Redondoviridae Explained

Redondoviruses (members of the Redondoviridae) are a family of human-associated DNA viruses.[1] Their name derives from the inferred circular structure of the viral genome (“Spanish; Castilian: redondo” means round in Spanish). Redondoviruses have been identified in DNA sequence based surveys of samples from humans, primarily samples from the oral cavity and upper airway.[2] [3] [4]

Virology

Taxonomy

Redondoviruses are assigned to a new family by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the Redondoviridae.[5] [6]

Classification

The family Redondoviridae is divided into two species, Brisavirus and Vientovirus.[5] The names derive from the words for breeze and wind in Spanish (“Spanish; Castilian: brisa” and “Spanish; Castilian: viento”), denoting the association with the human airway. Multiple strains have been proposed on the basis of viral genome structure.

The redondoviruses are members of the Circular Rep-Containing Single Stranded (CRESS) DNA Virus group.

Genome

The redondovirus genome is circular, and by analogy to other CRESS viruses likely single stranded. Genomes range in size from about 3.0 to 3.1 kilobases. The genome encodes three inferred proteins:

Epidemiology

Distribution

Redondovirus genomes have been reported primarily from human samples surveyed using metagenomic DNA sequencing. They have been found primarily in oral and airway specimens.In some human populations, oral samples can show up to 80% Redondovirus positivity.[9]

Analysis of a variety of human-derived sample types showed a strong positive correlation of Redondovirus DNA and DNA of the oral amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis. Follow up studies showed that a xenic culture containing Entamoeba gingivalis and feeder bacteria was also positive for redondovirus DNA and RNA. Analysis using intracellular cross linking (Hi-C) showed crosslinking of redondovirus DNA to Entamoeba DNA, supporting Entamoeba gingivalis as the host.[10] [11]

Disease associations

It is unknown whether redondoviruses cause human disease. Some CRESS viruses are known pathogens, such as porcine circovirus type 2[12]

Redondoviruses have been reported associated with periodontitis. In one study, the levels fell with successful treatment. Abundance of redondovirus genomes has also been found to be high in some intensive care unit patients, and in patients with severe COVID-19.[13] At present the basis of these disease associations is unclear.[5]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Abbas . A . Taylor . LJ . Collman . RG . Bushman . FD . ICTV Report Consortium . ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Redondoviridae. . The Journal of General Virology . January 2021 . 102 . 1 . 10.1099/jgv.0.001526 . 33258767. 8116785 . free .
  2. Noell. Kristin. Kolls. Jay K.. May 2019. Further Defining the Human Virome using NGS: Identification of Redondoviridae. Cell Host & Microbe. en. 25. 5. 634–635. 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.010. 6849504. 31071291.
  3. Cui. Lunbiao. Wu. Binyao. Zhu. Xiaojuan. Guo. Xiling. Ge. Yiyue. Zhao. Kangchen. Qi. Xian. Shi. Zhiyang. Zhu. Fengcai. Sun. Lixin. Zhou. Minghao. November 2017. Identification and genetic characterization of a novel circular single-stranded DNA virus in a human upper respiratory tract sample. Archives of Virology. en. 162. 11. 3305–3312. 10.1007/s00705-017-3481-3. 28707271. 9239411. 0304-8608.
  4. Abbas. Arwa A.. Taylor. Louis J.. Dothard. Marisol I.. Leiby. Jacob S.. Fitzgerald. Ayannah S.. Khatib. Layla A.. Collman. Ronald G.. Bushman. Frederic D.. August 2019. Redondoviridae, a Family of Small, Circular DNA Viruses of the Human Oro-Respiratory Tract Associated with Periodontitis and Critical Illness. Cell Host & Microbe. en. 26. 2. 719–729.e4. 10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.015. 6510254. 31071295.
  5. Web site: ICTV Report Redondoviridae .
  6. Web site: Abbas . AA . Taylor . LJ . Collman . RG . Bushman . Frederic D. . Create one new family (Redondoviridae) for circular, Rep-encoding DNA viruses . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) . 25 February 2020 . en . 14 October 2019.
  7. Web site: Create 1 new phylum (Cressdnaviricota) including 2 classes and 6 orders for classification of CRESS-DNA viruses.. https://web.archive.org/web/20200212184351/https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/animal_dna_viruses_and_retroviruses/m/animal_dna_ec_approved/9355. dead. February 12, 2020. Krupovic M, Varsani A, Kuhn J, Kazlauskas D, Breitbart M, Delwart E, Rosario K, Yutin N, Wolf YI, Harrach B, Zerbini FM, Dolja VV, Koonin EV. 2019. ICTV Taxonomy Proposal 2019.012D.A.v1.Cressdnaviricota.
  8. Web site: Walker . Peter J. . 2019.012D.A.v1.Cressdnaviricota . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) . 25 February 2020 . en . XLSX . Cressdnaviricota Arfiviricetes Recrevirales Redondoviridae.
  9. Taylor LJ, Dothard MI, Rubel MA, Allen AA, Hwang Y, Roche AM, Graham-Wooten J, Fitzgerald AS, Khatib LA, Ranciaro A, Thompson SR, Beggs WR, Campbell MC, Mokone GG, Mpoloka SW, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Mbunwe E, Woldemeskel D, Belay G, Nyambo T, Tishkoff SA, Collman RG, Bushman FD . Redondovirus Diversity and Evolution on Global, Individual, and Molecular Scales . J Virol . 95 . 21 . e0081721 . October 2021 . 34406857 . 8513488 . 10.1128/JVI.00817-21 .
  10. Keeler . Emma . Merenstein . Carter . Reddy . Shantan . Taylor . Louis . Cobian-Guemes . Ana . Zankharia . Urvi . Collman . Ronald . Bushman . Frederic . Widespread, human-associated redondoviruses infect the commensal protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis . Cell Host and Microbe . December 1, 2022 . 31 . 1 . 58–68.e5 . 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.002 . 36459997. 254179614 . 9969835 .
  11. Kinsella . Cormac . Deijs . Martin . Becker . Christin . Broekhuizen . Patricia . van Gool . Tom . Bart . Aldert . Schaefer . Arne . van der Hoek . Lia . Host prediction for disease-associated gastrointestinal cressdnaviruses . Virus Evol. . September 16, 2022 . 8 . 2 . veac087 . 10.1093/ve/veac087 . 36325032. 9615429 .
  12. Meng Xiang-Jin. Meng. Xiang-Jin. January 2013. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. en. 1. 1. 43–64. 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103720. 25387012. 2165-8102.
  13. Merenstein C, Liang G, Whiteside SA, Cobián-Güemes AG, Merlino MS, Taylor LJ, Glascock A, Bittinger K, Tanes C, Graham-Wooten J, Khatib LA, Fitzgerald AS, Reddy S, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Oldridge DA, Meyer NJ, Wherry EJ, McGinniss JE, Bushman FD, Collman RG . Signatures of COVID-19 Severity and Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract Microbiome . mBio . 12 . 4 . e0177721 . August 2021 . 34399607 . 8406335 . 10.1128/mBio.01777-21 .

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