React (JavaScript library) explained

React
Author:Jordan Walke
Developer:Meta and community
Released:[1]
Ver Layout:stacked
Latest Preview Version:19.0- beta
Latest Preview Date:[2]
Programming Language:JavaScript
Platform:Web platform
Genre:JavaScript library
License:MIT License

React (also known as React.js or ReactJS) is a free and open-source front-end JavaScript library[3] [4] for building user interfaces based on components by Facebook Inc. It is maintained by Meta (formerly Facebook) and a community of individual developers and companies.[5] [6] [7]

React can be used to develop single-page, mobile, or server-rendered applications with frameworks like Next.js. Because React is only concerned with the user interface and rendering components to the DOM, React applications often rely on libraries for routing and other client-side functionality. A key advantage of React is that it only rerenders those parts of the page that have changed, avoiding unnecessary rerendering of unchanged DOM elements. It was first launched on 29 May 2013.

Notable features

Declarative

React adheres to the declarative programming paradigm. Developers design views for each state of an application, and React updates and renders components when data changes. This is in contrast with imperative programming.

Components

React code is made of entities called components. These components are modular and reusable. React applications typically consist of many layers of components. The components are rendered to a root element in the DOM using the React DOM library. When rendering a component, values are passed between components through props (short for "properties"). Values internal to a component are called its state.[8]

The two primary ways of declaring components in React are through function components and class components.

Function components

Function components are declared with a function (using JavaScript function syntax or an arrow function expression) that accepts a single "props" argument and returns JSX. From React v16.8 onwards, function components can use state with the useState Hook.

React Hooks

On February 16, 2019, React 16.8 was released to the public, introducing React Hooks.[9] Hooks are functions that let developers "hook into" React state and lifecycle features from function components.[10] Notably, Hooks do not work inside classes — they let developers use more features of React without classes.[11]

React provides several built-in hooks such as useState,[12] useContext,[13] useReducer,[13] useMemo[13] and useEffect.[14] Others are documented in the Hooks API Reference.[15] useState and useEffect, which are the most commonly used, are for controlling state and side effects, respectively.

Rules of hooks

There are two rules of hooks[16] which describe the characteristic code patterns that hooks rely on:

  1. "Only call hooks at the top level" — don't call hooks from inside loops, conditions, or nested statements so that the hooks are called in the same order each render.
  2. "Only call hooks from React functions" — don't call hooks from plain JavaScript functions so that stateful logic stays with the component.

Although these rules can't be enforced at runtime, code analysis tools such as linters can be configured to detect many mistakes during development. The rules apply to both usage of Hooks and the implementation of custom Hooks,[17] which may call other Hooks.

Server components

React server components or "RSC"s[18] are function components that run exclusively on the server. The concept was first introduced in the talk Data Fetching with Server Components Though a similar concept to Server Side Rendering, RSCs do not send corresponding JavaScript to the client as no hydration occurs. As a result, they have no access to hooks. However, they may be asynchronous function, allowing them to directly perform asynchronous operations:

async function MyComponent

Currently, server components are most readily usable with Next.js.

Class components

Class components are declared using ES6 classes. They behave the same way that function components do, but instead of using Hooks to manage state and lifecycle events, they use the lifecycle methods on the React.Component base class.class ParentComponent extends React.Component The introduction of React Hooks with React 16.8 in February 2019 allowed developers to manage state and lifecycle behaviors within functional components, reducing the reliance on class components.

This trend aligns with the broader industry movement towards functional programming and modular design. As React continues to evolve, it's essential for developers to consider the benefits of functional components and React Hooks when building new applications or refactoring existing ones.[19]

Routing

React itself does not come with built-in support for routing. React is primarily a library for building user interfaces, and it doesn't include a full-fledged routing solution out of the box. Third-party libraries can be used to handle routing in React applications.[20] It allows the developer to define routes, manage navigation, and handle URL changes in a React-friendly way.

Virtual DOM

Another notable feature is the use of a virtual Document Object Model, or Virtual DOM. React creates an in-memory data-structure cache, computes the resulting differences, and then updates the browser's displayed DOM efficiently.[21] This process is called reconciliation. This allows the programmer to write code as if the entire page is rendered on each change, while React only renders the components that actually change. This selective rendering provides a major performance boost.[22]

Updates

When ReactDOM.render[23] is called again for the same component and target, React represents the new UI state in the Virtual DOM and determines which parts (if any) of the living DOM needs to change.[24]

Lifecycle methods

Lifecycle methods for class-based components use a form of hooking that allows the execution of code at set points during a component's lifetime.

JSX

See main article: JSX. JSX, or JavaScript XML, is an extension to the JavaScript language syntax.[26] Similar in appearance to HTML, JSX provides a way to structure component rendering using syntax familiar to many developers. React components are typically written using JSX, although they do not have to be (components may also be written in pure JavaScript). JSX is similar to another extension syntax created by Facebook for PHP called XHP.

An example of JSX code:class App extends React.Component

Architecture beyond HTML

The basic architecture of React applies beyond rendering HTML in the browser. For example, Facebook has dynamic charts that render to <nowiki><canvas></nowiki> tags,[27] and Netflix and PayPal use universal loading to render identical HTML on both the server and client.[28] [29]

Server-side rendering

Server-side rendering (SSR) refers to the process of rendering a client-side JavaScript application on the server, rather than in the browser. This can improve the performance of the application, especially for users on slower connections or devices.

With SSR, the initial HTML that is sent to the client includes the fully rendered UI of the application. This allows the client's browser to display the UI immediately, rather than having to wait for the JavaScript to download and execute before rendering the UI.

React supports SSR, which allows developers to render React components on the server and send the resulting HTML to the client. This can be useful for improving the performance of the application, as well as for search engine optimization purposes.

Common idioms

React does not attempt to provide a complete application library. It is designed specifically for building user interfaces and therefore does not include many of the tools some developers might consider necessary to build an application. This allows the choice of whichever libraries the developer prefers to accomplish tasks such as performing network access or local data storage. Common patterns of usage have emerged as the library matures.

Unidirectional data flow

To support React's concept of unidirectional data flow (which might be contrasted with AngularJS's bidirectional flow), the Flux architecture was developed as an alternative to the popular model–view–controller architecture. Flux features actions which are sent through a central dispatcher to a store, and changes to the store are propagated back to the view.[30] When used with React, this propagation is accomplished through component properties. Since its conception, Flux has been superseded by libraries such as Redux and MobX.[31]

Flux can be considered a variant of the observer pattern.[32]

A React component under the Flux architecture should not directly modify any props passed to it, but should be passed callback functions that create actions which are sent by the dispatcher to modify the store. The action is an object whose responsibility is to describe what has taken place: for example, an action describing one user "following" another might contain a user id, a target user id, and the type USER_FOLLOWED_ANOTHER_USER.[33] The stores, which can be thought of as models, can alter themselves in response to actions received from the dispatcher.

This pattern is sometimes expressed as "properties flow down, actions flow up". Many implementations of Flux have been created since its inception, perhaps the most well-known being Redux, which features a single store, often called a single source of truth.[34]

In February 2019, useReducer was introduced as a React hook in the 16.8 release. It provides an API that is consistent with Redux, enabling developers to create Redux-like stores that are local to component states.[35]

Future development

Project status can be tracked via the core team discussion forum.[36] However, major changes to React go through the Future of React repository issues and pull requests.[37] [38] This enables the React community to provide feedback on new potential features, experimental APIs and JavaScript syntax improvements.

History

React was created by Jordan Walke, a software engineer at Meta, who initially developed a prototype called "F-Bolt"[39] before later renaming it to "FaxJS". This early version is documented in Jordan Walke's GitHub repository. Influences for the project included XHP, an HTML component library for PHP.

React was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011 and subsequently integrated into Instagram in 2012 . In May 2013, at JSConf US, the project was officially open-sourced, marking a significant turning point in its adoption and growth.

React Native, which enables native Android, iOS, and UWP development with React, was announced at Facebook's React Conf in February 2015 and open-sourced in March 2015.

On April 18, 2017, Facebook announced React Fiber, a new set of internal algorithms for rendering, as opposed to React's old rendering algorithm, Stack. React Fiber was to become the foundation of any future improvements and feature development of the React library.[40] The actual syntax for programming with React does not change; only the way that the syntax is executed has changed.[41] React's old rendering system, Stack, was developed at a time when the focus of the system on dynamic change was not understood. Stack was slow to draw complex animation, for example, trying to accomplish all of it in one chunk. Fiber breaks down animation into segments that can be spread out over multiple frames. Likewise, the structure of a page can be broken into segments that may be maintained and updated separately. JavaScript functions and virtual DOM objects are called "fibers", and each can be operated and updated separately, allowing for smoother on-screen rendering.[42]

On September 26, 2017, React 16.0 was released to the public.[43]

On August 10, 2020, the React team announced the first release candidate for React v17.0, notable as the first major release without major changes to the React developer-facing API.[44]

On March 29, 2022, React 18 was released which introduced a new concurrent renderer, automatic batching and support for server side rendering with Suspense.

Versions
VersionRelease DateChanges
0.3.029 May 2013Initial Public Release
0.4.020 July 2013Support for comment nodes, Improved server-side rendering APIs, Removed React.autoBind, Support for the key prop, Improvements to forms, Fixed bugs.
0.5.020 October 2013Improve Memory usage, Support for Selection and Composition events, Support for getInitialState and getDefaultProps in mixins, Added React.version and React.isValidClass, Improved compatibility for Windows.
0.8.020 December 2013Added support for rows & cols, defer & async, loop for &, autoCorrect attributes. Added onContextMenu events, Upgraded jstransform and esprima-fb tools, Upgraded browserify.
0.9.020 February 2014Added support for crossOrigin, download and hrefLang, mediaGroup and muted, sandbox, seamless, and srcDoc, scope attributes, Added any, arrayOf, component, oneOfType, renderable, shape to React.PropTypes, Added support for onMouseOver and onMouseOut event, Added support for onLoad and onError on elements.
0.10.021 March 2014Added support for srcSet and textAnchor attributes, add update function for immutable data, Ensure all void elements don't insert a closing tag.
0.11.017 July 2014Improved SVG support, Normalized e.view event, Update $apply command, Added support for namespaces, Added new transformWithDetails API, includes pre-built packages under dist/, MyComponent now returns a descriptor, not an instance.
0.12.021 November 2014Added new features Spread operator introduced to deprecate this.transferPropsTo, Added support for acceptCharset, classID, manifest HTML attributes, React.addons.batchedUpdates added to API, @jsx React.DOM no longer required, Fixed issues with CSS Transitions.
0.13.010 March 2015Deprecated patterns that warned in 0.12 no longer work, ref resolution order has changed, Removed properties this._pendingState and this._rootNodeID, Support ES6 classes, Added API React.findDOMNode(component), Support for iterators and immutable-js sequences, Added new features React.addons.createFragment, deprecated React.addons.classSet.
0.14.129 October 2015Added support for srcLang, default, kind attributes, and color attribute, Ensured legacy .props access on DOM nodes, Fixed scryRenderedDOMComponentsWithClass, Added react-dom.js.
15.0.07 April 2016Initial render now uses document.createElement instead of generating HTML, No more extra s, Improved SVG support, is opaque, New deprecations introduced with a warning, Fixed multiple small memory leaks, React DOM now supports the cite and profile HTML attributes and cssFloat, gridRow and gridColumn CSS properties.
15.1.020 May 2016Fix a batching bug, Ensure use of the latest object-assign, Fix regression, Remove use of merge utility, Renamed some modules.
15.2.01 July 2016Include component stack information, Stop validating props at mount time, Add React.PropTypes.symbol, Add onLoad handling to and onError handling to element, Add API, Fix performance regression.
15.3.030 July 2016Add React.PureComponent, Fix issue with nested server rendering, Add xmlns, xmlnsXlink to support SVG attributes and referrerPolicy to HTML attributes, updates React Perf Add-on, Fixed issue with ref.
15.3.119 August 2016Improve performance of development builds, Cleanup internal hooks, Upgrade fbjs, Improve startup time of React, Fix memory leak in server rendering, fix React Test Renderer, Change trackedTouchCount invariant into a console.error.
15.4.016 November 2016React package and browser build no longer includes React DOM, Improved development performance, Fixed occasional test failures, update batchedUpdates API, React Perf, and .
15.4.123 November 2016Restructure variable assignment, Fixed event handling, Fixed compatibility of browser build with AMD environments.
15.4.26 January 2017Fixed build issues, Added missing package dependencies, Improved error messages.
15.5.07 April 2017Added react-dom/test-utils, Removed peerDependencies, Fixed issue with Closure Compiler, Added a deprecation warning for React.createClass and React.PropTypes, Fixed Chrome bug.
15.5.411 April 2017Fix compatibility with Enzyme by exposing batchedUpdates on shallow renderer, Update version of prop-types, Fix react-addons-create-fragment package to include loose-envify transform.
15.6.013 June 2017Add support for CSS variables in style attribute and Grid style properties, Fix AMD support for addons depending on react, Remove unnecessary dependency, Add a deprecation warning for React.createClass and React.DOM factory helpers.
16.0.026 September 2017Improved error handling with introduction of "error boundaries", React DOM allows passing non-standard attributes, Minor changes to setState behavior, remove react-with-addons.js build, Add React.createClass as create-react-class, React.PropTypes as prop-types, React.DOM as react-dom-factories, changes to the behavior of scheduling and lifecycle methods.
16.1.09 November 2017Discontinuing Bower Releases, Fix an accidental extra global variable in the UMD builds, Fix onMouseEnter and onMouseLeave firing, Fix