Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria explained

The following is a list of reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.

Reactions in Turkey

A day prior to the operation, all Turkish opposition parties except the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) voted to extend the military's mandate on Syria. Opposition party leaders Meral Akşener (Good Party), Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (Republican People's Party), and Temel Karamollaoğlu (Felicity Party), as well as the junior government partner, Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahçeli, expressed their support for the military operation.^[1] Akşener, Kılıçdaroğlu, and Bahçeli were directly informed of the operation by Turkish President Recep Erdoğan immediately after its launch.^[2] On 14 October, Turkish Minister of National Defence Hulusi Akar visited the opposition parties and informed them about the ongoing operation.^[3]

After the start of the operation, the opposition CHP began to criticize its implementation. A CHP spokesman lambasted Erdogan for "driving [Turkey] to the Middle East swamp"^[4] while CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu criticized the government for failing to respond to "humiliating" Twitter attacks from the Trump administration.^[5] and uniting the world against it with an "adventurous foreign policy."^[6]

Meanwhile, on 15 October Good Party leader Meral Akşener urged the government to make peace with Syria through dialogue with Bashar al-Assad.^[7]

The HDP condemned the operation from the start, calling it an "extremely dangerous and wrong step" and stating that "Turkey is being dragged into a dangerous and deep trap".^[8]

Erdoğan rejected international criticism and said referring to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen: "Let me start with Saudi Arabia. Look in the mirror first. ... Did tens of thousands of people not die in Yemen?" He also called Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi a "democracy killer" after the Egyptian Foreign Ministry called the offensive an "invasion."^[9]

Religious communities and organisations

• The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople supported the operation: "We pray that the Operation Peace Spring, which aims to end terrorism and ensure the security of the borders, will continue in accordance with its purpose and establish peace and security as soon as possible... We always have prayers in our church for the army and survival of our country."^[10]
• Turkey's Jewish Community announced its support to the operation on a Twitter post. They stated: "We wish success in the fight against terror towards our state and our glorious army".^[11]
• The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Turkey said: "As The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Turkey, we wish that the Turkish Armed Forces will be successful in the Operation Peace Spring in north-eastern Syria, against the terrorist elements that threaten the survival of our country. And we hope that our hero soldiers will return to our country successfully." in a written statement.^[12]
• On 20 October 2019, representatives of the Syriac Catholic Foundation, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Fener Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, Armenian Patriarchate of Turkey, Chaldean Catholic community, and the Jewish community gathered in Mor Hananyo Monastery in a religious ceremony to support Operation Peace Spring.^[13]

Reactions in Syria

• The Syrian Government strongly condemned the Turkish attack, dubbing it a "disgraceful breach of international law and UN resolutions that respect Syria’s sovereignty and territorial integrity".^[14]
• A Syrian Democratic Forces spokesman told Al-Jazeera regarding the offensive, "Threats made by Turkey to attack the area is not something new, they have constantly done it for years. We as Syrian Democratic Forces take the matter into account and are fully prepared to fiercely respond to any imminent attack on Syrian soil."^[15]
  • The Northern Democratic Brigade denounced the invasion as an attempt by Turkey to establish the "terrorist" Muslim Brotherhood as a ruling force in northern Syria.^[16]
• Syrian opposition
  • The Syrian Interim Government strongly supported the Turkish military operation.^[17]
    • The Syrian Turkmen Assembly stated: "As a result of the extermination and exile movement of the terrorist organization, the Turkmen presence in the east of the Euphrates had suffered a severe wound." The statement also underlined that the operation was a "mandatory and legitimate intervention".^[18]
  • Hayat Tahrir al-Sham's leader, Abu Mohammad al-Joulani had previously stated prior to the start of the offensive that he would support a Turkish military operation in northern Syria against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and that they were enemies of the Syrian revolution.^[19] However, HTS fighters have said they are concerned that the operation could enable the release of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant fighters and their families from SDF detention camps and prisons, and that they would flee to HTS-held areas in Idlib and carry out attacks.^[20]
  • Influential jihadist cleric Abu Anas al-Masri, based in Idlib Governorate, argued that the Turkish operation was to the overall benefit of the rebels in Idlib, because it would take Turkey's attention away from the region, weaken American influence in the Middle East, and result in two anti-jihadist factions (Turkey and the SDF) harming each other. He objected to rebels in Idlib assisting the offensive, as he views Erdogan as an apostate and an enemy of the Syrian people.^[21]

Religious communities and organisations

• Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo – Jean-Clément Jeanbart, the Greek-Melkite Archbishop of Aleppo, said that the Turkish offensive is "another source of violence we would rather have done without." Jeanbart said this is concerning because it will in fact lead to the creation of an extraterritorial pocket within another nation.^[22]

International reactions

Supranational

• – Secretary-General Ahmed Aboul Gheit called the offensive a "blatant violation of Syria's sovereignty". The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkey's actions. Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law, which they deemed ought to attract international rejection.^{[23] [24]}
• – On 8 October 2019, European Commissioner for migration Dimitris Avramopoulos said that "the European Union remains committed to the unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Syrian state".^[25] High Representative Federica Mogherini issued a declaration on behalf of the EU on 9 October 2019 stating that "In light of the Turkish military operation in north-east Syria, the EU reaffirms that a sustainable solution to the Syrian conflict cannot be achieved militarily. The EU calls upon Turkey to cease the unilateral military action."^[26] President of the European Council Donald Tusk reprimanded Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan for threatening to send millions of Syrian refugees to Europe and blasted the Turkish operation in northern Syria as destabilizing the region, which should halt.^[27] On the 11th, the EU began discussing on possible sanctions and arms embargoes of Turkey.^{[28] [29]} On 14 October, EU member states unanimously adopted a resolution which "condemned in strong terms" the Turkish military offensive and committed to curb weapons exports to Turkey by committing to "strong national export positions", but stopped short of enforcing a mandatory EU-wide weapons embargo on Turkey, so as to "avoid placing an EU framework on NATO members".^[30]
• – Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that Turkey is "at the forefront of the crisis and has legitimate security concerns", having suffered terrorist attacks and hosting millions of refugees. He added that NATO was informed by Turkish authorities about the ongoing operations in Northern Syria. He further stated that it was "important to avoid actions that may further destabilise the region, escalate tensions, and cause more human suffering." He called on Turkey to "act with restraint" and said that the gains made against ISIS should not be jeopardized.^[31]
• – In a joint declaration by its 5-member (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan) and 2 observer states (Hungary and Turkmenistan), Turkic Council voiced a strong support to the operation. "The leaders express their hope and belief that Turkey’s Operation Peace Spring will contribute to fighting terrorism, ensuring territorial integrity of Syria, liberating local Syrians from the oppression of terrorists and creating conditions for the safe and voluntary return of displaced Syrians to their homeland" was said in the declaration on the 7th summit of Turkic Council.^{[32] [33]}
• – The UN cautioned regarding the offensive calling for the protection of civilians. Panos Moumtzis, the UN's Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria, commented saying "Any (military) operation that takes place at the moment has to take into account to ensure that we don’t see any further displacement."^[34] António Guterres, Secretary-General of the UN expressed his "deep concern" at the spiralling violence in Syria a day after Turkey launched an offensive in Kurdish-controlled areas. He said any solution to the conflict needed to respect the sovereignty of the territory and the unity of Syria.^{[35] [36]}
  • United Nations Security Council

Russia and the United States vetoed a statement introduced by five European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom) condemning Turkey's actions in Syria during a closed-door meeting. The statement has also called on Turkey "to cease the unilateral military action", claiming that the operation threatens progress against the Islamic State.^[37]

UN-member states

• Algeria – Algeria expressed its rejection to the Turkish military operation in northern Syria and reaffirmed its "full" support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria.^[38]
• Armenia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has published a statement which condemns "the military invasion by Turkey in north-east Syria, which would lead to deterioration of regional security, losses among civilians, mass displacement and eventually to a new humanitarian crisis. The plight of ethnic and religious minorities is of particular concern. This military invasion also creates an imminent threat of identity based grave and massive violations of human rights".^[39] Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said during Cabinet meeting, that Armenia condemns the invasion of the Turkish armed forces in Syria.^[40]
• - Despite initially avoiding to make a statement on the offensive, Austria decided to back an arms embargo against Turkey on 14 October, following the adoption of the EU's common position.^[41]
• Australia – Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated that he was concerned for the safety of the Kurds living in the region and also feared that the offensive could result in a resurgence of ISIS. He condemned Turkey for the invasion.^{[42] [43]}
• Azerbaijan – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated on a written statement that 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria will serve to eliminate perceived the terror risks by the Azerbaijan government, return of refugees to their homes, solution of the humanitarian problems and providing peace and stability within the territorial integrity of Syria.^[44]
• Bahrain – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain strongly condemned the military attack by Turkey on areas in northeast of Syria.
• – The Belgian government condemned the Turkish military operation and called on Turkey to halt it immediately. It further added that it saw the Turkish military intervention as threatening the 'fragile political process' in Syria, as well as regional stability.^[45] Belgium later decided to implement an arms embargo against Turkey.^[41]
• – Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov initially urged Brussels to stop its criticism of Turkey,^[46] adding that "Bulgaria's relations with Turkey are good-neighbourly."^[47] Several days later on October 15, Bulgaria called for an end to the operation in favour of a diplomatic solution.^[48]
• – On 9 October 2019, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland stated on Twitter that Canada "firmly condemns Turkey’s military incursion into Syria today."^[49] Later, Canada suspended new arms sales to Turkey.^[50]
• – China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated that China held "Syria's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity must be respected and upheld", noted that several sides had "expressed concerns" over Turkey's military operation and urged Turkey to "exercise restraint".^[51]
• – Cuba's ambassador in Damascus condemned the Turkish offensive, stating that his country opposes "any aggression which targets sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria".^[52]
• Cyprus – The Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned the invasion of Syria, stating that it is a "gross violation of international law" and urged from Turkey to immediately cease all military activities.^[53]
• Czech Republic – Czech Foreign Minister Tomáš Petříček stated his opposition to the Turkish operation and argued that it would worsen the situation of civilians and refugees.^[54] The Czech Republic later implemented export restrictions on Turkey by ordering the suspension of all export licenses for all military products destined for the nation.^[55]
• Denmark – Minister of Foreign Affairs Jeppe Kofod tweeted that he is "deeply concerned about" the situation and believed the offensive to be "a regrettable and wrong decision" on Turkey's part, fearing that it could "have serious consequences for civilians and the fight against ISIL."^[42] On 10 October, Denmark condemned the operation.^[56]
• – Egypt's Foreign Ministry condemned Turkey's offensive. It also called for the UN Security Council to halt "any attempts to occupy Syrian territories" or "change the demographics in northern Syria". In addition, it called for an emergency meeting of the Arab League.
• Estonia – Foreign Minister Urmas Reinsalu stated that all diplomatic channels must be used to influence Turkey on finding a political solution.^[57]
• – Finland condemned Turkey's attack on Syria and froze arms export licenses to Turkey.^[58]
• – Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian condemned the unilateral Turkish operation in northeast Syria on 9 October 2019, and declared "is jeopardising the anti-Islamic State coalition’s security and humanitarian efforts and is a risk for the security of Europeans. It has to end".^[59] France and Britain call for Security council meeting.^[60] French President Emmanuel Macron warned that Turkey would be responsible for helping Islamic State to re-establish a Caliphate in Syria as he called on Turkey to stop its military offensive against Kurdish forces the north of Syria.^[61] France later implemented export restrictions on arms exports to Turkey^[62] and expressed its intention to back an EU-wide weapons embargo on the nation.^[63]
• Georgia – Georgian Foreign Minister David Zalkaliani declared, "We recognize the interest of our strategic partner Turkey in ensuring a secure environment along its borders. At the same time, we are interested in reaching an agreement between our two main strategic partners—Turkey and the United States—as this will largely provide security in the region."^[64]
• Germany – Minister for Foreign Affairs Heiko Maas condemned the offensive "in the strongest possible terms" and warned that the offensive would cause more destabilization in the region and could cause ISIS to grow.^{[42] [65]} Germany has banned weapons exports to Turkey in response to the invasion ^[66]
• Greece – Minister for Foreign Affairs Nikos Dendias condemned Turkey's invasion of Syria, stating that "Turkey is making a big mistake". Furthermore, about Turkey's plans for the creation of a safe zone in Northern Syria for the immigrants to be resettled, at the expense of the local Kurdish population he stated that it "is illegal since the resettlement of immigrants must comply with some basic principles: to be voluntary and dignified. [...] Therefore, what Turkey does, goes against human rights".^[67] Also, the United Nations Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syrian Crisis, Panos Moumtzis from Greece, correlated the Turkish offensive against the Kurds, with the Srebrenica genocide, prompting strong reactions from Ankara.^{[68] [69]}
• Hungary – Hungary vetoed an attempt by the EU member states to unanimously issue a warning against the operation citing "countries have rights to protect their borders".^{[70] [71]} However, Hungary finally accepted the EU declaration condemning the Turkish military intervention in Syria, which was later explained by Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs Péter Szijjártó as a move to "not disrupt the unity of the Visegrád Group".^[72] Later, Hungarian FM Szijjártó announced its support and commitment for Turkey's plans to "resettle 4 million refugees living in Turkey to their home country".^{[73] [74]} Szijjártó concluded in support that "the Syrian offensive is a Hungarian national interest",^[75] also added that Hungary will be delighted to cooperate with Turkey, if Turkey establishes a safe zone.^[76] Hungary has promised to smooth Turkey-European Union integration and resume talks when in charge.^[77]
• Iceland – Iceland strongly condemned 'the Turkish move against Kurds' and called on Turkey to end the operation.^[78]
• India – India condemned Turkey for its unilateral military move, claiming it would undermine regional stability and the fight against terrorism. India also called upon Turkey to exercise restraint and respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria.^[79]
• – Foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif has voiced opposition to the offensive viewing it as a violation of Syria's sovereignty.^[80] However regarding the US withdrawal from Syria Zarif commented saying the US was an "irrelevant occupier in Syria", and said that Iran would be willing to mediate tensions between Syria and Turkey. In addition, Iran's parliamentary speaker Ali Larijani cancelled his scheduled trip to Turkey.^[81]
• – President Barham Salih condemned the operation, stating that "Turkey’s military incursion into Syria is a grave escalation; will cause untold humanitarian suffering, empower terrorist groups. The world must unite to avert a catastrophe, promote political resolution to the rights of all Syrians, including Kurds, to peace, dignity & security".^[82]
• Ireland – Ireland stated that unilateral military action cannot be condoned and was deeply troubled by the Turkish operation.^[83]
• Israel – Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the operation and warned against ethnic cleansing of Kurds by Turkey and its proxies, and stated that "Israel is prepared to extend humanitarian assistance to the gallant Kurdish people."^[84]
• Italy – Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte stated that the offensive puts the region's civilians and stability in jeopardy.^[42] Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio condemned the operation, declaring that the offensive against Kurdish forces in Syria is "unacceptable" and calling for an immediate end to the fighting.^[85] Italy joined an arms embargo against Turkey, despite previously being Turkey's primary EU weapons supplier.^{[41] [86]}
• Japan – Foreign minister, Toshimitsu Motegi, said in a statement: "Japan is deeply concerned that the latest military operation would make the settlement of Syrian crisis more difficult and cause further deterioration of the humanitarian situation. Japan once again underscores its position that the Syrian crisis cannot be solved by any military means."^[87]
• Jordan – Jordan urged Turkey to halt the offensive and to solve all issues diplomatically.^[88] Jordan's Foreign Minister later stated that the Kingdom condemned what he termed the 'Turkish aggression on Syria'.^[89]
• Kuwait – Kuwait stated that it was concerned about how the offensive might negatively affect the peacefulness and stability of the region and called for restraint.^[42]
• Latvia – Latvian Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs described the operation as 'disturbing' and urged Turkey to cease its operation to pursue a political solution.^[90]
• Lebanon – Lebanon condemned the operation and called on Turkey to rethink its move.^[91]
• Libya – Libya's UN-recognized government refused to sign an Arab League memorandum condemning the military operation in Syria along with Qatar.^[92]
• Liechtenstein – As a response to the Turkish offensive, Liechtenstein stated that 'unchecked interpretations' of Article 51 of the United Nations undermined security and peace.^[93]
• Lithuania – Lithuanian Foreign Minister Linas Linkevicius described the operation as 'worrying' and urged Turkey to find a political solution.^[94]
• – Luxembourg condemned the operation and called on Turkey to cease its actions.^[95]
• Netherlands – Minister of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok tweeted that Turkey should not "follow the path it has chosen", noting that "[t]he operation can trigger new refugee flows and harm the fight against IS and stability in the region."^[42] On 10 October, a large majority of Dutch MPs backed the introduction of sanctions against Turkey.^{[96] [97]}
• New Zealand – New Zealand stated that they were deeply concerned by the situation and that Turkey's offensive caused further instability and aggravated the humanitarian situation in North-east Syria. Moreover, both parties were urged to show restraint.^[98]
• Norway – Norway called on Turkey to end the operation and to respect international law^{[99] [100]} As a precautionary measure, Norway suspended all new deliveries of military hardware to Turkey, a fellow member of NATO, making this the first such action by an alliance country. Norwegian Foreign Minister Ine Eriksen Søreide also said that Norway is also reviewing all valid licenses for military and multi-use military export licenses in Turkey.^[101]
• Pakistan – Spokesman for Foreign Ministry has welcomed the operation, and said "We appreciate Turkey’s positive role in finding a viable political solution to the conflict in Syria. We also acknowledge Turkey’s humanitarian efforts by graciously hosting over 3.5 million Syrian refugees. We recognize Turkey’s legitimate security concerns in the region." Also added that Pakistan and Turkey were "a victim of terrorism".^{[102] [103]} On 11 October, Prime Minister Imran Khan telephoned Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to express solidarity and support for Turkey its ongoing military operation in Syria during the conversation Khan told the Turkish president that "Pakistan fully understands Turkey’s concerns relating to terrorism" a statement issued by the Prime Minister's Office.^{[104] [105]}
• - Palestine did not join the Arab League in condemning the offensive.^[106] But Fatah official Mohammad Dahlan condemned the operation, saying "with the most powerful words, we condemn the Turkish military invasion into the brotherly Arab land of Syria under false pretexts."^[107]
• Poland – Poland stated that they hoped the operation would end as soon as possible and feared that the operation would deteriorate the humanitarian situation in the region.^[108] Poland later also noted that it saw any attempts at a demographic change as unacceptable and urged Turkey to cease the offensive.^[109]
• Qatar – Qatar announced its support on Turkish military operation.^[110] Qatari Defense Minister said that Turkey's operation does not amount to "a crime", added also: "Turkey always underlines the integrity of Syrian territory, and what Turkey is doing to maintain Syria's territorial integrity was not done by the Arab League".^[111]
• – President Vladimir Putin initially expressed comparative neutrality, stating that Turkey has a right to defend itself, but called upon foreign militaries with what he described as an illegal presence in Syria to leave.^{[112] [113]} On 15 October, Putin declared a much harsher stance, denouncing the Turkish invasion as 'unacceptable' and deploying Russian troops to the frontline.^{[114] [115]} On 13 November, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that US pushed Gulf countries to finance the creation of a quasi-state on the Eastern Euphrates.^[116]
• San Marino – At the 141st Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in Belgrade, San Marino voted for the French proposal urging for an end to the offensive.^[117]
• – The government of Saudi Arabia condemned Turkey's actions in a statement, saying that the operation "has negative repercussions on the security and stability of the region".^[118] The Saudi foreign ministry also claimed that the offensive is a violation of Syria's unity, independence and sovereignty.^[119]
• Slovenia – Slovenia stated that it is deeply concerned and urged Turkey cease the operation and to find a political solution.^[120]
• Sweden – Sweden stated that the Turkish operation was a threat to the region and the Kurdish efforts against ISIS.^[121] On 10 October, Sweden condemned the Turkish offensive as a violation of international law and as destabilizing the situation on the ground, risking grave humanitarian consequences and calling on the UN Security Council to handle the issue.^[122] Sweden later implemented an arms export embargo on Turkey and stated its plan to push for an EU-wide weapons embargo as well.^[97]
• Switzerland – Switzerland condemned the Turkish intervention and called their actions as violation of international law.^[123]
• - Despite initial hesitation, Spain decided to back an arms embargo on Turkey on 14 October.^{[41] [124] [125]}
• Tunisia – Tunisia has called for "an immediate halt to Turkey's military operations in northeast Syria to prevent further bloodshed and protect the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Syria."^[126]
• – Ukraine's Foreign ministry stated that it was following the developments in Northeast Syria and urged Turkey to "adopt the decisions that will contribute to resolving the security and humanitarian problems within the international legal framework".^[127]
• United Arab Emirates – The United Arab Emirates stated that it condemns the Turkish interference and offensive in Syria in the strongest terms.
• – In a telephone call with US President Donald Trump, Prime Minister Boris Johnson described the offensive as an "invasion" and expressed "serious concern".^[128] Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab said: "I have serious concerns about the unilateral military action that Turkey has taken. This risks destabilising the region, exacerbating humanitarian suffering, and undermining the progress made against Daesh which should be our collective focus."^[129] The UK's government later decided to cancel all export licenses for military equipment, as well as to suspend the issuing of new export licenses, until such a time as the arms export policy vis-a-vis Turkey underwent a "review".^{[130] [125]}
• United States – President Donald Trump stated that "the United States does not endorse this attack and has made it clear to Turkey that this operation is a bad idea."^[131] Trump has threatened to devastate the economy of Turkey if they do "anything that I, in my great and unmatched wisdom, consider to be off limits".^[132] However, Trump defended his decision to withdraw American troops, arguing that the Kurds "didn't help us in the Second World War, they didn't help us with Normandy as an example".^[133] Trump also stated: "Alliances are very easy. But our alliances have taken advantage of us".^[133] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo denied that the United States had given a 'green light' for Turkey to attack the Kurds. However, Pompeo defended the Turkish military action, stating that Turkey has a "legitimate security concern" with "a terrorist threat to their south".^[134] Senator Lindsey Graham warned that he would "introduce bipartisan sanctions against Turkey if they invade Syria". He said he would also "call for their suspension from NATO if they attack Kurdish forces who assisted the United States in the destruction of the ISIS Caliphate".^[135] Bipartisan legislation has been introduced in the Senate to sanction Turkey,^[136] as well as in the House of Representatives.^[137] Late on the 14th, the US government declared "very strong" sanctions against the Turkish ministries of defense, interior and energy, a move that US Treasury Secretary Mnuchin said would have a "severe" impact on the Turkish economy. The US statement delivered by Mnuchin and Vice President Pence denounced the Turkish government for "endangering innocent civilians, and destabilizing the region, including undermining the campaign to defeat ISIS", said that the US had given no "green light" to a full-on Turkish invasion, and warned that sanctions would continue and worsen until Turkey embraces an immediate ceasefire".^[138] On Monday, it was reported by The New York Times and The Guardian that NATO officials were discussing a unilateral removal of the US nuclear arsenal stationed at Incirlik.^[139]

De facto states

• – The President of Northern Cyprus, Mustafa Akıncı, opposed Turkey's operation in Syria, stating that "Although Turkey's intervention at the time was what we called the 'Peace Operation,' it was a war in which blood was shed. And now, even though we call it the 'Peace Spring,' it is not spilling water, but blood. That is why my biggest wish is for dialogue and diplomacy to be initiated as soon as possible."^{[140] [141]} drawing condemnation from both the Turkey's President Tayyip Erdogan and Vice President Fuat Oktay, with the later stating that: "I condemn Akıncı who ignores the fact that Operation Peace Spring is taking place against the bloody terrorist organization PKK/PYD for the stability of region."^[142] On the other hand, the Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus Ersin Tatar has showed his support on the operation and said that Cypriot Turks are always on Turkey's side.^[143] On 17 October, Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Kudret Özersay said: "I want to stress once again that my government and nation fully and completely back the Republic of Turkey and its nation on their rightful fight against terrorism. No one doubts that".^[144]

Regional governments

• – Minister-President Jan Jambon called for Europe to sanction Turkey.^[145]
• – The autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq expressed deep concern and called upon Turkey to "avoid any initiative that would undermine the progress made against ISIS".^[146] On 8 October 2019, after a meeting between the KRG's President Nechirvan Barzani and Russia's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, Barzani called upon Russia to intervene to prevent Turkish forces from entering SDF held areas.^[147] However, later in November 2019, Barzani stated that in his view Turkey has no issue with Syrian Kurds but rather only with the PKK.^[148]
• – The First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon expressed concerns in the Scottish Parliament saying "I say very clearly and strongly that I and the Scottish Government are deeply concerned about and are strongly opposed to Turkey’s unilateral military action in northern Syria."^[149]

Organizations

• Amnesty International – A statement released by Amnesty International said that military offensive by Turkey in northeast Syria risks devastating humanitarian consequences and a further destabilization of the region. Hostilities will impact & restrict access to humanitarian aid pushing the civilian population to the brink, and criticism of Turkey's military operations and targeting of journalists and social media users with threats of detention and criminal prosecutions is unacceptable. This crackdown violates Turkey's obligations under international human right law.^[150]
• Genocide Watch, member and current Coordinator of the Alliance Against Genocide, renewed a genocide alert as all the stages of the genocidal process identified by Gregory Stanton are far advanced, and it stated that Turkey is planning genocide and crimes against humanity in Northeastern Syria. It also noted that 100,000 Christians live in the area that Turkey will invade and Turkey and its predecessor, the Ottoman Empire, have a century old history of genocide against Christians.^[151]
• Human Rights Watch – Kenneth Roth, Executive Director at Human Rights Watch said that Turkey and its allies have previously unlawfully killed, arbitrarily arrested, and wrongfully displaced civilians. This military operation risks repeating these abuses unless they take steps now.^[152] A report by HRW also stated that Turkey's plan to create a 32-kilometer "safe zone" in Syria where it could relocate one million Syrian refugees is woefully misguided, dangerous and bound to fail. Turkey's military operations in northeast Syria could also displace civilians currently living there and put in danger any refugees moved into the zone.^[153]
• International Rescue Committee – IRC stated that it is deeply concerned about the lives of the 2 million civilians at risk - many of whom have already survived ISIS brutality and multiple displacements. A military offensive by Turkey could displace 300,000 people and sever life-saving humanitarian services, including the IRC's. Even a limited military initiative could see 60,000 displaced, the majority of whom were already in dire humanitarian need.^[154]
• Médecins Sans Frontières – Robert Onus, MSF Emergency Manager for Syria said "This escalation can only exacerbate the trauma that the people of Syria have already endured through years of war and of living in precarious conditions." The Turkish military campaign in northeast Syria has displaced civilians and led to the closure of some main hospitals there, including a main MSF-supported hospital in the Syrian border town of Tell Abyad, the medical charity Doctors Without Borders (MSF) said.^{[155] [156]}
• Hamas said that Turkey has the right to defend itself and remove the threats along its borders.^[157]

Financial markets

The Turkish lira weakened to 5.88 against dollar on 10 October as investors fretted about negative international reaction to the offensive. Turkey's BIST100 Index was down 0.64%^[158] On 14 October, BIST100 Index was down by 5 percent.^[159] Although on 15 October, Turkish lira raised against dollar and BIST100 gained 1.71% after Trump administration announced sanctions on Turkey. Analysts describe the sanctions as "relatively light" and "window dressing".^{[160] [161]} The Turkish lira firmed to 5.75 against the dollar on 18 October after the ceasefire deal with the US where as BIST100 Index was up 3.82%.^[162]

On the other hand, Brent crude was up 22 cents at $58.44 a barrel, and U.S. West Texas Intermediate crude was at $52.59, down 4 cents.^[163]

Notes and References

1. Web site: How Turkey's Syria offensive is being received by opposition parties.
2. News: Erdoğan muhalefet liderlerini bilgilendirdi . tr.
3. Web site: Bakan Akar İyi Parti'yi ziyaret etti. 14 October 2019.
4. News: Main opposition CHP slams gov't operation plans in N Syria . 7 October 2019 . Hurriyet . en . 4 May 2020 .
5. Web site: Turkey: CHP leader criticizes response to Trump tweets .
6. Web site: Government caused world to take position against Turkey: Main opposition leader - Turkey News. 15 October 2019 .
7. Web site: Opposition leader urges gov't to contact Assad - Turkey News. 15 October 2019 .
8. Web site: A new military front in Northern Syria will deepen the deadlock. www.hdp.org.tr. 10 October 2019. 9 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009184440/https://www.hdp.org.tr/en/statements/a-new-military-front-in-northern-syria-will-deepen-the-deadlock/13582. dead.
9. News: Turkey's Erdogan lambasts critics of Syrian assault in fiery speech . Reuters . 10 October 2019.
10. Web site: Armenian Patriarchate announces solidarity with Turkey . www.aa.com.tr.
11. Web site: Turkey's Jewish community supports anti-terror campaign in Syria.
12. Web site: Masonlar Locası'ndan harekata destek. 2019-10-11.
13. Web site: Religious minorities gather to pray for soldiers - Türkiye News. 20 October 2019. Hürriyet Daily News. 12 June 2023.
14. Web site: Syrian gov't slams new Turkish operation in Syria. News Desk. 2019-10-09. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. en-US. 2019-10-09. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085729/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-govt-slams-new-turkish-operation-in-syria/. dead.
15. Web site: Turkey: Preparations 'complete' for Syria military action. www.aljazeera.com.
16. Web site: لواء الشمال الديمقراطي يؤكد مواصلة النضال للدفاع عن مكتسبات المنطقة ضد أي تهديد . The Northern Democratic Brigade affirms the continued struggle to defend the gains of the region against any threat . ANF News . Arabic . 11 October 2019 . 26 October 2019 .
17. Web site: Syrian National Army backs Turkish op in northern Syria.
18. Web site: Suriye Türkmen Meclisi: Fırat'ın doğusuna harekat zorunlu ve meşrudur. www.trthaber.com. 9 October 2019 .
19. Web site: From Jabhat al-Nusra to Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, what has changed?. 12 June 2023.
20. News: Captives in ISIS Detention Camps Fear Calm Before the Storm. The Daily Beast. 18 October 2019. Mironova. Mohammed Hussein.
21. Web site: Jihadist Perspectives on Turkey's Operation Against the SDF: An Essay by Abu Anas al-Masri. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi . 10 October 2019. 14 October 2019. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi.
22. Web site: Archbishop of Aleppo condemns Turkish military offensive in northeast Syria - Vatican News. 10 October 2019. www.vaticannews.va.
23. Web site: Arab League Condemns Turkey's Syria Incursion, Calls for UN Action. Voice of America. 12 October 2019 . en. 2019-10-12.
24. News: Turkey's Syria offensive an 'invasion': Arab League secretary general. 2019-10-12. Reuters. 2019-10-12. en.
25. Web site: EU concerned at new migrant wave from Turkish operation in Syria. France 24. 8 October 2019. 9 October 2019.
26. Web site: 9 October 2019. Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on recent developments in north-east Syria.
27. News: Tusk says Erdogan's threats of flooding Europe with refugees 'totally out of place'. 11 October 2019. www.reuters.com. Reuters.
28. News: EU sanctions against Turkey 'on the table'.. Politico. 11 October 2019.
29. News: Furious with Turkey, EU threatens sanctions, arms embargo. Reuters. 11 October 2019.
30. Web site: EU countries stop short of arms embargo for Turkey - Turkey News. Hürriyet Daily News. 14 October 2019 . en. 2019-10-14.
31. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_169485.htm?selectedLocale=en by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the joint press point with the President of the Council of Ministers of Italy, Giuseppe Conte
32. Web site: Turkic Council supports Turkey's anti-terror operation.
33. Web site: Türk Konseyi Liderler Zirvesi'nden ortak 'Barış Pınarı' bildirisi. 15 October 2019. CNN TÜRK. 12 June 2023.
34. News: U.N. calls for protecting civilians in northeast Syria. 7 October 2019. www.reuters.com. Reuters.
35. Web site: UN chief 'concerned' over Turkish offensive in Syria. 11 October 2019. Deccan Herald.
36. Web site: De-escalation of Turkish military operation in northern Syria 'absolutely essential'. 10 October 2019. UN News.
37. Web site: US, Russia veto UN Security Council statement on Turkey's op in Syria . . 22 October 2019 . 10 October 2019.
38. Web site: Algeria voices rejection to Turkish military operation in Syria - Xinhua | English.news.cn. https://web.archive.org/web/20191010145941/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/10/c_138461344.htm. dead. 10 October 2019. www.xinhuanet.com.
39. Web site: Statement by the MFA of Armenia on the military invasion by Turkey in the north-eastern Syria. www.mfa.am. hy. 2019-10-10.
40. Web site: Armenia condemns Turkey's invasion in Syria, says PM. armenpress.am. en. 2019-10-11.
41. Web site: EU condemns Turkey's military action, stops short of common arms embargo. Brzozowski. Alexandra. 2019-10-14. www.euractiv.com. en-GB. 2019-10-14.
42. Web site: World reacts to Turkey's military operation in northeast Syria . Al Jazeera . 10 October 2019 . en . 10 October 2019.
43. Web site: Morrison condemns Turkey over Syria invasion. 10 October 2019.
44. News: Azerbaijani MFA released statement on military operations conducted by Turkey Army in Northern Syria . apa.az . 11 October 2019.
45. Web site: Didier Reynders condemns the Turkish operation in Northeast Syria. 2019-10-09. Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs. en. 2019-10-11.
46. Web site: Turkey's Syria offensive: Bulgarian PM to urge Brussels to stop criticism of Ankara. 2019-10-12.
47. Web site: Borissov: "Many Times, when Europe Has Resented Erdogan, I Was the Only One to Go There".
48. News: Bulgaria calls for Turkey to halt military operation in Syria. Reuters. 15 October 2019.
49. News: Canada condemns Turkey's military action against Kurdish forces . Reuters . 9 October 2019.
50. Web site: Canada suspends new arms sales to Turkey. AFP. www.timesofisrael.com. en-US. 2019-10-16.
51. Web site: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on October 10, 2019 – Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. www.china-embassy.org. 2019-10-10.
52. Web site: Ambassador: Cuba condemns any aggression which targets Syria's sovereignty. m.eyon. 2019-10-10. Syrian Arab News Agency. en-US. 2019-10-11.
53. Web site: Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus on the Turkish invasion of Syria . www.pio.gov.cy . 10 October 2019 . en.
54. News: Statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tomáš Petříček on the Turkish Offensive in Northern Syria . 9 October 2019 . mzv.cz . 9 October 2019 . 1 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201143758/https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/en/issues_and_press/mfa_statements/x2019_10_09_statement_of_the_minister_of_foreign.html . dead .
55. Web site: Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates. www.aljazeera.com. 2019-10-14.
56. News: Danmark har fordømt Tyrkiets offensiv i Syrien over for ambassadør . 10 October 2019 . jyllands-posten.dk . 10 October 2019.
57. News: Reinsalu: me ei loobu Erdogani ähvarduste pärast oma põhimõtetest . 11 October 2019 . ERR . 10 October 2019 . et.
58. Web site: Suomi tuomitsee Turkin hyökkäyksen Syyriaan – asevientiluvat Turkkiin jäädytetään. 2019-10-09. YLE. fi. 2019-10-10.
59. News: France says Turkey operation jeopardises security and humanitarian efforts. 9 October 2019. Reuters.
60. Web site: UN Security Council to Discuss Turkey's Offensive Against Kurds. VOA News. 10 October 2019. VOA.
61. Web site: Macron: Turkey's offensive in Syria helping ISIS build caliphate. Cristina Abellan. Matamoros. 10 October 2019. euronews.
62. Web site: Germany, France to curb arms sales to Turkey over Syria operation. Baume. Maïa de La. 2019-10-12. POLITICO. 2019-10-13.
63. News: Furious with Turkey, EU threatens sanctions, arms embargo. 2019-10-11. Reuters. 2019-10-13. en.
64. News: Turkish Military Operation in Syria Complicates Georgia's Foreign Policy . Eurasia Daily Monitor . 23 October 2019.
65. Web site: Foreign Minister Maas on the Turkish offensive in north-eastern Syria. Amt. Auswärtiges. German Federal Foreign Office. en. 2019-10-12.
66. Web site: Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates | Syria News | al Jazeera.
67. News: Dendias: Turkey in Syria is making a big mistake (original: Δένδιας: Η Τουρκία στη Συρία κάνει μεγάλο λάθος). Eleutheros Typos. 10 October 2019. 10 October 2019.
68. News: Ankara Lambastes Against Greek UN Representative - Speaks of Srebrenica (original: Πυρά της Άγκυρας κατά του Έλληνα εκπροσώπου του ΟΗΕ - Μίλησε για Σρεμπρένιτσα) . Skai. 11 October 2019. 11 October 2019.
69. News: Turkish Foreign Ministry lambasts against Greek UN official (original: Επίθεση του τουρκικού ΥΠΕΞ κατά Έλληνα αξιωματούχου του ΟΗΕ) . Eleutheros Typos. 11 October 2019. 11 October 2019.
70. News: Lovas . Gergö . Spiegel: Hungarian veto delays EU warning to Turkey against invading Syria. 10 October 2019 . Index.hu . 9 October 2019.
71. News: Macaristan AB'nin Türkiye bildirisini veto etti . 10 October 2019 . Finans Gündem . 10 October 2019.
72. Web site: Hungary Reportedly Opposed EU Declaration on Turkey At First. 2019-10-10. Hungary Today. en. 2019-10-11.
73. Web site: Hungarian minister appears to endorse Turkish incursion into Syria. 15 October 2019.
74. News: Türkiye'nin Suriye operasyonuna hangi ülkeler karşı çıkıyor, kimler destek veriyor? . 13 October 2019 . Euronews Türkçe . 12 October 2019.
75. News: Szijjártó: A szíriai offenzíva magyar nemzeti érdek . Renyi Pal . Daniel . 15 October 2019 . 444.hu . 15 October 2019.
76. Web site: Hungary to cooperate with Turkey over Syria safe zone. www.aa.com.tr. 12 June 2023.
77. Web site: Turkey's Erdoğan booed by crowd in Budapest over Syria incursion. 7 November 2019.
78. Web site: Iceland criticises the Turkish military offensive in Syria . Government of Iceland . 10 October 2019.
79. News: India slams Turkey for its 'unilateral military offensive' in northeast Syria India News – Times of India . 10 October 2019 . The Times of India . en.
80. Web site: Iran opposes military action in Syria, Zarif tells Turkey. www.timesofisrael.com.
81. Web site: Turkey-Syria border: All the latest updates. aljazeera.com.
82. 1182008431319928832 . BarhamSalih . Turkey's military incursion into Syria is a grave escalation; will cause untold humanitarian suffering, empower terrorist groups. The world must unite to avert a catastrophe, promote political resolution to the rights of all Syrians, including Kurds, to peace, dignity & security . 2019-10-09 . 2019-10-09 . en . Salih . Barham.
83. Web site: October – Tánaiste's statement on situation in north-eastern Syria – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . www.dfa.ie . 10 October 2019 . en.
84. News: Netanyahu Warns Against Turkey's Ethnic Cleansing of 'Gallant Kurds'; Vows to Assist . Haaretz. 10 October 2019.
85. News: Turkish operation in Syria is 'unacceptable': Italian foreign minister. 10 October 2019. www.reuters.com. Reuters.
86. Web site: Italy to block arms exports to Turkey - Di Maio - English. 2019-10-14. ANSA.it. en. 2019-10-14.
87. Web site: Countries unite to oppose Turkey's Syria operation. NBC News. 10 October 2019 . en. 2019-10-11.
88. News: Jordan calls on Turkey to stop attack on Syria – Xinhua English.news.cn . https://web.archive.org/web/20191010124718/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/10/c_138461244.htm . dead . 10 October 2019 . 10 October 2019 . www.xinhuanet.com.
89. Web site: تشرفت بتمثيل #الأردن في الجلسة غير العادية للجامعة العربية لبحث العدوان التركي على #سوريا. -المملكة تدين أي عدوان على سوريا ونطالب تركيا وقف هجومها -يجب تفعيل الدور العربي لحل الأزمة ورفع المعاناة عن الشعب السوري العربي الأصيل -الأزمة أضعفت عالمنا العربي وقوضت أمننا الجماعيpic.twitter.com/yzDbskGc88. Safadi. Ayman. 2019-10-12. @AymanHsafadi. ar. 2019-10-13.
90. Web site: Very disturbing news on #urkey launching military operation in Northeast of Syria . 9 October 2019 . en . 9 October 2019.
91. News: Lebanon condemns Turkey operation in Syria . 10 October 2019 . www.dailystar.com.lb . 30 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210430001817/https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2019/Oct-09/493190-lebanon-condemns-turkey-operation-in-syria.ashx . dead .
92. Web site: Somali, Katar ve Libya Türkiye'yi kınayan bildiriyi imzalamadı!. 2019-10-12.
93. Web site: The military intervention initiated in Syria today is a stark reminder of importance of enforcing international law on the use of force. . 12 October 2019.
94. Web site: Closely following worrying developments in Northeastern Syria. . 11 October 2019 . en . 9 October 2019.
95. Web site: FM Jean Asselborn calls upon Turkey to cease its unilateral military action in north-east Syria . 10 October 2019.
96. News: Dutch MPs call for action against Turkey after offensive, ministers condemn attacks. 10 October 2019. Dutch News.
97. News: Turkey may have targeted US forces with artillery in Syria, coalition source claims. Ensor. Josie. 2019-10-11. The Telegraph. 2019-10-13. Allen. Nick. en-GB. 0307-1235.
98. News: New Zealand deeply concerned at developments in north-east Syria . 15 October 2019 . New Zealand Government . 15 October 2019 . en.
99. Web site: Deeply dismayed by unilateral Turkish military action in NE #Syria and call on Turkey to cease operation. . 10 October 2019.
100. News: Norge ber Tyrkia vise tilbakeholdenhet . 10 October 2019 . www.abcnyheter.no . 9 October 2019 . no.
101. Web site: Nato ally Norway suspends new arms exports to Turkey. 11 October 2019. www.thelocal.no.
102. Web site: India expresses 'deep concern' over Turkish invasion of northern Syria; Pak lauds Ankara's 'positive role'. WION. 10 October 2019 .
103. Web site: Pakistan appreciates Turkey's positive role in Syria. www.aa.com.tr.
104. Web site: PM Imran telephones Erdogan, assures full support to Turkey. TheNews. 2019-10-11.
105. Web site: PM Imran assures Erdogan of Pakistan's support, solidarity over Turkey's Syria operation. Dawn. 2019-10-11.
106. Web site: Turkey thanks Palestine for Arab League non-signature. www.aa.com.tr. 12 June 2023.
107. Web site: Fatah official slams Turkish military operation in northern Syria - Xinhua | English.news.cn. https://web.archive.org/web/20201206075824/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/10/c_138461687.htm. dead. 6 December 2020.
108. Web site: Statement on the escalation of the situation in northeastern Syria – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland – Gov.pl website . Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland . 10 October 2019.
109. Web site: MFA Communique on UN Security Council meeting on Turkey's military operation in Syria - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland - Gov.pl website. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland. en-GB. 2019-10-13.
110. Web site: Turkey, Qatar defense ministers discuss Turkish operation in Syria - Xinhua | English.news.cn. https://web.archive.org/web/20191010164900/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/10/c_138461609.htm. dead. 10 October 2019. www.xinhuanet.com.
111. Web site: Turkey's anti-terror push 'not a crime': Qatar.
112. News: Explainer: Turkish operation may redraw map of Syrian war once again. 9 October 2019. www.reuters.com. Reuters.
113. News: Putin calls for foreign militaries to leave Syria . The Hill . 12 October 2019.
114. News: US delegation to press Turkey for Syrian ceasefire. Financial Times. 16 October 2019. Sevastopulo. Demetri. Williams. Aime. Pitel. Laura. Foy. Henry.
115. News: Hubbard. Ben. Troianovski. Anton. Anton Troianovski. Gall. Carlotta. Kingsley. Patrick. 15 October 2019. In Syria, Russia is Pleased to Fill an American Void. The New York Times. Dohuk. limited.
116. Web site: Russia accuses US of creating 'quasi-state' in Syria - World News. 13 November 2019 .
117. News: Siria: a Belgrado San Marino vota per lo stop all'intervento turco . 15 October 2019 . San Marino Rtv . 15 October 2019 . it.
118. 1182009235846107136 . KSAmofaEN .
     1. KSA pointed out that the seriousness of this aggression on northeastern Syria has negative repercussions on the security and stability of the region, especially undermining the int'l efforts in combating ISIS organization.
     . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . 2019-10-09 . 2019-10-09 . en.
119. Web site: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt condemn Turkey's aggression on Syria . english.alarabiya.net . 9 October 2019 . en.
120. News: MFA on Turkish military operation in north-east Syria . 10 October 2019 . 10 October 2019 . en . 10 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191010133638/https://www.gov.si/en/news/2019-10-10-mfa-on-turkish-military-operation-in-north-east-syria/ . dead .
121. 1181260838369452034 . AnnLinde . Kurdernas insatser för att besegra Daesh och förhindra spridningen av terrorism i regionen har varit centralt. Att Turkiet nu hotar att inleda en militär operation i det kurdiskt dominerade Norra Syrien är ett hot inte bara mot dem som lever där utan mot hela regionen. . Ann Linde . Ann Linde . 7 October 2019 . 9 October 2019 . sv . The Kurds' efforts to defeat Daesh and prevent the spread of terrorism in the region have been central. Turkey's threat to launch a military operation in Kurdish-dominated northern Syria is a threat not only to those living there but to the entire region..
122. 1182215529538437120 . AnnLinde . Vi fördömer den turkiska offensiven i nordöstra Syrien. Den strider mot folkrätten, destabiliserar läget på marken och riskerar att få stora humanitära konsekvenser, inte minst för kurderna. FN:s säkerhetsråd måste omedelbart hantera frågan. . Ann Linde . Ann Linde . 10 October 2019 . 11 October 2019 . sv . We condemn the Turkish offensive in northeastern Syria. It violates international law, destabilizes the situation on the ground and risks having major humanitarian consequences, not least for the Kurds. The UN Security Council must deal with the matter immediately..
123. News: Bundesrat verurteilt türkische Intervention gegen Kurden . 2 November 2019 . nau.ch . de.
124. News: EU governments limit arms sales to Turkey but avoid embargo. 2019-10-14. Reuters. 2019-10-14. en.
125. Web site: UK, Spain Suspend Arms Exports to Turkey Over Syria Offensive. Voice of America. 15 October 2019 . en. 2019-10-15.
126. Web site: La Tunisie sollicite un arrêt immédiat de l'opération militaire turque dans le nord-est de la Syrie - Xinhua Actualités Chine & Afrique. french.xinhuanet.com. 2019-10-11.
127. Web site: Comment by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine regarding the beginning by Turkey of military operation in North Eastern Syria. 10 October 2019. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
128. Prime Minister's Office, PM call with President Trump: 9 October 2019, accessed 10 October 2019
129. Web site: Turkish unilateral military action in north east Syria: UK government statement. GOV.UK. en. 2019-10-11.
130. Web site: UK suspends arms exports to Turkey over 'reckless' Syria offensive. agencies. The New Arab &. alaraby. 15 October 2019. en. 2019-10-15.
131. News: Turkey unleashes airstrikes against Kurds in north-east Syria. Bethan McKernan Julian Borger in. Washington. Dan. Sabbaghdefence. security. editor. 9 October 2019. www.theguardian.com. The Guardian.
132. News: Blake . Aaron . 'They didn't help us with Normandy': Trump abandons the Kurds — rhetorically if not literally . 10 October 2019 . . 10 October 2019.
133. News: Singh . Maanvi . Trump defends Syria decision by saying Kurds 'didn't help us with Normandy' . 10 October 2019 . . 9 October 2019.
134. News: Rogin . Ali . Turkey had 'legitimate security concern' in attacking Syrian Kurds, Pompeo says . 10 October 2019 . . 9 October 2019.
135. News: Lindsey Graham turns on Trump over 'disaster' Syria move . The Independent . 7 October 2019.
136. News: Graham, Van Hollen announce new Turkey sanctions . Vox . 9 October 2019.
137. News: U.S. House Republicans to seek sanctions on Turkey over Kurd offensive. 10 October 2019. Reuters.
138. News: Turkey-Syria offensive: US sanctions Turkish ministries. 15 October 2019. BBC.
139. News: US nuclear bombs at Turkish airbase complicate rift over Syria invasion. Guardian. 14 October 2019.
140. Web site: Mustafa Akıncı'dan Barış Pınarı Operasyonu'yla ilgili şok sözler . Yenicaggazetesi. 13 October 2019. 13 October 2019.
141. Web site: Furious Erdogan at Akinci: "He should learn his limits" (original: Οργή Ερντογάν για Ακιντζί: "Να μάθει τα όριά του"). Ta Nea. 13 October 2019. 13 October 2019.
142. Web site: Turkey's VP condemns Turkish Cypriot leader over Syria op. Anadolu Agency. 13 October 2019. 13 October 2019.
143. Web site: KKTC'den Barış Pınarı Harekatı'na destek. www.trthaber.com. 9 October 2019. 13 October 2019.
144. Web site: Turkish Cypriots 'fully' back Turkey on terror fight - Turkey News. 17 October 2019 .
145. Web site: Minister-president Jambon wil Europese economische sancties tegen Turkije. Het Laatste Nieuws. 2023-11-17. 2019-10-10. nl.
146. News: KRG Statement on developments in Northeastern Syria . 9 October 2019 . Kurdistan Regional Government . en.
147. Web site: Rudaw News . 14 October 2019 . 30 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210430020741/https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/08102019 . dead .
148. Web site: نێچیرڤان بارزانی: من له‌ په‌یوه‌ندی به‌رده‌وامم له‌گه‌ڵ جه‌نه‌راڵ مه‌زڵوم كوبانێ. 12 June 2023.
149. Web site: Official Report. 2014-01-24. www.parliament.scot. 2019-10-11.
150. Web site: Syria: Turkish military offensive risks a humanitarian catastrophe. Amnesty International. October 2019 . 2019-10-11.
151. Web site: Genocide Alerts. Genocide Watch. October 2019 . 2019-10-09.
152. Web site: Turkey/Syria: Civilians at Risk in Syria Operation . 11 October 2019 . Human Rights Watch.
153. Web site: Turkey's 'Safe Zone' Would Be Anything But . 11 October 2019 . Human Rights Watch.
154. Web site: IRC reacts to start of Turkish military operations in northeast Syria - concerned for welfare of millions of civilians. 9 October 2019. International Rescue Committee (IRC).
155. Web site: Syria: Turkish military operation causes mass displacement and hospital closure. 11 October 2019. www.msf.org.uk.
156. Web site: Turkish military operation results in displacement and hospital closure in Syria. 10 October 2019. www.irishexaminer.com.
157. Web site: Hamas: Turkey has right to remove threats along borders. www.aa.com.tr. 12 June 2023.
158. Web site: Turkish lira weakens after Turkey launches Syria ground assault. 10 October 2019. www.reuters.com.
159. Web site: Borsa, 5 bin puan geri çekildi. 14 October 2019. 15 October 2019. 28 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428023756/https://www.dunya.com/finans/haberler/borsa-5-bin-puan-geri-cekildi-haberi-455236. dead.
160. Web site: Turkish lira rises as markets don't take Trump's tariff threats seriously. CNBC. 15 October 2019.
161. Web site: PİYASALAR - BIST100 yüzde 1.71 artışla başladı, dolar 5,86 lirada - Son Dakika haberleri. 15 October 2019 .
162. News: Turkish lira firms nearly 1% against dollar after Turkey-U.S. Deal on Syria. Reuters. 18 October 2019.
163. Web site: Oil steady amid military action in Syria, rising crude inventories. 8 October 2019. www.cnbc.com.