Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Moldaver explained

Michael J. Moldaver
Office:Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
Honorific-Prefix:The Honourable
Nominator:Stephen Harper
Termstart:October 21, 2011
Birth Date:23 December 1947
Birth Place:Peterborough, Ontario
Alma Mater:University of Toronto
University of Toronto Faculty of Law
Occupation:Jurist
Profession:Lawyer

This article is a list of Justice Michael Moldaver's written judgments during his tenure as puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.

2012

bgcolor=#CCCCCC Statistics
align=center bgcolor=#00CD00 width=25px 11
Majority or Pluralitywidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#00B2EE 0
Concurrencewidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=white 0
Other
width=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=red 0
Dissentwidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#B23AEE 0
Concurrence/dissentwhite-space: nowrap Total = 11
Written opinions = 11Oral opinions = 0 Unanimous decisions = 6
width=25px !width=30% Case name !Issue width=15% Co-authored by !width=15% Joined by
align=left valign=topR v Tse
2012 SCC 16 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/8002/index.do
valign=top Whether s. 184.4 of the Criminal Code infringes the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter Karakatsanis J Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Jesse
2012 SCC 21 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/8008/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of similar fact evidence Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topEntertainment Software Association v Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada
2012 SCC 34 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/9994/index.do
valign=top Intellectual property and whether the transmission of musical works contained in a video game through an Internet download is a communication "to the public" under the federal Copyright Act Abella J McLachlin CJ and Deschamps and Karakatsanis JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Vu
2012 SCC 40 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/10001/index.do
valign=top Offence of kidnapping and whether kidnapping is a continuing offence encompassing subsequent confinement of victim, and whether persons who knowingly choose to participate in subsequent confinement becomes parties to the offence of kidnapping Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Walle
2012 SCC 41 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/10002/index.do
valign=top Offence of murder and whether trial judge erred in resorting to common sense inference that a person who usually knows predictable consequences of actions and means to bring them about without first considering the whole of the evidence bearing on the accused's mental state at time of shooting Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Prokofiew
2012 SCC 49 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/10011/index.do
valign=top Co-accused's counsel inviting jury to infer accused's guilt from a failure to testify, and whether the trial judge's failure to give explicit remedial instruction in charge to jury constituted a legal error under s. 4(6) of the Canada Evidence Act Deschamps, Abella, Rothstein and Karakatsanis JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topOpitz v Wrzesnewskyj
2012 SCC 55 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12635/index.do
valign=top Application to have federal election result annulled on the basis of "irregularities... that affected the result of the election" under s. 531(2) of the Canada Elections Act Rothstein J Deschamps and Abella JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Nedelcu
2012 SCC 59 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12678/index.do
valign=top Whether Crown at criminal trial may cross examine an accused on prior inconsistent statements without infringing the right against self-incrimination under s. 13 of the Charter McLachlin CJ and Deschamps, Abella, Rothstein and Karakatsanis JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Aucoin
2012 SCC 66 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12743/index.do
valign=top Whether pat-down search was unreasonable under s. 8 of the Charter; Whether detention of the accused was unlawful under s. 9 of the Charter; Whether evidence ought to be excluded pursuant to s. 24(2) of the Charter Deschamps, Abella, Rothstein and Karakatsanis JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Yumnu
2012 SCC 73 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12782/index.do
valign=top Whether it was appropriate for the Crown to seek police criminal record checks of prospective jurors and also to provide comments on whether any prospective jurors were "disreputable persons"; Where same should have been disclosed to the accused; Whether there is a reasonable possibility that same affected trial fairness or gave rise to an appearance of unfairness, such that a miscarriage of justice occurred Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Emms
2012 SCC 74 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12781/index.do
valign=top Whether it was appropriate for the Crown to seek police criminal record checks of prospective jurors and also to provide comments on whether any prospective jurors were "disreputable persons"; Where same should have been disclosed to the accused; Whether there is a reasonable possibility that same affected trial fairness or gave rise to an appearance of unfairness, such that a miscarriage of justice occurred Unanimous

2013

bgcolor=#CCCCCC Statistics
align=center bgcolor=#00CD00 width=25px 5
Majority or Pluralitywidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#00B2EE 3
Concurrencewidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=white 0
Other
width=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=red 1
Dissentwidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#B23AEE 0
Concurrence/dissentwhite-space: nowrap Total = 9
Written opinions = 9Oral opinions = 0 Unanimous decisions = 2
width=25px !width=30% Case name !Issue width=15% Co-authored by !width=15% Joined by
align=left valign=topR v JF
2013 SCC 12 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12877/index.do
valign=top Whether a person can be a party to the offence of conspiracy Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v TELUS Communications Co
2013 SCC 16 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12936/index.do
valign=top Whether the general warrant power under s. 487.01 of the Criminal Code can authorize prospective production of future text messages from telecommunications service provider's database Karakatsanis J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topEdiger v Johnston
2013 SCC 18 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12961/index.do
valign=top Tort of negligence Rothstein J Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v ADH
2013 SCC 28 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13051/index.do
valign=top Whether the mens rea for the offence of child abandonment under s. 218 of the Criminal Code is subjective or objective Rothstein J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topCommunications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, Local 30 v Irving Pulp & Paper, Ltd
2013 SCC 34 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13106/index.do
valign=top Labour arbitration and collective agreement management rights clauses Rothstein J McLachlin CJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Baldree
2013 SCC 35 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13136/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of hearsay evidence
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v MacKenzie
2013 SCC 50 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13265/index.do
valign=top Unreasonable search and seizure and exclusion of evidence under ss. 8 and 24(2) of the Charter Abella, Rothstein, Karakatsanis and Wagner JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topMcLean v British Columbia (Securities Commission)
2013 SCC 67 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13370/index.do
valign=top Judicial review and standard of review of securities commission decision LeBel, Fish, Rothstein, Cromwell and Wagner JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topWood v Schaeffer
2013 SCC 71 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13388/index.do
valign=top Whether police officers have right to consult with counsel before making notes on an incident; Whether police officers are entitled to basic legal advice as to the nature of rights and obligations in connection with an incident McLachlin CJ and Abella, Rothstein, Karakatsanis and Wagner JJ

2014

bgcolor=#CCCCCC 2014 statistics
align=center bgcolor=#00CD00 width=25px 9
Majority or Pluralitywidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#00B2EE 2
Concurrencewidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=white 0
Other
width=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=red 1
Dissentwidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#B23AEE 0
Concurrence/dissentwhite-space: nowrap Total = 12
Written opinions = 9Oral opinions = 3 Unanimous decisions = 5
width=25px !width=30% Case name !Issue width=15% Co-authored by !width=15% Joined by
align=left valign=topR v WEB
2014 SCC 2 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13423/index.do
valign=top Ineffective assistance of counsel Unanimous (oral)
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v MacDonald
2014 SCC 3 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13410/index.do
valign=top Unreasonable search and seizure Wagner J Rothstein J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v James
2014 SCC 5 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13425/index.do
valign=top Offence of sexual assault; Evidence Unanimous (oral)
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Flaviano
2014 SCC 14 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13485/index.do
valign=top Offence of sexual assault and defence of mistaken belief in consent Unanimous (oral)
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Sekhon
2014 SCC 15 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13486/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of expert evidence Abella, Rothstein, Karakatsanis and Wagner JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Babos
2014 SCC 16 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13487/index.do
valign=top Stay of proceedings and abuse of process McLachlin CJ and LeBel, Cromwell, Karakatsanis and Wagner JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Hutchinson
2014 SCC 19 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13511/index.do
valign=top Offence of sexual assault and consent Abella J Karakatsanis J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topReference Re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6
2014 SCC 21 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/13544/index.do
valign=top Eligibility requirements to the Supreme Court of Canada
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Anderson
2014 SCC 41 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14222/index.do
valign=top Whether s. 7 of the Charter requires the Crown to consider aboriginal status in seeking mandatory minimum sentences Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Hart
2014 SCC 52 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14301/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of "Mr. Big" confessions McLachlin CJ and LeBel, Abella and Wagner JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Mack
2014 SCC 58 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14355/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of "Mr. Big" confessions Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topWakeling v United States of America
2014 SCC 72 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14439/index.do
valign=top Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter and the disclosure of intercepted private communications without consent LeBel and Rothstein JJ

2015

bgcolor=#CCCCCC Statistics
align=center bgcolor=#00CD00 width=25px 6
Majority or Pluralitywidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#00B2EE 3
Concurrencewidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=white 2
Other
width=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=red 2
Dissentwidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#B23AEE 2
Concurrence/dissentwhite-space: nowrap Total = 6
Written opinions = 3Oral opinions = 3 Unanimous decisions = 3
width=25px !width=32.5% Case name !Issue width=15% Co-authored by !width=15% Joined by
align=left valign=topCanada (AG) v Federation of Law Societies of Canada
2015 SCC 7 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14639/index.do
valign=top Whether Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act, as it applies to the legal profession, infringes the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure and the right not to be deprived of liberty otherwise in accordance with principles of fundamental justice under ss. 8 and 7 of the Charter, respectively McLachlin CJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topLoyola High School v Quebec (AG)
2015 SCC 12 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14703/index.do
valign=top Proper approach to judicial review of discretionary administrative decisions engaging Charter protections; Whether decision of Minister of Education, Recreation and Sports requiring a proposed alternative program being entirely secular in approach is reasonable given the statutory objectives of the program and s. 2(a) of the Charter, and whether the decision limits freedom of religion under s. 3 of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms McLachlin CJ Rothstein J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Nur
2015 SCC 15 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15272/index.do
valign=top Constitutionality of mandatory minimum sentences on grounds of cruel and unusual punishment under s. 12 of the Charter Rothstein and Wagner JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topHenry v British Columbia (AG)
2015 SCC 24 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15329/index.do
valign=top Wrongful conviction of claimant; Civil action alleging breach of Charter rights resulting from Crown counsel's wrongful non-disclose of relevant information; Whether s. 24(1) authorizes courts to award damages against Crown for wrongful non-disclosure, and the level of fault claimant must establish to meet liability threshold for awarding s. 24(1) damages Abella, Wagner and Gascon JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Kokopenace
2015 SCC 28 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15373/index.do
valign=top Appropriate legal test for representativeness on jury roll; Jury representativeness under ss. 11(d) and (f) and 15 of the Charter Rothstein, Wagner and Gascon JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Tatton
2015 SCC 33 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15397/index.do
valign=top Whether arson is a general or specific intent offence; Accused relying on self-induced intoxication as a defence for committing arson Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Rodgerson
2015 SCC 38 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15456/index.do
valign=top Whether trial judge erred in instructions to jury on concealment and clean-up of body in a murder charge and same's bearing on issue of intent for murder, and if so, whether that error was fatal in conjunction with erroneous instructions on accused's flight from and lies to police; Impact of long and complex jury charges on criminal justice system Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Simpson
2015 SCC 40 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15477/index.do
valign=top Defence of colour of right Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topWilson v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles)
2015 SCC 47 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15549/index.do
valign=top Whether a peace officer is entitled to rely on results of an approved screening device used to collect breath samples to impose a driving prohibition, or whether other confirmatory evidence is required; Whether Superintendent of Motor Vehicles's interpretation of a statutory provision imposing immediate driving prohibition under the provincial Motor Vehicles Act was reasonable Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topKanthasamy v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)
2015 SCC 61 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15665/index.do
valign=top Whether decision of Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to deny relief to claimant seeking humanitarian and compassionate exemption to apply for permanent residence from within Canada was a reasonable exercise of humanitarian and compassionate discretion under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act Wagner J

2016

2017

bgcolor=#CCCCCC Michael Moldaver 2017 statistics
align=center bgcolor=#00CD00 width=25px 7
Majority or Pluralitywidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#00B2EE 1
Concurrencewidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=white 0
Other
width=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=red 6
Dissentwidth=25px
align=center width=25px bgcolor=#B23AEE 0
Concurrence/dissentwhite-space: nowrap Total = 14
Written opinions = 12Oral opinions = 2 Unanimous decisions = 5

Criminal law = 9

width=25px !width=30% Case name !Issue width=15% Co-authored by !width=15% Joined by
align=left valign=topErnst v Alberta Energy Regulator
2017 SCC 1 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16325/index.do
valign=top Freedom of expression and Charter damages McLachlin CJ and Brown J Côté J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Awer
2017 SCC 3 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16344/index.do
valign=top Sexual assault Unanimous (oral)
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Paterson
2017 SCC 15 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16484/index.do
valign=top Constitutional law – search and seizure Gascon J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Oland
2017 SCC 17 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16486/index.do
valign=top Criminal law – Applications for release pending appeal Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topStewart v Elk Valley Coal Corp
2017 SCC 30 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16679/index.do
valign=top Discrimination based on mental and physical disability Wagner J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topTeal Cedar Products Ltd v British Columbia
2017 SCC 32 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16694/index.do
valign=top Standard of review of commercial arbitration awards Côté J Brown and Rowe JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Bradshaw
2017 SCC 35 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16702/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of hearsay evidence Côté J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Alex
2017 SCC 37 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16714/index.do
valign=top Admissibility of breath sample evidence Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topIndia v Badesha
2017 SCC 44 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16771/index.do
valign=top Judicial review of extradition orders; standard of review Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Durham Region Crime Stoppers Inc
2017 SCC 45 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16786/index.do
valign=top Evidentiary privilege of anonymous informers Unanimous
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Bourgeois
2017 SCC 49 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16802/index.do
valign=top Sexual assault Unanimous (oral)
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topKtunaxa Nation v British Columbia (Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations)
2017 SCC 54 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16816/index.do
valign=top Freedom of religion Côté J
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Sciascia
2017 SCC 57 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16852/index.do
valign=top Jurisdiction of provincial court trial judge Abella, Karakatsanis, Wagner, Gascon and Rowe JJ
bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=5 valign=top
align=left valign=topR v Marakah
2017 SCC 59 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16896/index.do
valign=top Constitutional law – Admissibility of evidence derived from unreasonable search and seizure Côté J

2013

2014

2015

2019

2020

2021

2022

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Canada (Attorney General) v Federation of Law Societies of Canada, 2015 SCC 7. CanLII.
  2. Web site: Loyola High School v Quebec (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 12. CanLII.
  3. Web site: R v Nur, 2015 SCC 15. CanLII.
  4. Web site: Henry v British Columbia (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 24. CanLII.
  5. Web site: R v Kokopenace, 2015 SCC 28. CanLII.
  6. Web site: R v Tatton, 2015 SCC 33. CanLII.
  7. Web site: R v Rodgerson, 2015 SCC 38. CanLII.
  8. Web site: R v Simpson, 2015 SCC 40. CanLII.
  9. Web site: Wilson v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles), 2015 SCC 47. CanLII.
  10. Web site: Kanthasamy v Canada (Citizen and Immigration), 2015 SCC 61. CanLII.
  11. Web site: R v Seruhungo, 2016 SCC 2. CanLII.
  12. Web site: R v Spicer, 2016 SCC 3. CanLII.
  13. Web site: Carter v Canada (Attorney General), 2016 SCC 4. CanLII.
  14. Web site: World Bank Group v Wallace, 2016 SCC 15. CanLII.
  15. Web site: R v Saeed, 2016 SCC 24. CanLII.
  16. Web site: R v Vassell, 2016 SCC 26. CanLII.
  17. Web site: R v Jordan, 2016 SCC 27. CanLII.
  18. Web site: R v Williamson, 2016 SCC 28. CanLII.
  19. Web site: R v Anthony-Cook, 2016 SCC 43. CanLII.
  20. Web site: Morasse v Nadeau-Dubois, 2016 SCC 44. CanLII.
  21. Web site: Windsor (City) v Canadian Transit Co., 2016 SCC 54. CanLII.