, 2000 . Price puts tunnel on hold . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145208/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20001117&slug=4053431 . August 14, 2017.
  33. News: Garber . Andrew . January 20, 2001 . Half-billion allocated for Sound Transit . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154250/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20010120&slug=sound20m . September 18, 2017.
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  35. News: Garber . Andrew . September 26, 2001 . Sound Transit says it can build 14-mile line; light rail stops short of airport . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174736/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20010913&slug=transit13m . January 6, 2017.
  36. News: Garber . Andrew . September 28, 2001 . Shorter light-rail line OK'd . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170107102057/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20010928&slug=sound28m . January 7, 2017.
  37. News: Pryne . Eric . November 30, 2001 . Sound Transit adopts 14-mile route; light-rail construction could start in summer . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174621/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20011130&slug=sound30m0 . January 6, 2017.
  38. News: Pryne . Eric . March 15, 2002 . Sound Transit gets green light to buy land for light rail . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170107102036/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020315&slug=sound15m . January 7, 2017.
  39. News: Lindblom . Mike . November 2, 2002 . Sound Transit gets light-rail go-ahead . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154403/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20021102&slug=sound02m . September 18, 2017.
  40. News: Gilmore . Susan . February 11, 2003 . Judge tosses out $30 tabs . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154707/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030211&slug=initiative11m . September 18, 2017.
  41. News: Pryne . Eric . June 29, 2002 . Sound Transit's hopes revived; Tukwila's approval 'not required' . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174942/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020629&slug=tukwila29m . January 6, 2017.
  42. News: Lindblom . Mike . October 24, 2003 . Light-rail construction could begin in two weeks . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154510/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20031024&slug=sound24m . September 18, 2017.
  43. News: Lindblom . Mike . November 8, 2003 . Groundbreaking today for light rail . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141012221700/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20031108&slug=lightrail09m0 . October 12, 2014.
  44. August 18, 2005 . Sound Transit installs first rails for Central Link light rail line . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170728142342/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Sound-Transit-installs-first-rails-for-Central-Link-light-rail-line . July 28, 2017.
  45. News: Robinson . Lauren . September 16, 2004 . Light-rail line hits fast forward . . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154221/http://www.djc.com/news/co/11161149.html . September 18, 2017.
  46. Web site: March 10, 2005 . Sound Transit Board Meeting Summary Minutes . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170917202137/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/050310brd.pdf . September 17, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  47. News: Gilmore . Susan . September 23, 2005 . Bus tunnel shuts down tonight for 2 years . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060355/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2002514381_bustunnel23m.html . February 2, 2017.
  48. News: Gildner . Joe . Sage . Dick . March 23, 2006 . Sound Transit digs a cutting-edge tunnel . Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154255/http://www.djc.com/news/co/11176943.html . September 18, 2017.
  49. May 30, 2006 . Sound Transit completes first two Central Link light rail stations . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170728134646/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Sound-Transit-completes-first-two-Central-Link-light-rail-stations . July 28, 2017.
  50. News: Lindblom . Mike . March 16, 2007 . Sound Transit begins light-rail train tests in Sodo . B2 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213803/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2003620720_railsafety16m.html . September 17, 2017.
  51. Web site: August 2007 . Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel to reopen Sept. 24 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161224131321/http://metro.kingcounty.gov/up/sc/rideralert/pdf/TunnelReopeningFINAL.pdf . December 24, 2016 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  52. March 4, 2008 . Tunnel boring machine completes second Beacon Hill light rail tunnel . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918112239/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/2ndTubeBreakthru . September 18, 2017.
  53. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 13, 2008 . Sound Transit to run test trains through Rainier Valley . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235324/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008109935_traintest13m.html . January 5, 2017.
  54. September 27, 2007 . Sound Transit completes construction of elevated light rail trackway between Seattle and Tukwila . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110643/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Completion-of-Elevated . September 18, 2017.
  55. News: Lindblom . Mike . March 30, 2006 . Rail work clogs the way on MLK . A1 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154709/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060330&slug=rainiervalley30m . September 18, 2017.
  56. News: Earl . Joni . July 16, 2009 . 6 years and $2.4B later, Central Link ready to roll . Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154332/http://www.djc.com/news/co/12008112.html . September 18, 2017.
  57. News: Lindblom . Mike . July 30, 2009 . Light rail averaging 12,000 riders per weekday so far . The Seattle Times . dead . August 25, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160816235517/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009570527_webstridership31m.html . August 16, 2016.
  58. Web site: June 2016 . Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority 2016 Financial Plan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918032734/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2016-Financial-Plan.pdf . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit . 16.
  59. News: Lindblom . Mike . July 20, 2009 . Light-rail trains run smoothly, if not to capacity, on first day . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135143/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009503977_websoundtransit20m.html . November 28, 2016.
  60. News: Lindblom . Mike . December 17, 2009 . Airport rail station opens Saturday . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116200835/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010527454_airportlink17m.html . January 16, 2017.
  61. News: Lindblom . Mike . April 4, 2010 . Sound Transit installs lube machines to quiet noisy tracks . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110615/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2011518119_tracklube04m.html . September 18, 2017.
  62. News: Lindblom . Mike . June 24, 2011 . Light-rail contract dispute is resolved . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110623/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2015410238_lightrail24m.html . September 18, 2017.
  63. News: McNichols . Joshua . February 26, 2015 . South Seattle Development Is Slow, Despite Promise Of Light Rail . . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170609210348/http://kuow.org/post/south-seattle-development-slow-despite-promise-light-rail . June 9, 2017.
  64. News: Pryne . Eric . April 6, 2009 . Recession stalls building boom along South Seattle light-rail tracks . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081149/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008990973_mlkrail06.html . May 10, 2017.
  65. News: Lindblom . Mike . September 17, 2015 . Light-rail trains to run every 6 minutes between Seattle and Sea-Tac . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161011023510/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/light-rail-trains-to-run-more-often/ . October 11, 2016.
  66. News: Beekman . Daniel . March 19, 2016 . Capitol Hill, UW light-rail stations open to big crowds . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170101203045/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/capitol-hill-uw-light-rail-stations-open/ . January 1, 2017.
  67. News: Lindblom . Mike . March 24, 2016 . Sound Transit to add longer trains to meet unexpected light-rail demand . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071146/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/sound-transit-to-add-bigger-trains-to-meet-ridership-demands/ . September 11, 2017.
  68. News: Lindblom . Mike . September 23, 2017 . Angle Lake light-rail station opens Saturday with party . B3 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160926094036/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/angle-lake-station-opens-saturday-with-celebration/ . September 26, 2016.
  69. News: Lindblom . Mike . October 25, 2018 . Sound Transit will add stairs and stronger escalators to fix UW Station breakdowns . The Seattle Times . limited . October 25, 2018.
  70. News: Merten . Paxtyn . October 7, 2020 . Sound Transit scraps plans to replace UW Station escalators, citing performance improvements . Puget Sound Business Journal . September 13, 2021.
  71. News: Lindblom . Mike . October 2, 2018 . Cracks in light-rail tracks slow trains in South Seattle; expect closures for repairs over weekend . The Seattle Times . limited . October 25, 2018.
  72. News: Netzler . Kat . September 18, 2019 . Link light rail debuts line colors . The Platform . Sound Transit . September 18, 2019.
  73. News: Martinez-Vasquez . Jackie . November 14, 2019 . Sound Transit will drop the "Red Line" name . The Platform . Sound Transit . November 14, 2019.
  74. News: Shaner . Zee . April 9, 2020 . New line names coming in 2021 . The Platform . Sound Transit . April 9, 2020.
  75. News: Craighead . Callie . August 31, 2021 . Sound Transit gearing up to rebrand Seattle link light rail lines with new names, numbers and colors . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . September 1, 2021.
  76. News: Lindblom . Mike . January 2, 2020 . Light-rail riders can expect more crowded, less frequent trains as downtown track construction begins . A1 . The Seattle Times . January 8, 2020.
  77. News: January 8, 2020 . Connect 2020 Link schedules adjusting to every 13-15 minutes . The Platform . Sound Transit . January 8, 2020.
  78. March 22, 2020 . Connect 2020 concludes, ending Link light rail transfers at Pioneer Square and bicycle restrictions . Sound Transit . March 24, 2020.
  79. News: Groover . Heidi . Baruchman . Michelle . March 15, 2020 . Light rail service disruptions will continue after problems discovered during downtown track work . The Seattle Times . March 24, 2020.
  80. April 16, 2020 . ST to temporarily reduce service further on Link and some ST Express routes . Sound Transit . September 1, 2020.
  81. August 11, 2020 . Sound Transit to increase service on Link light rail effective September 19 . Sound Transit . September 1, 2020.
  82. News: Luczak . Marybeth . October 4, 2021 . Sound Transit Northgate Link LRT: 'Welcome Aboard' . Railway Age . October 9, 2021.
  83. News: DeMay . Daniel . September 2, 2016 . Sound Transit completes tunneling for Northgate light rail extension . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . October 9, 2021.
  84. News: Long . Katherine . May 8, 2014 . $43 million deal to move UW labs for light-rail line . The Seattle Times . October 9, 2021.
  85. October 1, 2021 . Link light rail reaches Seattle's University District, Roosevelt and Northgate neighborhoods . Sound Transit . October 2, 2021.
  86. News: Lindblom . Mike . June 21, 2022 . Cracked tiles mean light rail in Rainier Valley will run less often this summer . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2023.
  87. News: Lindblom . Mike . May 4, 2023 . How a demolition crew punctured the Westlake Station ceiling . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2023.
  88. News: Blatchford . Taylor . May 7, 2023 . After ceiling puncture, Seattle light rail resuming normal service Monday . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2023.
  89. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 8, 2023 . Severe shutdown ahead for Seattle light rail due to sinking tracks . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2023.
  90. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 29, 2023 . Signal woes delay Sound Transit trains during rush hour . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2023.
  91. September 14, 2023 . 1 Line service returns to normal Saturday, Sept. 16 . Sound Transit . September 17, 2023.
  92. News: Lindblom . Mike . March 17, 2015 . Transit-tunnel machine reaches daylight at Roosevelt Station . The Seattle Times . October 2, 2021.
  93. News: Morgan . Rick . April 9, 2021 . Sound Transit sets opening date for Northgate light rail extension . Puget Sound Business Journal . October 9, 2021.
  94. May 2011 . Light-rail link to UW . The Seattle Times. September 17, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110813100125/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2011/05/16/2015068417.pdf. August 13, 2011.
  95. Link light rail . Sound Transit . Bing Maps. September 17, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110453/https://www.soundtransit.org/schedules/light-rail/link-light-rail/map. September 18, 2017.
  96. January 2007 . University Link Light Rail . Sound Transit. September 17, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150910080505/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/link/north/ULink/ULinkStreetmap1_07.pdf. September 10, 2015.
  97. Web site: November 30, 2012 . Pine Street Stub Tunnel . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150909221125/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/archived_projects/20121130_pinestreetstubtunnel.pdf . September 9, 2015 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  98. Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel . King County Metro. September 17, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083234/http://metro.kingcounty.gov/maps/pdf/downtown-seattle-tunnel-map.pdf. October 6, 2014.
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  100. October 2015 . Transit Tunnel: International District/Chinatown Station . King County Metro. September 17, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20151123200507/http://metro.kingcounty.gov/tops/tunnel/pdf/ID_ChinatownMap.pdf. November 23, 2015.
  101. Nowlin . Mark . July 12, 2009 . Your guide to riding light rail . The Seattle Times . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090715003858/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/flatpages/local/lightrailinteractive.html. July 15, 2009. September 17, 2017.
  102. Web site: November 30, 2012 . Link Light Rail Operations & Maintenance Facility . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150921005144/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/archived_projects/20121130_linklightrailoperationsandmaintenancefacility.pdf . September 21, 2015 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  103. Web site: November 30, 2012 . Beacon Hill Tunnel & Station . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150909225511/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/archived_projects/20121130_beaconhilltunnelandstation.pdf . September 9, 2015 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  104. September 2016 . Metro Transit System: Northwest Area . King County Metro. September 17, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180102035742/http://metro.kingcounty.gov/maps/system/2016/sept/metro-system-map-northwest.pdf. January 2, 2018.
  105. News: Lindblom . Mike . June 15, 2009 . Beacon Hill's light-rail station filled with colorful art . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161011160505/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009338837_stbeaconhill15m.html . October 11, 2016.
  106. News: Lindblom . Mike . June 22, 2009 . Revamped bus routes to carry commuters to Mount Baker light-rail station . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110634/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009367129_stmountbaker22m.html . September 18, 2017.
  107. News: Lindblom . Mike . July 12, 2009 . All aboard, Seattle: You're a light-rail town now . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110632/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009456949_stlightrail12.html . September 18, 2017.
  108. News: Brown . Charles E. . April 27, 2009 . Some drivers see red over light rail's impact on traffic lights . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110614/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/bumpertobumper/2009127353_bumper27m.html . September 18, 2017.
  109. February 2, 2004 . Rainier Valley Link Light Rail Route & Stations . Sound Transit . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060208224439/http://www.soundtransit.org/pdf/projects/link/LinkRV_map_1_05.pdf. February 8, 2006 . 49259323. September 17, 2017.
  110. News: Hubbard . Ian . July 16, 2009 . The long bridge to Tukwila . Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020144/http://www.djc.com/news/co/12008114.html . August 14, 2017.
  111. January 2023 . Sound Transit Agency Safety Plan . 40–43 . Sound Transit . February 25, 2024.
  112. News: Cowan . Nils . October 5, 2016 . Sound Transit 3: Proposition 1 Hopes to Create a Regional Rail Network . . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154414/https://kcts9.org/programs/in-close/sound-transit-3-proposition-1-hopes-create-regional-rail-network . September 18, 2017.
  113. Central Link Initial Segment and Airport Link Before & After Study: Final Report . February 2014 . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223110424/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Partners/erp/Letters/Attach7%20Initial%20Light%20Rail%20Segment%20Before%20and%20After%20Study%20Final%20Report%20(2).pdf . February 23, 2017 . live . Washington State Department of Transportation.
  114. News: Scigliano . Eric . October 26, 2016 . The South Seattle Neighborhood That Sound Transit Forgot . . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110530/http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/the-south-seattle-neighborhood-that-sound-transit-forgot/ . September 18, 2017.
  115. Transit Development Plan 2017–2022 and 2016 Annual Report . August 2017 . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041057/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/transit-development-plan-2017-2022-and-2016-annual-report.pdf . September 6, 2017 . dead.
  116. Web site: Link light rail stations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110557/https://www.soundtransit.org/schedules/light-rail/link-light-rail/stations . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  117. News: Gallagher . John . June 24, 2019 . Real-time information upgrades coming to Link light rail stations . The Platform . Sound Transit . June 27, 2019.
  118. News: Green . Sara Jean . July 15, 2009 . Sound Transit pumps up light-rail security with lights, cameras, officers . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . March 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305072247/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009472360_stsecurity15m.html . March 5, 2018.
  119. Web site: Navigating service disruptions . Sound Transit . February 9, 2023.
  120. April 16, 2019 . New on-demand shuttle service makes it more convenient than ever to take transit in southeast Seattle and Tukwila . King County Metro . April 21, 2019.
  121. News: Lindblom . Mike . July 5, 2023 . Your guide to getting around Seattle during All-Star Week by bus, rail, car, boat and more . The Seattle Times . July 5, 2023.
  122. News: Krishnan . Sonia . July 16, 2009 . Would-be light-rail riders bemoan lack of parking . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110637/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009479330_stparkingpic16txt1.html . September 18, 2017.
  123. News: Chen . Natasha . March 29, 2016 . Parking problems intensify around light rail stations as more riders hop on . . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154325/http://www.kiro7.com/news/parking-problems-intensify-around-light-rail-stations-as-more-riders-hop-on/185910486 . September 18, 2017.
  124. News: Lindblom . Mike . Baruchman . Michelle . September 26, 2021 . Fast facts about light-rail expansion to U District, Roosevelt, Northgate . The Seattle Times . October 2, 2021.
  125. Web site: January 8, 2022 . Link 1 Line: Northgate–Angle Lake schedule . January 12, 2022 . Sound Transit.
  126. Book: Central Link Light Rail Transit Project: Initial Segment Environmental Assessment . February 2002 . Sound Transit . 45 . Chapter 4: Financial Analysis . 48937173 . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180119063248/https://books.google.com/books?id=7y43AQAAMAAJ . January 19, 2018 . live . Google Books.
  127. News: Lindblom . Mike . November 14, 2009 . Light rail to airport to begin Dec. 19 . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110609/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010272103_airportlink14m.html . September 18, 2017.
  128. Web site: January 10, 2009 . Proposed Service Change: Downtown Seattle – Sea-Tac International Airport . King County Metro . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090511192443/http://transit.metrokc.gov/up/sc/plans/2009/012009-sesea-dts-sta.html . May 11, 2009 . September 17, 2017.
  129. News: Alquist . Nic . March 8, 2024 . Late night 1 Line service to see changes starting March 30 . The Platform . Sound Transit . May 3, 2024.
  130. Web site: System performance tracker: Link Ridership . Sound Transit . January 31, 2024.
  131. News: February 10, 2015 . Transit technology works for you . Sound Transit . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918112315/https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/transit-technology-works-for-you . September 18, 2017.
  132. Web site: August 25, 2022 . Transit Development Plan 2022–2027 and 2021 Annual Report . November 17, 2022 . Sound Transit . 17–19.
  133. Transit Development Plan 2010–2015 and 2009 Annual Report . March 18, 2010 . Sound Transit . 16 . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110630/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/newsroom/2010_tdp_2009annualrpt.pdf . September 18, 2017 . dead.
  134. News: Lindblom . Mike . March 3, 2011 . Sound Transit ridership falls short of its goals . B1 . The Seattle Times . dead . August 25, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160825225751/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2014381404_soundtransit03m.html . August 25, 2016.
  135. Web site: 2013 . Fourth Quarter 2012 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073834/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/rider_news/ridership/2012q4_quarterlyservicedeliveryperformancereport.pdf . March 13, 2016 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  136. Web site: February 26, 2015 . Fourth Quarter 2014 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073834/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/rider_news/ridership/2012q4_quarterlyservicedeliveryperformancereport.pdf . March 13, 2016 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  137. Web site: February 25, 2016 . Fourth Quarter 2015 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160418082216/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/q4_2015_rpt_service_delivery.pdf . April 18, 2016 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  138. Web site: April 20, 2016 . University Link ridership sprints out of the starting gates . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231339/http://www.soundtransit.org/Rider-Community/Rider-news/university-link-ridership-sprints-out-starting-gates . August 25, 2016 . August 25, 2016 . Sound Transit.
  139. Web site: February 17, 2017 . Fourth Quarter 2016 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064224/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2016-Q4%20Service%20Delivery%20Performance%20Report.pdf . February 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  140. August 25, 2016 . New light rail riders drive record-breaking second quarter ridership . Sound Transit . August 25, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231300/http://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/new-light-rail-riders-drive-record-breaking-second . August 25, 2016.
  141. News: Lindblom . Mike . October 7, 2016 . UW-Stanford game helps break light-rail record of more than 100,000 riders . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . October 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161007025259/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/uw-stanford-game-helps-break-light-rail-record-with-more-than-100000-riders/ . October 7, 2016.
  142. Web site: February 25, 2021 . Q4 2020 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report . Sound Transit . March 4, 2021.
  143. News: Kroman . David . January 1, 2023 . Sounder trains' future in limbo as riders are slow to return . The Seattle Times . August 11, 2023.
  144. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 11, 2023 . Seattle light rail sets ridership records amid big events, games . The Seattle Times . August 11, 2023.
  145. Web site: Quarterly Ridership Report . Sound Transit . March 6, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170318151654/http://www.soundtransit.org/ridership . March 18, 2017.
  146. Web site: June 23, 2017 . Ticket Vending Machines . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170706105737/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/orca_tvm_list.pdf . July 6, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  147. Web site: Transit GO Ticket . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154233/http://kingcounty.gov/depts/transportation/metro/fares-orca/transit-go-ticket.aspx . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . King County Metro.
  148. News: Gray . Bruce . November 14, 2017 . Why doesn't Link light rail use turnstiles? . The Platform . Sound Transit . live . February 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180222083108/https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/why-doesnt-link-light-rail-use-turnstiles . February 22, 2018.
  149. News: Kroman . David . January 27, 2022 . Sound Transit fares on 'unsustainable' trajectory, CEO warns . The Seattle Times . January 29, 2022.
  150. News: Lindblom . Mike . July 8, 2014 . Shooting brings attention to light rail's fare inspection force . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154233/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2024016225_fareinspectorsxml.html . September 18, 2017.
  151. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 12, 2009 . Link's ticket system confounds light-rail riders . A1 . The Seattle Times . dead . February 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180222083108/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2009642729_stfares12m.html . February 22, 2018.
  152. News: Kroman . David . April 28, 2022 . Sound Transit eases fare enforcement amid equity concerns . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2022.
  153. News: Lindblom . Mike . September 2, 2022 . Sound Transit goes all-in on a gentler kind of fare enforcement . The Seattle Times . September 17, 2022.
  154. Web site: Johnson . Matthew . September 24, 2015 . Q: Why do I need to tap on and tap off my ORCA card? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110655/https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/q-why-do-i-need-tap-and-tap-my-orca-card . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  155. Web site: How to pay . October 31, 2022 . Sound Transit.
  156. Web site: ORCA Lift . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170930212912/http://kingcounty.gov/depts/transportation/metro/fares-orca/orca-cards/lift.aspx . September 30, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . King County Metro.
  157. News: Lee . Jessica . May 22, 2017 . From ORCA cards to bus-driver behavior: questions and answers . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110634/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/from-orca-cards-to-bus-driver-behavior-you-have-questions-and-we-have-answers/ . September 18, 2017.
  158. News: Kroman . David . September 1, 2022 . Free transit starts today for most youths across WA . The Seattle Times . October 31, 2022.
  159. News: Lindblom . Mike . September 26, 2023 . What fare is fair? Sound Transit wants your opinion . The Seattle Times . September 27, 2023.
  160. News: Pryne . Eric . November 25, 2003 . Sound Transit picks Japanese firm to build train cars for light-rail line . B3 . The Seattle Times . live . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154253/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20031125&slug=sound25m . September 18, 2017.
  161. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 8, 2016 . Sound Transit keeping close eye on crowded light-rail trains . A7 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110601/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/sound-transit-keeping-close-eye-on-crowded-light-rail-trains/ . September 18, 2017.
  162. Web site: August 2015 . Technical Data: Seattle, WA – Sound Transit . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170906042306/http://www.kinkisharyo.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ST.pdf . September 6, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Kinkisharyo International.
  163. Central Link Operations Plan – Westlake to SeaTac/Airport . July 29, 2008 . Sound Transit . 18–21 . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022530/http://www.globaltelematics.com/pitf/SoundTransitCentralLinkOpsPlan.7.29.08.pdf . September 24, 2015 . live.
  164. Web site: June 2017 . Bicycle Riders Guide . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110708/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/bicycle-riders-guide.pdf . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  165. October 20, 2005 . Four new light rail cars proposed for Sound Transit's Airport Link extension . Sound Transit . August 9, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160816191904/http://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Four-new-light-rail-cars-proposed-for-Sound-Transits-Airport-Link-extension . August 16, 2016.
  166. Web site: July 10, 2009 . The Light-Rail Train . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170826104804/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2009/07/10/2009450350.pdf . August 26, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . The Seattle Times.
  167. News: Lindblom . Mike . May 27, 2015 . State finally getting satellite-based train controls, 20 years after fatal crash . The Seattle Times . limited . January 30, 2019.
  168. Middleton . William D. . William D. Middleton . April 1, 2006 . Sound Transit builds for LRT: Projected growth over the next 25 years is driving the Seattle region's rapid push to expand light rail. . dead . . Chicago, Illinois . . 43–45 . 0033-8826 . 1586268 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060502105012/http://www.railwayage.com/B/feature2.html . May 2, 2006 . September 17, 2017.
  169. Web site: December 8, 2005 . Sound Transit Motion No. M2005-117 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110522/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2005/motionm2005-117sr.pdf . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  170. News: Velush . Lukas . May 22, 2007 . Rail cars finished in Everett . . dead . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070524112643/http://www.heraldnet.com/stories/07/05/22/100loc_b1rail001.cfm . May 24, 2007.
  171. Web site: December 18, 2014 . Sound Transit Motion No. M2014-105 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110547/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2014/Motion_M2014-105.pdf . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  172. December 17, 2006 . Sound Transit unveils first Central Link light rail vehicle . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918112216/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Central-Link-Vehicle . September 18, 2017.
  173. Link Operations & Maintenance Satellite Facility: Core Light Rail System Plan Review . September 2012 . Sound Transit . 1 . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150910083741/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/OMSF/OMSF_Task_2.3B_Core_Light_Rail_System_Plan_Review.pdf . September 10, 2015 . live.
  174. March 4, 2007 . ST opens state-of-the-art Link light rail Operations & Maintenance Facility . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110641/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/OM-Dedication . September 18, 2017.
  175. News: Cohen . Aubrey . June 16, 2009 . Here's where they fix the light rail trains . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . February 28, 2020.
  176. Web site: September 2016 . 2017 Proposed Budget . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918112250/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/20161005-proposed-2017-budget.pdf . September 18, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit . 32.
  177. April 29, 2019 . King County Metro, Sound Transit reach agreement to continue integrated rail operations and maintenance through 2023 . King County Executive's Office . April 25, 2022.
  178. News: Demay . Daniel . September 22, 2016 . Sound Transit places $554M order for more light rail cars . . live . September 29, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160930145238/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/transportation/article/Sound-Transit-places-554M-order-for-more-light-9240587.php . September 30, 2016.
  179. April 27, 2017 . Sound Transit to order 30 additional light rail vehicles . Sound Transit . July 16, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170716111901/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/sound-transit-order-30-additional-light-rail . July 16, 2017.
  180. News: Lindblom . Mike . June 19, 2019 . Sound Transit shows off its new, roomier light-rail cars. They'll go into service next year . The Seattle Times . limited . June 19, 2019.
  181. December 18, 2020 . Testing of Link's new light rail vehicles during service hours starts Dec. 19 . Sound Transit . February 2, 2021.
  182. News: Luczak . Marybeth . May 17, 2021 . New Sound Transit LRVs Enter Service . . May 19, 2021.
  183. May 20, 2021 . Sound Transit completes new light rail base in Bellevue . Sound Transit . May 23, 2023.
  184. News: Wanek-Libman . Mischa . May 17, 2021 . Sound Transit puts first Series 2 light-rail vehicles into service . . May 23, 2023.
  185. News: Lindblom . Mike . Baruchman . Michelle . August 15, 2021 . Sound Transit faces a $6.5 billion shortfall. Here's what it might do . The Seattle Times . May 23, 2023.
  186. Web site: October 2017 . Draft 2018 Service Implementation Plan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180119063248/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2018-service-implementation-plan.pdf . January 19, 2018 . October 28, 2017 . Sound Transit . 54–55.
  187. March 2022 . Sound Transit Future Service . Sound Transit . May 23, 2023.
  188. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 24, 2023 . Eastside-only light rail should open in March, Sound Transit says . The Seattle Times . August 30, 2023.
  189. News: Lindblom . Mike . February 7, 2019 . Sound Transit prepares for its own construction squeeze in 2020 . The Seattle Times . limited . February 7, 2019.
  190. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 18, 2022 . More delays for light rail to Bellevue, Redmond, Federal Way, Lynnwood . The Seattle Times . August 18, 2022.
  191. News: Sailor . Craig . December 30, 2022 . Sound Transit's Federal Way Link extension 63% complete but Tacoma connection slows . The News Tribune . May 23, 2023.
  192. News: Lindblom . Mike . March 8, 2024 . Sound Transit pulls out the stops to solve a Lynnwood train shortage . The Seattle Times . March 9, 2024.
  193. Web site: February 2023 . Lynnwood Link Extension: Northgate to Lynnwood City Center . Lynnwood Link Connections . King County Metro . February 3, 2023.
  194. Web site: September 2017 . West Seattle and Ballard Link Extensions: Project Overview . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170917051725/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/west-seattle-ballard-project-overview.pdf . September 17, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit.
  195. April 27, 2017 . Sound Transit takes its game to the next level with kickoff of massive infrastructure investments . Sound Transit . September 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110608/https://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/sound-transit-takes-its-game-next-level-kickoff . September 18, 2017.
  196. News: Lindblom . Mike . August 5, 2021 . Two light-rail stations in Seattle escape ST3 budget chopping, most other projects delayed . The Seattle Times . August 13, 2021.
  197. Web site: April 7, 2016 . LRT System Operations and OMF Assumptions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170211145808/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/partners/erp/background/ST3%20Operations%20and%20Administration%20presentation.pdf . February 11, 2017 . September 17, 2017 . Sound Transit . Washington State Department of Transportation.
  198. News: Lindblom . Mike . November 14, 2016 . Where Sound Transit 3 projects could speed up or slow down . B1 . The Seattle Times . live . limited . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828005549/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/where-sound-transit-3-projects-could-speed-up-or-slow-down/ . August 28, 2017.

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