Recognition of same-sex unions in Venezuela explained

Venezuela does not recognize same-sex unions.[1] [2] In 2008, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled that the Constitution of Venezuela neither prohibits nor requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. In January 2015, a lawsuit seeking to legalise same-sex marriage in Venezuela was filed with the Supreme Tribunal, which announced in April 2016 that it would hear the case, though no decision has been made as of August 2023. On 24 February 2022, a deputy of the opposition Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano party introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the National Assembly.

Legal history

Constitutional wording and 2008 Supreme Tribunal ruling

Article 77 of the Constitution of Venezuela, adopted in 1999, states that "marriage between a man and a woman is protected". It was unclear if the wording explicitly outlawed same-sex marriage.[3] In February 2008, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled in favor of Unión Afirmativa (Affirmative Union), a group advocating for same-sex marriage, who had requested clarification on the wording.[4] The group had argued that the sentence was unclear and did not prevent same-sex couples from enjoying some economic and social rights, including property rights in case of separation or death, alimony, adoption rights, social security benefits, protection from domestic violence, the possibility to acquire the nationality of a partner, and others. The court ruled that the National Assembly "could", but was not bound to, legislate in order to protect such rights for same-sex partners. The court ruled that Article 77 does not prohibit same-sex de facto unions or marriage, but also does not require their recognition.[5]

Article 77 of the Constitution states that:[6] [7] [8]

Marriage between a man a woman, which is based on free consent and absolute equality of rights and obligations of the spouses, is protected. A stable de facto union between a man and a woman which meets the requirements established by law shall have the same effects as marriage.

Legal challenges

In January 2015, a lawsuit for the right to marry was filed with the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.[9] [10] On 28 April 2016, the court announced it would hear the case. The lawsuit challenges article 44 of the Civil Code, which states that marriage is only legally valid between a man and a woman.[11] [12] No ruling has been issued as of February 2023. Activists protested in front of the Supreme Tribunal building in Caracas in January 2022, criticising the seven years of inaction by the court.[13]

On 15 August 2016, a Venezuelan citizen and his American husband, Carlos J. Holder Wendell and Patrick A. Holder Wendell, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court of Massachusetts against the Venezuelan Government for its failure to recognize their legal marriage after multiple requests and petitions to the Venezuelan consulate in Boston. Their lawsuit alleged that the government's refusal to recognize their marriage violated the Venezuelan Constitution, the Civil Code and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, a treaty to which both the United States and Venezuela are parties. Judge Indira Talwani dismissed the case in May 2017, holding that U.S. courts lack standing to rule on the policies and law of foreign states.[14] [15]

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) issued an advisory opinion that parties to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples "accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage".[16] [17] [18] The advisory opinion states that:[19] [20]

Venezuela ratified the American Convention on Human Rights on 9 August 1977 and recognized the court's jurisdiction on 24 June 1981. Venezuela under President Hugo Chávez withdrew from the convention in 2013.[21] In May 2019, the National Assembly controlled by the Venezuelan opposition and recognizing Juan Guaidó as president nullified the withdrawal.[22]

Legislative action

Civil unions

On 20 March 2009, Deputy Romelia Matute from the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela introduced an amendment to a bill on gender equality to legalize same-sex asociaciones de convivencia (association by cohabitation).[23] However, later that same month, Marelys Pérez, chairperson of the Family, Women and Youth Commission, denied that such language was being considered as part of the gender equality bill; adding that although the Commission would debate the same-sex partnership initiative, it would be excluded from the current bill and likely wait for its inclusion into a future civil code reform or a future updated anti-discrimination measure.[24] The changes to the law were postponed multiple times.[25]

In June 2016, the Democratic Unity Roundtable announced that it would work on a civil union bill granting same-sex couples many of the rights and benefits granted to opposite-sex spouses. The draft stalled and did not receive a reading in the National Assembly.[26]

Same-sex marriage

On 31 January 2014, during a debate on a civil code reform bill, the Spanish; Castilian: Asociación Civil Venezuela Igualitaria (ACVI) submitted a measure to legalize same-sex marriage to the National Assembly. The proposal was accompanied with 21,000 signatures and supported by the state governments of Barinas, Falcón, Mérida, Monagas, Táchira, Yaracuy and Zulia.[27] The measure sought to modify article 44 of the Civil Code to legalize same-sex marriages in Venezuela. Elvis Amoroso, president of the Internal Policy Commission, said that any discussion on the bill was unlikely to occur in 2014. The proposal was opposed by religious groups, including the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, which said that "God created marriage as between a man and a woman", while also stating that churches "should defend and promote the dignity of every human being". Spokespeople for the ACVI responded that Venezuela is a secular state and that the measure would not compel religious denominations to perform same-sex marriages. As with the civil union bills, the legislation stalled and was not voted on by the Assembly.

In November 2017, President Nicolás Maduro said that "I think everyone should be able to get married, even if they're homosexual", saying that the Constituent Assembly would agree to discuss the legalization of same-sex marriage.[28] [29] In September 2018, Hermann Escarrá, a member of the Constituent Assembly, said that there were active discussions to include provisions recognizing same-sex marriage in a new constitution being drafted, and suggested that the move had majority support in the Assembly.[30] Discussions on a new constitution were expected to begin at the end of 2018 or early 2019, though this was postponed due to the presidential crisis.[31]

On 24 February 2022, Vanessa Robertazzo, deputy of the opposition Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano party, introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the National Assembly.[32]

Marriages in Simón Rodríguez

In February 2022, Mayor Ernesto Paraquima of the Simón Rodríguez Municipality, Anzoátegui, announced that the municipality would perform same-sex marriages.[33] Article 4 of a municipal decree issued by Paraquima "order[s] the celebration and registration of marriages without discrimination based on race, sex, creed, social status, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression." The marriages are understood as having no legal effect, as the definition of marriage is a federal matter under Venezuelan law. Paraquima said the marriages are private contracts granting same-sex couples some legal rights and responsibilities. "If the State does not want to become involved due to registration and notarization, then we will endorse it and do it as a private document. That would also work and we would be the first," said Paraquima.[34] The marriages have no legal standing, and are entirely symbolic. The cost to register is $400, which was criticised by activists as unaffordable for couples in light of the hyperinflation in Venezuela.[35] The first three marriage contracts for same-sex couples were issued on 8 March 2022.[36]

Two-spirit marriages

The indigenous Warao people, who inhabit the Orinoco Delta region, recognize two-spirit individuals, known as tida wena (pronounced as /ˈtida ˈwɛna/), who are born male but adopt women's roles in the community, including tending to the home, cooking and caring for children and elders. The tida wena also participate in the harvest of important crops. Historically, they were sometimes the second or third wives of polygamous men. They also occasionally performed the role of a shaman. Though traditionally integrated and respected within their communities, encroaching social norms have caused the tida wena to experience discrimination today, "threatening the relative well-being that tida wena have enjoyed for centuries".[37]

Public opinion

According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted between November 8, 2013 and February 12, 2014, 28% of Venezuelans supported same-sex marriage, while 61% were opposed.[38] [39]

According to the 2014 AmericasBarometer published in June 2015, 29.6% of Venezuelans were in favour of same-sex marriage.[40] The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 39% of Venezuelans supported same-sex marriage.[41]

A 2023 poll by the Equilibrium – Center for Economic Development (Equilibrium CenDE) found that 55% of Venezuelans supported same-sex marriage (41% "totally" and 14% "somewhat"), while 32% opposed it (25% "totally" and 7% "somewhat"). 48% of respondents also supported adoption by same-sex couples (34% "totally" and 14% "somewhat"), while 39% were opposed (28% "totally" and 11% "somewhat").[42]

See also

Notes and References

  1. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,VEN,4562d94e2,45f147c420,0.html Venezuela: Situation and treatment of homosexuals; recourse available to those who have been harassed based on their sexual orientation (2004 - February 2006)
  2. http://www.resistance.org.au/tvr12 Venezuela's sexual revolution
  3. Web site: Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela . 14 April 2016 . es . 17 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053317/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/home/archivos/ConstitucionRBV1999.pdf . dead .
  4. http://www.globalgayz.com/country/Venezuela/view/VEN/gay-venezuela-news-and-reports-2 Gay Politics in Venezuela
  5. Web site: SALA CONSTITUCIONAL Magistrado Ponente: PEDRO RAFAEL RONDÓN HAAZ . EL TRIBUNAL SUPREMO DE JUSTICA . February 28, 2008 . dead . https://archive.today/20150819040414/http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/decisiones/scon/Noviembre/1739-121108-2008-03-2630.html . August 19, 2015 .
  6. http://www.cne.gob.ve/web/normativa_electoral/constitucion/titulo3.php#cap3 Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela
  7. Web site: Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. psuv.org.ve. es.
  8. Web site: Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. cne.gov.ve. es.
  9. https://es.scribd.com/doc/256176640/Accion-Popular-por-Inconstitucionalidad-del-Articulo-44-del-Codigo-Civil-Venezolano Acción Popular por Inconstitucionalidad del Artículo 44 del Código Civil Venezolano
  10. http://www.el-nacional.com/sociedad/Piden-TSJ-Codigo-Civil-igualitario_0_565143665.html Piden al TSJ modificar el Código Civil para permitir matrimonio igualitario
  11. TSJ admite demanda para anular artículo del Código Civil que impide matrimonio homosexual
  12. Día Mundial contra la Homofobia y la Transfobia en Venezuela aún hay materias pendientes
  13. Web site: Comunidad LGBTI en Venezuela presiona por matrimonio civil igualitario. Deutsche Welle. 31 January 2022. es.
  14. Web site: Holder Wendell v. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1:16-cv-11649), Massachusetts District Court. www.pacermonitor.com. 2016-09-28.
  15. Web site: Gay Yarmouth Port couple sue to have marriage recognized. Orecchio-Egresitz. Haven. 2016-09-28.
  16. News: Latin American human rights court urges same-sex marriage legalization. Reuters. Enrique Andres. Pretel. January 10, 2018. January 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20200602084023/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latinamerica-lgbt/latin-american-human-rights-court-urges-same-sex-marriage-legalization-idUSKBN1EZ020. June 2, 2020. live.
  17. Web site: Corte Interamericana ordena abrir la puerta al matrimonio gay en Costa Rica. La Nación. Sofía. Chinchilla. Natasha. Cambronero. es. January 9, 2018. June 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200602085908/https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/corte-interamericana-notifica-a-costa-rica/LRJBJF6DWNHOFGBXSDNIVYSEDA/story/. June 2, 2020. live.
  18. Web site: Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage. Agence France-Presse. Yahoo7. 9 January 2018. 9 January 2018. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235924/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/38550305/inter-american-court-endorses-same-sex-marriage/. 9 January 2018.
  19. Web site: OPINIÓN CONSULTIVA OC-24/17 DE 24 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2017SOLICITADA POR LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA. Inter-American Court of Human Rights. es. June 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200602085150/https://corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_24_esp.pdf. June 2, 2020. live.
  20. News: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Advisory Opinion on Gender Identity and Same-Sex Marriage. American Society of International Law. Jorge. Contesse. July 26, 2018. June 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200605112332/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/22/issue/9/inter-american-court-human-rights-advisory-opinion-gender-identity-and. June 5, 2020. live.
  21. Web site: ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IACHR 2001 - Annex III. cidh.org. Spanish.
  22. Web site: Reingreso de Venezuela a la jurisdicción de Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - Examen ONU Venezuela. 3 June 2019.
  23. http://blabbeando.blogspot.com/2009/03/venezuela-same-sex-partnerships-on-fast.html Venezuela: Same-sex partnerships on fast track to being legally recognized, says legislator
  24. http://www.queerty.com/same-sex-unions-not-on-the-table-after-all-20090327/ Same-Sex Unions Not On the Table After All?
  25. El Tiempo. En busca del matrimonio gay en Venezuela. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  26. AN promoverá leyes para reconocer unión de personas del mismo sexo
  27. Web site: Equal marriage: coming soon to Venezuela? . Becker, Sabina . News of the Restless . 29 January 2014.
  28. Maduro: "Creo que todo el mundo se puede casar, aunque sea homosexual" shangay.com, 20 November 2017
  29. ¿Está Maduro a favor de legalizar el matrimonio homosexual y despenalizar el aborto en Venezuela? La Sexta, 20 November 2017
  30. Web site: Nueva Constitución podría legalizar el matrimonio gay en Venezuela. El Nacional. 15 September 2018. es.
  31. Web site: En el 2019 se podría legalizar el matrimonio gay en Venezuela. El Impulso. 15 September 2018. Escalona. José. es.
  32. Web site: Diputada plantea iniciativa para el matrimonio civil igualitario en la Asamblea Nacional. El Acarigueño. 24 February 2022. es.
  33. Web site: El Tigre podría ser la primera ciudad de Venezuela en aprobar el matrimonio igualitario: los detalles. El Diario. 15 February 2022. es.
  34. Web site: Matrimonio igualitario en Venezuela transita un camino espinoso por falta de voluntad política e influencia religiosa . Crónica. 21 February 2022. es. Alberto Camacho. José.
  35. Web site: Mira cuánto costará la unión igualitaria en El Tigre. La Verdad de Monagas. 17 February 2022. es.
  36. Web site: Tres parejas del mismo sexo firman el Pacto Simbólico de Convivencia en El Tigre. Efecto Cocuyo. 9 March 2022. es.
  37. Web site: Two Spirits in the Venezuelan Jungle. The New York Times. 5 September 2014. Naughton. Jake.
  38. http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/chapter-5-social-attitudes/ Religion in Latin America Chapter 5: Social Attitudes
  39. http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/appendix-a-methodology/ Religion in Latin America Appendix A: Methodology
  40. https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/ITB021en.pdf AmericasBarometer: Topical Brief – June 2, 2015
  41. CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EN LAS AMÉRICAS, 2016/17
  42. Web site: Encuesta refleja que mayoría de venezolanos apoya igualdad de derechos para la población LGBTIQ. es. 2 March 2023. Héctor. Antolínez. Crónica.uno.