Red Hook, Brooklyn Explained

Red Hook
Settlement Type:Neighborhood of Brooklyn
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:City
Subdivision Name2: New York City
Subdivision Type3:Borough
Subdivision Name3: Brooklyn
Subdivision Type4:Community District
Subdivision Name4:Brooklyn 6[1]
Established Title:Settled
Established Date:1636
Founder:Dutch colonists
Named For:red clay on the point of a nearby island in the Upper New York Bay
Population As Of:2010
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Demographics Type1:Economics
Demographics1 Title1:Median income
Demographics Type2:Ethnicity
Demographics2 Title1:White
Demographics2 Title2:African American
Demographics2 Title3:Hispanic American
Demographics2 Title4:Asian/Pacific Islander
Demographics2 Title5:Other
Demographics2 Info5:-->
Timezone1:Eastern
Utc Offset1:−5
Timezone1 Dst:EDT
Utc Offset1 Dst:−4
Postal Code Type:ZIP Code
Postal Code:11231
Area Code Type:Area codes
Area Code:718, 347, 929, and 917

Red Hook is a neighborhood in western Brooklyn, New York City, United States, within the area once known as South Brooklyn. It is located on a peninsula projecting into the Upper New York Bay and is bounded by the Gowanus Expressway and the Carroll Gardens neighborhood on the northeast, Gowanus Canal on the east, and the Upper New York Bay on the west and south. A prosperous shipping and port area in the early 20th century, the area declined in the latter part of the century. Today it is home to the Red Hook Houses, the largest housing project in Brooklyn.

Red Hook is part of Brooklyn Community District 6, and its primary ZIP Code is 11231.[1] It is patrolled by the 76th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Politically, Red Hook is represented by the New York City Council's 38th District.[2]

History

Colonization

The native Lenape referred to the region as Ihepetonga, meaning a high point of sandy soil.[3] The village was settled by Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam in 1636, and named Dutch; Flemish: Roode Hoek, after the red clay soil and the point of land projecting into the Upper New York Bay. In Dutch, means "point" or "corner," and not the English hook (something curved or bent).[4] [5] The actual Dutch; Flemish: hoek of Red Hook was a point on an island that stuck out into Upper New York Bay at today's Dikeman Street west of Ferris Street. In 1657, Dutch; Flemish: Roode Hoek became part of the Town of Brooklyn.[6]

Rapelye Street in Red Hook commemorates the beginnings of one of New Amsterdam's earliest families, the Rapelje clan, descended from the first European child born in the new Dutch settlement in the New World, Sarah Rapelje. She was born near Wallabout Bay, which later became the site of the New York (Brooklyn) Naval Shipyard.[6] [7] A couple of decades after the birth of his daughter Sarah, Joris Jansen Rapelje removed to Brooklyn, where he was one of the Council of twelve men, and where he was soon joined by son-in-law Hans Hansen Bergen. Rapelye Street in Red Hook is named for Rapelje and his descendants, who lived in Brooklyn for centuries.[8] [9]

American Revolution

During the Battle of Brooklyn (also known as the Battle of Long Island), Fort Defiance was constructed on the hoek. It is shown on a map called "a Map of the Environs of Brooklyn" drawn in 1780 by Loyalist engineer George S. Sproule. The Sproule map shows that the Fort Defiance complex consisted of three redoubts on a small island connected by trenches, with an earthwork on the island's south side to defend against a landing. The entire earthwork was about long and covered the entire island. The three redoubts covered an area about by . The two principal earthworks were about by, and the tertiary one was about by . Maps from Sproule and Bernard Ratzer show that Red Hook was a low-lying area full of tidal mill ponds created by the Dutch.[10] [11]

General Israel Putnam came to New York on April 4, 1776, to assess the state of its defenses and strengthen them.[12] Among the works initiated were forts on Governor's Island and Red Hook, facing the bay. On April 10, one thousand Continentals took possession of both points and began constructing Fort Defiance which mounted one three pounder cannon and four eighteen pounders. The cannons were to be fired over the tops of the fort's walls. In May, George Washington described it as "small but exceedingly strong". On July 5, General Nathanael Greene called it "a post of vast importance" and, three days later, Col. Varnum's regiment joined its garrison. On July 12, the British frigates Rose and Phoenix and the schooner Tyrol ran the gauntlet past Defiance and the stronger Governor's Island works without firing a shot, and got all the way to Tappan Zee. They stayed there for over a month, beating off harassing attacks, and finally returned to Staten Island on August 18.[6] It appeared that gunfire from Fort Defiance did damage to the British ships.

Samuel Shaw wrote to his parents on July 15:

Almost the entire New York metropolitan area was under British military occupation from the end of 1776 until November 23, 1783, when they evacuated the city.

Industrial era

In the 1840s, entrepreneurs began to build ports as the "offloading end" of the Erie Canal. These included the Atlantic Basin, dredged in 1850, and the Erie Basin, dredged in 1864. Simultaneously, in 1849, the New York Legislature granted permission to dredge the nearby Gowanus Creek so it could be used as a 1.5miles commercial waterway connected to Upper New York Bay. The creek's dredging was completed in 1860.[13] Another act of the Legislature in 1867 allowed the canal to be deepened further.[14] With the completion of the creek's dredging, Red Hook became an industrial hub, seeing up to 26,000 ships per year.

Dockworkers of various ethnicities began settling in Red Hook. African-American dockworkers began to move to Red Hook in the 1890s, while Italians had settled around Columbia Street. Many dockworkers lived in boarding houses, some of which had been speculatively built rowhouses. The industrial development also gave way to haphazard shanty towns. By the mid-1880s, a "Slab City" of 2,000 squatters and several hundred livestock had developed around Hamilton Avenue.[15]

By the early 20th century, Red Hook had gained a reputation of decay, with organized crime having started to develop in the area.[16] From the 1920s on, many poor and unemployed Norwegians, mostly former sailors, were living in the area in what they called Ørkenen Sur ("The Bitter Desert") around places like Hamilton Avenue and Gospel Hill.[17] In 2015, NRK made a documentary about it in Norwegian.[18] There is also an old documentary film about this.[19]

Investment and decline

In the 1930s, the area was poor, and the site of the current Red Hook Houses was the site of a shack city for the homeless called a "Hooverville". Officials began looking to revitalize Red Hook at that time. The Red Hook Play Center and Red Hook Recreational Area opened in 1936 and 1940, respectively. The Red Hook Houses were completed in 1939.[20]

In the 1990s, Life magazine named Red Hook as one of the "worst" neighborhoods in the United States and as "the crack capital of America".[21] Patrick Daly, the principal of P.S. 15 in Red Hook, was killed in 1992 in the crossfire of a drug-related shooting while looking for a pupil who had left his school. The school was later renamed the Patrick Daly School after him, who was beloved within the school.[22]

In 2010, Red Hook's first community newspaper, The Red Hook Star-Revue, began publication. Red Hook was heavily damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, two years later.[23] In 2024, the New York City government took over about of land on Red Hook's waterfront, with plans to redevelop it.[24] [25]

The Mary A. Whalen and Lehigh Valley Railroad Barge No. 79 are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[26] [27]

Location

Red Hook is a peninsula between Buttermilk Channel, Gowanus Bay, and Gowanus Canal at the southern edge of Downtown Brooklyn. Red Hook is in the area known as South Brooklyn, which, contrary to its name, is actually in western Brooklyn. This name is derived from the original City of Brooklyn which ended at Atlantic Street, now Atlantic Avenue. By the 1950s, anything south of Atlantic Avenue was considered South Brooklyn; thus, the names "Red Hook" and "South Brooklyn" were applied also to today's Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Columbia Heights, and Gowanus neighborhoods. Portions of Carroll Gardens and Cobble Hill were granted landmark status in the 1970s and were carved out of Red Hook.

Red Hook is the only part of New York City that has a fully frontal view of the Statue of Liberty, which was oriented to face France. (France gave the statue to the United States following the US centennial).Red Hook is the site of the NYCHA Red Hook Houses, the largest public housing development in Brooklyn, which accommodates about 6,000 people.[28] Red Hook also contains several parks, including Red Hook Park.[29] The park is in the vicinity, if not the exact location, of where the celebrated Civil War era baseball team Excelsior of Brooklyn played many of their home games.[30] The neighborhood contains a heritage trail recalling its portion of the Battle of Brooklyn in the revolutionary war.

IKEA

Red Hook has a large IKEA store (346000ft2) that opened on June 18, 2008, near the Gowanus Expressway.[31] The building of IKEA was controversial. Opponents cited concerns including traffic congestion, a decrease in property values and destruction of this transit-oriented neighborhood and historically significant buildings in the area.[32] Brooklyn artist Greg Lindquist exhibited a group of paintings in February 2008 in New York City that depicted the IKEA site in process, juxtaposing the maritime decay with the new construction.

As part of the IKEA development, a number of Civil War era buildings were demolished and the Red Hook graving dock, a 19th-century dry dock still in use, was filled in and leveled for use as a parking lot.[33] A Maritime Support Services Location Study by the New York City Economic Development Corporation found that New York City needed eight more dry docks. According to the report, it would cost $1 billion to replace the one sold to IKEA, although no schedule for replacement was announced.[34] In addition, IKEA's contractor was found to be in "violation for not having filed asbestos work, failing to monitor the air, not posting warnings, failure to construct decontamination protections before disturbing the asbestos-containing materials, and doing nothing to protect and decontaminate the material, as well as the workers and building waste."[35]

Once run by New York Water Taxi, the now-free weekend only ferry service is run by NY Waterway and goes to IKEA, Wall St/Pier 11, and Midtown/Pier 79.[36]

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of the Carroll Gardens/Columbia Street/Red Hook neighborhood tabulation area was 38,353, a change of 26 (0.1%) from the 38,327 counted in 2000. Covering an area of, the neighborhood had a population density of 36.9PD/acre.[37]

The racial makeup of the Carroll Gardens/Columbia Street/Red Hook neighborhood tabulation area was 60.9% (23,342) White, 11.9% (4,573) African American, 0.2% (61) Native American, 4.5% (1,728) Asian, 0% (13) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (143) from other races, and 2.4% (912) from two or more races, and Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.8% (7,581) of the population.[38]

The majority of residents identified as either Black, Hispanic, or Latino during the late 20th century. As late as 2000, 43% of the neighborhood's population was Black, and nearly half identified as Hispanic of Latino. Between 2000 and 2016, the ratio of white residents increased by 320%. According to a 2016 U.S. Census estimate, Red Hook's population was 31% white and 35% Black; in addition, 44% of residents identified as Hispanic or Latino of any race.[39]

Police and crime

Red Hook is patrolled by the 76th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 191 Union Street.[40] The 76th Precinct ranked 37th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.[41] The 76th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.1% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 4 murders, 9 rapes, 53 robberies, 91 felony assaults, 65 burglaries, 210 grand larcenies, and 28 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[42]

Fire safety

The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates two fire stations serving Red Hook:

Education

Schools

Schools in Red Hook include:[45]

Library

The Brooklyn Public Library's Red Hook branch is located at 7 Wolcott Street, near Dwight Street. The branch was originally housed in a Carnegie library structure, which was built in 1915 but burned down in a 1946 fire.[46]

Transportation

Water

New York City has expanded its water ferry service, operated by New York Water Taxi. This service normally runs between IKEA and Pier 11 in Lower Manhattan, but has added a new stop at Van Brunt Street to support local businesses hurt by Hurricane Sandy. The free ferry runs between 10am and 9pm.[47] Originally, when this free service was first introduced, it proved to be popular with local residents, causing changes in the operating policy to favor IKEA shoppers. Under the current schedule, the ferry runs from Monday to Friday, every 40 minutes from 2pm, $5 for one way. On Saturday and Sunday, it runs free of charge, every 20 minutes from 11am.[48]

Red Hook has been served by NYC Ferry's South Brooklyn route[49] since 2017.[50] [51]

The transatlantic liner docks in Red Hook. In spring 2006, a new Carnival Cruise Lines terminal, the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal, opened at Pier 12 at Pioneer Street, bringing additional tourists.

The Red Hook Container Terminal is one of four such facilities in the Port of New York and New Jersey and is the only maritime facility in Brooklyn to handle container ships.[52] [53]

Public transport

Subway service in the area is sparse. The closest subway stops are along the IND Culver Line, at either Carroll Street or Smith–Ninth Streets stations.

New York City Bus service is also sparse, but popular. The B61 bus route provides service from Hamilton Avenue, through Erie Basin/IKEA Plaza, to Van Brunt Street and then northward, through the Columbia Street Waterfront District and terminates in Downtown Brooklyn. It also connects with the Culver Line's Smith–Ninth Streets station. The B57 bus connects Red Hook with Downtown Brooklyn and Maspeth, Queens.

IKEA provides a complimentary shuttle that runs to Smith–Ninth Streets, Fourth Avenue / Ninth Street, and Court Street – Borough Hall subway stations from 3 to 9 pm daily, Monday through Friday every half hour, and Saturday and Sunday from 11 am to 9 pm every 20 minutes. Non-shoppers also use this service.[48]

Streetcar project

See main article: Brooklyn–Queens Connector. Although electric trolleys have not run in Brooklyn since 1956,[54] activists led by the Brooklyn Historic Railway Association (BHRA) have been trying to revive streetcars in Red Hook since 1989.[55] With permission from New York City's government to develop a streetcar line running from Beard Street to Borough Hall, in the 1990s BHRA president Robert Diamond collected disused PCC streetcars that had been used in Boston and Buffalo for potential use on the new line.[54] By 1999, Diamond had begun laying new track for the project, but in 2003 transportation officials elected to revoke Diamond's rights to the route's right of way, instead intending to sell them to the highest bidder in the event that the project ever moved forward. Diamond's efforts to secure independent funding were not successful.[56]

In 2005, Rep. Nydia Velázquez helped obtain a $300,000 federal grant for a six-month streetcar study.[55] Although BHRA had estimated $10–$15 million would be required to complete the project, the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) streetcar feasibility study (completed in April 2011) concluded that the line would cost $176 million in capital funding, plus an additional $6.2 to $7.2 million in annual operating funds. A significant portion of the capital cost would be required to make modifications to Red Hook's narrow streets in order to allow streetcars to make right turns.[57] The study ultimately found that the streetcar was not feasible because of high costs, potentially low ridership, and physical constraints like narrow streets.[57]

In January 2016, a new proposal for a streetcar line in Red Hook, called the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was made public by a non-profit group named Friends of the Brooklyn Queens Connector.[58] The study proposed a 17miles route between the neighborhoods of Astoria in Queens and Sunset Park in Brooklyn, passing through several neighborhoods on the way, including Red Hook. The private results of the study estimated that the streetcar's construction would cost $1.7 billion and would serve 15.8 million annual riders by 2035.[59] In February 2016, the office of Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city would begin planning work for the streetcar line.[60] However, although a list of possible routings for the streetcar was released in November 2016,[61] [62] there was insufficient funding to start construction.[63] By August 2018, the southern terminal of the proposed streetcar had been truncated to Red Hook[64] and the proposed cost rose to $2.73 billion,[65] [66] with projected completion postponed to 2029.[67]

Vehicular

Red Hook is connected to Manhattan by the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, whose approaches separate it from Carroll Gardens and Columbia Street to the north. The tunnel's toll plaza was formerly located in Red Hook but was removed in 2017, replaced by electronic toll collection gantries on the Manhattan side of the tunnel.[68] [69]

The Gowanus Expressway (Interstate 278) also runs through the neighborhood.

Events

The Red Hook Waterfront Arts Festival[70] is an annual summer kick-off held in Louis J. Valentino, Jr. Park & Pier featuring dance, music, and spoken-word poetry. Dance Theatre Etcetera, the producers of the event, concentrate local resources for residents and bring in community partners with activities for the whole family.

Sundays at Sunny's is a reading series held the first Sunday of every month, co-sponsored by Sunny's Bar and the independent bookstore BookCourt, and co-ordinated by writer Gabriel Cohen.

Red Hook Crit[71] is an annual, unsanctioned bicycle race held on a springtime night on track bikes. It began as an underground event but has grown to become "what is possibly the country's coolest bike race."[72]

The Brooklyn Street Circuit is located in Red Hook and hosts the annual New York City ePrix.[73]

Notable residents

In popular culture

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NYC Planning Community Profiles. communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. March 18, 2019.
  2. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/brooklyn.pdf Current City Council Districts for Kings County
  3. Web site: Klose. Olivia. June 26, 2007. Red Hook Play Center (Sol Goldman Pool). 2021-01-05. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 3.
  4. Web site: Red Hook History . Waterfront Museum . September 4, 2016 . The Dutch established the village of Red Hook (Dutch; Flemish: Roode Hoek) in 1636. Red Hook was one of the earliest areas in Brooklyn to be settled. The area was named for its red clay soil and the hook shape of its peninsular corner of Brooklyn that projects into the East River..
  5. Book: Reiss, Marcia. Red Hook, Gowanus Neighborhood History Guide. Brooklyn Historical Society. 2000.
  6. Book: Stiles, Henry R.. A History of the City of Brooklyn: Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh (Volume 2). 1869. Henry Reed Stiles.
  7. News: 14 Generations: New Yorkers Since 1624, the Rapeljes Are On a Mission to Keep Their History Alive . Steve . Wick . . March 28, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121402/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs3lilf2,0,6667914.story?page=2 . November 28, 2007 .
  8. Web site: Urban Environmentalist: The Hidden History of the Rapaljes . gowanuslounge.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20091013172517/http://www.gowanuslounge.com/2009/01/09/urban-environmentalist-nyc-the-hidden-history-of-the-rapaljes/ . October 13, 2009.
  9. Book: Brooklyn by Name: How the Neighborhoods, Streets, Parks, Bridges, and More Got Their Names . Benardo . Leonard . Weiss . Jennifer . 2006 . New York University Press . New York . 0-8147-9946-9 . 59, 60, 69 . November 13, 2011.
  10. Web site: Historic Maps . Red Hook WaterStories . July 25, 2016 . October 23, 2018.
  11. Web site: Exploring Pre-Revolutionary New York: THE RATZER MAP. Brooklyn Historical Society. 19. October 23, 2018.
  12. Book: Roberts, Robert B. . New York's Forts in the Revolution . 1980 . Teaneck, New Jersey . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . 978-0-83862-063-2.
  13. Web site: Gowanus Canal History. January 4, 2017. The Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club. August 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120805203904/http://gowanuscanal.org/history.html. dead.
  14. Web site: December 2, 1867. Laws of New York – By Authority. January 24, 2017. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 12. newspapers.com.
  15. News: 1885-05-09. Opportunities for Sanitary Improvement in the Sixth and Twelfth Wards. 1. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 2021-01-01. newspapers.com .
  16. Web site: Red Hook Recreation Area Highlights. January 6, 2021. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
  17. Web site: Report by City Missionary, Karl Holm . karl-holm.org.
  18. Web site: Dokumentar: Ørkenen Sur . . no . January 28, 2018.
  19. Web site: The Bitter Desert . ThelmaxFilm . October 4, 2016.
  20. Web site: July 2, 1939. $13,000,000 Red Hook Housing Project to Open Tuesday. May 6, 2019. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 2. en. Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com .
  21. Web site: Red Hook Justice . . November 20, 2008.
  22. News: Red Hook Catches the Wave . Helen . Rogan . . August 7, 2000 . September 1, 2010.
  23. Web site: Brooklyn's Court Street Grocers On Hurricane Sandy's Aftermath In Red Hook . Huffington Post . Orchant . Rebecca . November 9, 2012 . November 9, 2012.
  24. Web site: O'Neil . Meaghan McGoldrick . City takes ownership of Brooklyn Marine Terminal, planning modern mixed-use transformation . Brooklyn Paper . May 15, 2024 . May 15, 2024.
  25. Web site: Manna . Victoria . Officials unveil plan to transform Brooklyn Marine Terminal . Spectrum News NY1 . May 14, 2024 . May 15, 2024.
  26. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Listings . October 12, 2012 . Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 10/01/12 through 10/05/12 . National Park Service . March 15, 2016 . February 2, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150202054947/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20121012.htm . dead .
  27. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Listings . June 12, 2015 . Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 6/01/15 through 6/05/15 . National Park Service.
  28. Web site: Home . . September 29, 2014.
  29. Web site: Red Hook Recreation Area . . June 5, 2017.
  30. Web site: BrooklynBallParks.com – Other Ancient Parks . Covehurst.net . January 15, 2019.
  31. News: 9 questions for the Brooklyn IKEA store manager . Nicole . Carter . . New York . June 17, 2008 . September 1, 2010.
  32. Web site: Ten Reasons To Oppose Ikea-Red Hook . Big Cities Big Boxes . January 28, 2018.
  33. News: IKEA Berth Pangs; City Dock Deal a $1B Blunder . Rich . Calder . . June 23, 2008 . September 1, 2010.
  34. Web site: Maritime Support Services Location Study. New York City Economic Development Corporation. 2007. February 17, 2020.
  35. News: IKEA hit with asbestos fines . Jess . Wisloski . . January 29, 2005 . September 1, 2010.
  36. Web site: IKEA Free Weekend Ferry Service. NY Waterway. September 28, 2022.
  37. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  38. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  39. Web site: Venugopal . Nikhita . MAP: How Red Hook's White Population Surge Is Changing the Neighborhood . DNAinfo New York . November 18, 2016 . April 20, 2023 . April 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230420150053/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161118/red-hook/red-hook-demographics-white-population-real-estate/ . dead .
  40. Web site: NYPD – 76th Precinct. www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. October 3, 2016.
  41. Web site: Red Hook, Carroll Gardens & Cobble Hill – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report. www.dnainfo.com. October 6, 2016. March 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044151/https://www.dnainfo.com/crime-safety-report/brooklyn/red-hook/. dead.
  42. Web site: 76th Precinct CompStat Report. www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. July 22, 2018.
  43. Web site: FDNYtrucks.com . Engine Company 202/Ladder Company 101. March 2, 2019.
  44. Web site: FDNYtrucks.com . Engine Company 279/Ladder Company 131. March 2, 2019.
  45. Web site: School Reviews for Red Hook. www.zillow.com. March 3, 2019.
  46. Web site: Red Hook Library. August 19, 2011. Brooklyn Public Library. February 21, 2019.
  47. Web site: Ikea Ferry Shuttle . New York Water Taxi . September 29, 2014.
  48. Web site: IKEA Brooklyn: Get directions . IKEA USA . September 29, 2014.
  49. Web site: Routes and Schedules: South Brooklyn . NYC Ferry.
  50. News: NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes . May 1, 2017 . New York Daily News . Associated Press . May 1, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170501154444/http://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/new-york/nyc-launches-ferry-service-queens-east-river-routes-article-1.3122046 . May 1, 2017 .
  51. News: New York Today: Our City's New Ferry . Levine . Alexandra S. . May 1, 2017 . The New York Times . May 1, 2017 . Wolfe . Jonathan . 0362-4331.
  52. Web site: Press Release Archives #157: City Purchases New Container Cranes For Brooklyn's Red Hook Container Terminal . May 3, 2000 . Mayor's Press Office . September 29, 2014.
  53. Web site: Home . asiterminals.com.
  54. News: De Blasio gives Diamond hope for Red Hook trolley plan . Raanan . Geberer . . November 22, 2013 . September 29, 2014.
  55. News: Trolley good news for Red Hook rail plan . New York Post . Rich . Calder . May 18, 2010.
  56. Web site: Red Hook Trolley Revival . Forgotten New York . March 13, 2012 . October 4, 2016.
  57. Web site: Brooklyn Streetcar Feasibility Study Final Report . . August 2011 . January 28, 2018.
  58. Web site: Sam . Schwartz . Brooklyn-Queens Connector . February 9, 2016 . Sam Schwartz Transportation Consultants . March 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160328210259/http://www.samschwartz.com/case-studies/brooklyn-queens-connector/ . dead .
  59. Web site: Dan . Rivoli . $1.7B streetcar route desired for Brooklyn-Queens waterfront . www.nydailynews.com . NY Daily News . January 5, 2016 . February 3, 2016.
  60. News: Michael M. . Grynbaum . Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens . . February 3, 2016 . February 4, 2016.
  61. News: City Unveils Possible Routes for Streetcar in Brooklyn and Queens. Fitzsimmons. Emma G.. November 1, 2016. The New York Times. 0362-4331. November 6, 2016.
  62. Web site: BQX Fall 2016. November 1, 2016. nycedc.com. Government of New York City. November 6, 2016.
  63. News: City memo suggests BQX may not be financially feasible after all. Rubinstein. Dana. April 14, 2017. Politico PRO. December 20, 2017.
  64. Web site: Brooklyn-Queens streetcar changes course, will cost more. Warerkar. Tanay. August 30, 2018. Curbed NY. August 31, 2018.
  65. Web site: Shorter route, higher cost unveiled for BQX. August 30, 2018. am New York. August 31, 2018.
  66. Web site: New Plan for City Streetcar: Shorter, Pricier and Not Coming Soon . The New York Times . August 30, 2018 . August 1, 2018.
  67. Web site: George . Michael . Brooklyn-Queens Connector Streetcar Would Cost $2.7 Billion . NBC New York . August 30, 2018 . August 1, 2018.
  68. Web site: Siff . Andrew . Automatic Tolls to Replace Gates at 9 NYC Spans: Cuomo . NBC New York . October 5, 2016 . December 25, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145426/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Automatic-Tolls-Coming-to-New-York-City-Bridges-Tunnels-NYC-396050241.html . December 25, 2016 .
  69. Web site: WABC . MTA rolls out cashless toll schedule for bridges, tunnels . ABC7 New York . December 21, 2016 . December 25, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214031/http://abc7ny.com/1666924/ . December 25, 2016 .
  70. Web site: Red Hook Waterfront Arts Festival . Dance Theatre Etcetera.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081114/http://www.dancetheatreetcetera.org/rhwaf.html . February 20, 2009.
  71. Web site: Red Hook Crit Championship Series. Red Hook Crit. January 28, 2018.
  72. Landau . Ian . At the Red Hook Crit, It's Anyone's Race . September 3, 2011 . Bicycling.
  73. News: Mather . Victor . An Event That Is Truly Electric: Formula E to Race in Brooklyn . The New York Times . September 22, 2016 . September 13, 2017.
  74. News: Taylor . Nate . Excited for Return to Brooklyn, Anthony Gets the Ending Wrong . The New York Times . November 26, 2012 . September 4, 2016 . On Monday, two miles from where he grew up in the apartments known as the Red Hook Houses, Anthony was on the floor of the new Barclays Center, still dribbling, and scoring, as he tried to lead the Knicks over the Nets in the official christening of their New York-Brooklyn rivalry..
  75. Rubin, Mike. "Jaimie Branch, Trumpeter Who Crossed Genre Lines, Dies at 39", The New York Times, August 28, 2022. Accessed August 26, 2023. "Jaimie Branch, an innovative avant-garde trumpet player and composer whose punk-rock intensity and commitment to experimentation and to dissolving the distinctions between genres invigorated the music scenes of New York and Chicago, died on Aug. 22 at her home in Red Hook, Brooklyn. She was 39."
  76. News: McShane . Larry . Tribute for dead mobster, Crazy Joe Gallo . . March 31, 2012 . September 4, 2016 . Bob Dylan immortalized Gallo in his 1975 song 'Joey,' offering a version of the Umberto killing where the doomed mobster 'pushed the table over to protect his family/Then he staggered out into the streets of Little Italy.' Nash says Gallo's reputation as the Robin Hood of Red Hook isn't quite accurate..
  77. News: 'Red Hook Summer' writer James McBride wants America 'shaken awake' to life in public housing . August 13, 2012 . . Weichselbaum . Simone . September 29, 2015.
  78. Book: The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge . sarah rapelje red hook. . George . Ripley . Charles Anderson . Dana . 1858 . D. Appleton . 733 . January 28, 2018 . Internet Archive.
  79. News: Kaufman . Joanne . Michael Shannon Finds Balance on the Waterfront; Michael Shannon's Red Hook, Brooklyn, Loft Rental . . June 20, 2014 . June 5, 2017 . For the last four and a half years, the couple have lived on the waterfront in Red Hook, Brooklyn, above a Fairway Market and above the fray with their 6-year-old, Sylvie..
  80. News: Fortunato . John . Lost Interview with Peter Steele of Type O Negative, Circa October Rust . . May 11, 2010 . June 5, 2017 . A well-schooled, well-mannered giant of a man, Steele's imposing frame hid the fact he was a sensitive individual with a waveringly thick Brooklyn accent. Born in the Red Hook section of Kings County, the heavily-pierced body builder seemed to be straightening his life out before dying of heart failure, April 14, 2010..
  81. News: Berkvist . Robert . Eli Wallach, Multifaceted Actor on Stage and Screen, Dies at 98 . The New York Times . June 25, 2014 . September 4, 2016 . Eli Wallach was born in Red Hook, Brooklyn, on Dec. 7, 1915, the son of Abraham Wallach, who owned a candy store in the neighborhood, and the former Bertha Schorr..
  82. News: Kussin . Zachary . Share a street with Michelle Williams for $3 million . . July 15, 2016 . June 5, 2017 . In 2012, she headed to far-flung Red Hook, where she shacked up with then-beau Jason Segel above the Fairway food market..
  83. Colman . David . A Red Hook Tale of Domesticity; Was: Large industrial complex used mostly for storage. v Is: Live-work haven for two artists, even when it's not heaven exactly . . October 11, 2009 . June 5, 2017 . Scarcely had the artists Dustin Yellin and Charlotte Kidd moved to Red Hook three years ago when they fell so in love with the hood that they started looking for something big, for a way to build a mixed-use bohemian dream house—with studios, gallery, and plenty of flexible living space..
  84. Web site: Emrys . Ruthanna . Pillsworth . Anne M. . Lovecraft's Most Bigoted Story, No Really: 'The Horror at Red Hook' . . March 3, 2015 . September 4, 2016 . Dublin-born Thomas Malone is a writer playing at detective work in New York when a nasty case in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Red Hook earns him a rest cure in bucolic Pascoag, Rhode Island..
  85. News: On This Day in History, February 10: Death of a Playwright . . September 4, 2016 . Miller's experience in Red Hook gave him the background for A View From the Bridge and the young lawyer furnished part of the characterization of Alfieri..
  86. News: Yagoda . Ben . Shades of 'Moonstruck' . . December 9, 1988 . September 4, 2016 . Spike gets involved with the beleaguered local mob boss (a very appealing performance by Ernest Borgnine), gets the big guy's daughter (Maria Patillo) pregnant, gets banished from his home neighborhood of Bensonhurst, moves in with a Puerto Rican family in Red Hook, throws all the drug pushers out of that neighborhood, gets let back in his own neighborhood, messes up again, finally wins a fight, then suffers a final reversal..
  87. News: DePalma . Anthony . Hubert Selby Jr. Dies at 75; Wrote 'Last Exit to Brooklyn' . The New York Times . April 27, 2004 . September 4, 2016 . And when Last Exit, which consists of 'Tralala' and five other loosely connected stories, was published in England in 1966, a jury found it to be obscene and fined its publisher. The novel describes the seedy underbelly of the Red Hook waterfront neighborhood in the Brooklyn of the 1950s, which is depicted as a wasteland prowled by gangs, whores and transvestites..
  88. Web site: Martin . Michael . Real World Brooklyn Docks at Pier 41 in Red Hook . mm-agency.com . July 21, 2008.
  89. Web site: Frontier Mixology: Bar Review & Cocktail Two-fer, Red Hook's Fort Defiance . Roddy . Rickhouse . May 20, 2011 . Frontier Psychiatrist . https://web.archive.org/web/20110830052801/http://frontpsych.com/2011/05/20/frontier-mixology-bar-review-cocktail-twofer-red-hooks-fort-defiance/ . August 30, 2011.

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