Ravi Shankar Explained

Honorific Prefix:Pandit
Birth Name:Ravindra Shankar Chowdhury
Birth Date:7 April 1920
Birth Place:Benares, Benares State, British India
Death Place:San Diego, California, U.S.
Module2:
Embed:yes
Genre:Indian classical music
Years Active:1930–2012
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Office:Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
Termstart1:12 May 1986
Termend1:11 May 1992

Ravi Shankar (in Bengali pronounced as /ˈrobi ˈʃɔŋkor/; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury,[1] sometimes spelled as Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury; 7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was an Indian sitarist and composer. A sitar virtuoso, he became the world's best-known expert of North Indian classical music in the second half of the 20th century,[2] and influenced many musicians in India and throughout the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999.

Shankar was born to a Bengali family[3] [4] in India,[5] and spent his youth as a dancer touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. At age 18, he gave up dancing to pursue a career in music, studying the sitar for seven years under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score for scoring the blockbuster Gandhi (1982).

In 1956, Shankar began to tour Europe and the Americas playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and Beatles guitarist George Harrison. His influence on Harrison helped popularize the use of Indian instruments in Western pop music in the latter half of the 1960s. Shankar engaged Western music by writing compositions for sitar and orchestra and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, he served as a nominated member of Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. He continued to perform until the end of his life. He was a recipient of numerous prestigious musical accolades, including a Polar Music Prize and four Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year for The Concert for Bangladesh in 1973.

Early life

Shankar was born on 7 April 1920 in Benares (now Varanasi), then the capital of the eponymous princely state, in a Bengali Hindu family, as the youngest of seven brothers.[6] [7] [8] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a Middle Temple barrister and scholar who originally from Jessore district, East Bengal (now Bangladesh). A respected statesman, lawyer and politician, he served for several years as dewan (Prime Minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, and used the Sanskrit spelling of the family name and removed its last part.[9] Shyam was married to Hemangini Devi who hailed from a small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district, near Benares and her father was a prosperous landlord. Shyam later worked as a lawyer in London, England, and there he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Benares and did not meet his son until he was eight years old.

Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun". Shankar had five siblings: Uday (who became a choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended the Bengalitola High School in Benares between 1927 and 1928.[10]

At the age of 10, after spending his first decade in Benares, Shankar went to Paris with the dance group of his brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.[11] [12] By the age of 13 he had become a member of the group, accompanied its members on tour and learned to dance, and play various Indian instruments. Uday's dance group travelled Europe and the United States in the early to mid-1930s and Shankar learned French, discovered Western classical music, jazz, cinema and became acquainted with Western customs.[13] Shankar heard Allauddin Khan – the lead musician at the court of the princely state of Maihar – play at a music conference in December 1934 in Calcutta, and Uday persuaded the Maharaja of Maihar H.H. Maharaja Brijnath singh Judev in 1935 to allow Khan to become his group's soloist for a tour of Europe. Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan on tour, and Khan offered Shankar training to become a serious musician under the condition that he abandon touring and come to Maihar.

Career

Training and work in India

Shankar's parents had died by the time he returned from the Europe tour, and touring the West had become difficult because of political conflicts that would lead to World War II.[14] Shankar gave up his dancing career in 1938 to go to Maihar and study Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his family in the traditional gurukul system. Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar had training on sitar and surbahar, learned ragas and the musical styles dhrupad, dhamar, and khyal, and was taught the techniques of the instruments rudra veena, rubab, and sursingar.[15] He often studied with Khan's children Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi. Shankar began to perform publicly on sitar in December 1939 and his debut performance was a jugalbandi (duet) with Ali Akbar Khan, who played the string instrument sarod.[16]

Shankar completed his training in 1944. He moved to Mumbai and joined the Indian People's Theatre Association, for whom he composed music for ballets in 1945 and 1946, Dharti Ke Lal, 1946.[17] Shankar recomposed the music for the popular song "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the age of 25.[18] [19] He began to record music for HMV India and worked as a music director for All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi, from February 1949 until January 1956. Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra at AIR and composed for it; in his compositions he combined Western and classical Indian instrumentation.[20] Beginning in the mid-1950s he composed the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, which became internationally acclaimed.[21] He was music director for several Hindi movies including Godaan and Anuradha.[22]

1956–1969: International performances

V. K. Narayana Menon, director of AIR Delhi, introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's first visit to India in 1952.[23] Shankar had performed as part of a cultural delegation in the Soviet Union in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in New York City for a demonstration of Indian classical music, sponsored by the Ford Foundation.[24] [25]

Shankar heard about the positive response Khan received and resigned from AIR in 1956 to tour the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.[26] He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian music, incorporating ragas from the South Indian Carnatic music in his performances, and recorded his first LP album Three Ragas in London, released in 1956. In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the United Nations and UNESCO music festival in Paris. From 1961, he toured Europe, the United States, and Australia, and became the first Indian to compose music for non-Indian films. Shankar founded the Kinnara School of Music in Mumbai in 1962.[27]

Shankar befriended Richard Bock, founder of World Pacific Records, on his first American tour and recorded most of his albums in the 1950s and 1960s for Bock's label. The Byrds recorded at the same studio and heard Shankar's music, which led them to incorporate some of its elements in theirs, introducing the genre to their friend George Harrison of the Beatles.[28] [29] In 1967, Shankar performed a well-received set at the Monterey Pop Festival.[30] [31] While complimentary of the talents of several of the rock artists at the festival, he said he was "horrified" to see Jimi Hendrix set fire to his guitar on stage:[32] "That was too much for me. In our culture, we have such respect for musical instruments, they are like part of God."[33] Shankar's live album from Monterey peaked at number 43 on Billboards pop LPs chart in the US, which remains the highest placing he achieved on that chart.[34]

Shankar won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance for West Meets East, a collaboration with Yehudi Menuhin.[35] [36] He opened a Western branch of the Kinnara School of Music in Los Angeles, in May 1967, and published an autobiography, My Music, My Life, in 1968. In 1968, he composed the score for the film Charly.

He performed at the Woodstock Festival in August 1969, and found he disliked the venue. In the late 1960s, Shankar distanced himself from the hippie movement and drug culture.[37] He explained during an interview:

1970–2012: International performances

In October 1970, Shankar became chair of the Department of Indian Music of the California Institute of the Arts after previously teaching at the City College of New York, the University of California, Los Angeles, and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the Ali Akbar College of Music.[38] In late 1970, the London Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to compose a concerto with sitar. Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra was performed with André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[39] Shankar performed at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, held at Madison Square Garden in New York. After the musicians had tuned up on stage for over a minute, the crowd of rock-music fans broke into applause, to which the amused Shankar responded, "If you like our tuning so much, I hope you will enjoy the playing more." which confused the audience. Still, the audience well received the subsequent performance.[40] Although interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s, the live album from the concert became one of the best-selling recordings to feature the genre and won Shankar a second Grammy Award.[41]

In November and December 1974, Shankar co-headlined a North American tour with George Harrison. The demanding schedule weakened his health, and he suffered a heart attack in Chicago, causing him to miss a portion of the tour.[42] Harrison, Shankar and members of the touring band visited the White House on invitation of John Gardner Ford, son of US president Gerald Ford. Shankar toured and taught for the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s and released his second concerto, Raga Mala, conducted by Zubin Mehta, in 1981.[43] [44] [45] Shankar was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Music Score for his work on the 1982 movie Gandhi.

He performed in Moscow in 1988,[46] with 140 musicians, including the Russian Folk Ensemble and members of the Moscow Philharmonic, along with his own group of Indian musicians.

He served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[47] Shankar composed the dance drama Ghanashyam in 1989. His liberal views on musical co-operation led him to contemporary composer Philip Glass, with whom he released an album, Passages, in 1990, in a project initiated by Peter Baumann of the band Tangerine Dream.

Because of the positive response to Shankar's 1996 career compilation In Celebration, Shankar wrote a second autobiography, Raga Mala.[48] He performed between 25 and 40 concerts every year during the late 1990s. Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar to play sitar and in 1997 became a Regents' Professor at University of California, San Diego.[49] [50]

He performed with Anoushka for the BBC in 1997 at the Symphony Hall in Birmingham, England.[51] In the 2000s, he won a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album for and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her father, Bapi: Love of My Life, in 2002.[52] After George Harrison's death in 2001, Shankar performed at the Concert for George, a celebration of Harrison's music staged at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 2002.[53]

In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert, but his 2011 tour included dates in the United Kingdom.[54] [55]

On 1 July 2010, at the Southbank Centre's Royal Festival Hall, London, England, Anoushka Shankar, on sitar, performed with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by David Murphy, which was billed the first Symphony by Ravi Shankar.

Collaboration with George Harrison

The Beatles' guitarist George Harrison, who was first introduced to Shankar's music by the American singers Roger McGuinn and David Crosby,[56] themselves big fans of Shankar, became influenced by Shankar's music. Harrison went on to help popularize Shankar and the use of Indian instruments in pop music throughout the 1960s.[57] [58] Olivia Harrison explains:

Harrison became interested in Indian classical music, bought a sitar and used it to record the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)".[59] In 1968, he went to India to take lessons from Shankar, some of which were captured on film.[60] This led to Indian music being used by other musicians and popularised the raga rock trend. As the sitar and Indian music grew in popularity, groups such as the Rolling Stones, the Animals and the Byrds began using it in some of their songs.[61] The influence even extended to blues musicians such as Michael Bloomfield, who created a raga-influenced improvisation number, "East-West" (Bloomfield scholars have cited its working title as "The Raga" when Bloomfield and his collaborator Nick Gravenites began to develop the idea) for the Butterfield Blues Band in 1966.

Harrison met Shankar in London in June 1966 and visited India later that year for six weeks to study sitar under Shankar in Srinagar.[62] [63] During the visit, a documentary film about Shankar named Raga was shot by Howard Worth and released in 1971.[64] [65] Shankar's association with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's popularity, and decades later Ken Hunt of AllMusic wrote that Shankar had become "the most famous Indian musician on the planet" by 1966.

George Harrison organized the charity Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, in which Shankar participated.[66] During the 1970s, Shankar and Harrison worked together again, recording Shankar Family & Friends in 1973 and touring North America the following year to a mixed response after Shankar had toured Europe with the Harrison-sponsored Music Festival from India.[67] Shankar wrote a second autobiography, Raga Mala, with Harrison as editor.

Style and contributions

Shankar developed a style distinct from that of his contemporaries and incorporated influences from rhythm practices of Carnatic music. His performances begin with solo alap, jor, and jhala (introduction and performances with pulse and rapid pulse) influenced by the slow and serious dhrupad genre, followed by a section with tabla accompaniment featuring compositions associated with the prevalent khyal style. Shankar often closed his performances with a piece inspired by the light-classical thumri genre.

Shankar has been considered one of the top sitar players of the second half of the 20th century. He popularised performing on the bass octave of the sitar for the alap section and became known for a distinctive playing style in the middle and high registers that used quick and short deviations of the playing string and his sound creation through stops and strikes on the main playing string. Narayana Menon of The New Grove Dictionary noted Shankar's fondness for rhythmic novelties, among them the use of unconventional rhythmic cycles.[68] Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued that Shankar's playing style was not widely adopted and that he was surpassed by other sitar players in the performance of melodic passages. Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for tabla playing in Hindustani classical music. Shankar promoted the jugalbandi duet concert style. Shankar introduced at least 31 new ragas, including Nat Bhairav,[69] Ahir Lalit, Rasiya, Yaman Manjh, Gunji Kanhara, Janasanmodini, Tilak Shyam, Bairagi,[69] Mohan Kauns, Manamanjari, Mishra Gara, Pancham Se Gara, Purvi Kalyan, Kameshwari, Gangeshwari, Rangeshwari, Parameshwari, Palas Kafi, Jogeshwari, Charu Kauns, Kaushik Todi, Bairagi Todi, Bhawani Bhairav, Sanjh Kalyan, Shailangi, Suranjani, Rajya Kalyan, Banjara, Piloo Banjara, Suvarna, Doga Kalyan, Nanda Dhwani, and Natacharuka (for Anoushka).[70] [71] In 2011, at a concert recorded and released in 2012 as Tenth Decade in Concert: Ravi Shankar Live in Escondido, Shankar introduced a new percussive sitar technique called Goonga Sitar, whereby the strings are muffled with a cloth.[72]

Awards

Indian government honours

Other governmental and academic honours

Arts awards

Other honours and tributes

Personal life and family

Shankar married Allauddin Khan's daughter Annapurna Devi (Roshanara Khan) in 1941 and their son, Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar, was born in 1942. He separated from Devi during 1962 and continued a relationship with dancer Kamala Shastri, a relationship that had begun in the late 1940s.[96]

An affair with Sue Jones, a New York concert producer, led to the birth of Norah Jones in 1979. He separated from Shastri in 1981 and lived with Jones until 1986.

He also entered an affair in 1978 with married tanpura player Sukanya Rajan, whom he had known since 1972, which led to the birth of their daughter Anoushka Shankar in 1981. In 1989, he married Sukanya Rajan at Chilkur Temple in Hyderabad.[97]

Shankar's son, Shubhendra, often accompanied him on tours.[98] He could play the sitar and surbahar, but elected not to pursue a solo career. Shubhendra died of pneumonia in 1992.

Ananda Shankar, the experimental fusion musician, is his nephew.

His daughter Norah Jones became a successful musician in the 2000s, winning eight Grammy Awards in 2003.[99]

His daughter Anoushka Shankar was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album in 2003. Anoushka and her father were both nominated for Best World Music Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards for separate albums.[100]

Shankar was a Hindu,[101] and a devotee of the Hindu god Hanuman. He was also an "ardent devotee" of the Bengali Hindu saint, Sri Anandamayi Ma. Shankar used to visit Anandamayi Ma frequently and performed for her on various occasions. Shankar wrote of his hometown, Benares (Varanasi), and his initial encounter with "Ma":

Varanasi is the eternal abode of Lord Shiva, and one of my favorite temples is that of Lord Hanuman, the monkey god. The city is also where one of the miracles that have happened in my life took place: I met Ma Anandamayi, a great spiritual soul. Seeing the beauty of her face and mind, I became her ardent devotee. Sitting at home now in Encinitas, in Southern California, at the age of 88, surrounded by the beautiful greens, multi-colored flowers, blue sky, clean air, and the Pacific Ocean, I often reminisce about all the wonderful places I have seen in the world. I cherish the memories of Paris, New York, and a few other places. But Varanasi seems to be etched in my heart![102]
Shankar was a vegetarian.[103] He wore a large diamond ring that he said was manifested by Sathya Sai Baba.[104] He lived with Sukanya in Encinitas, California.[105]

Shankar performed his final concert with daughter Anoushka on 4 November 2012 at the Terrace Theater in Long Beach, California.

Illness and death

On 9 December 2012, Shankar was admitted to Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, San Diego, California after complaining of breathing difficulties. He died on 11 December 2012 at around 16:30 PST after undergoing heart valve replacement surgery.[106] [107]

The Swara Samrat festival, organized on 5–6 January 2013 and dedicated to Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan, included performances by such musicians as Shivkumar Sharma, Birju Maharaj, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Zakir Hussain, and Girija Devi.[108]

Discography

See main article: Ravi Shankar discography.

See also: List of composers who created ragas.

Books

References

General sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lavezzoli . Peter . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . 2006 . . 978-0-8264-1815-9 . 48 .
  2. Encyclopedia: Ravi Shankar . Encyclopaedia Britannica . 30 July 2021 .
  3. Book: The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time. Britannica Educational Publishing. 1 October 2009. 224. 978-1-61530-056-3. October 2009. 11 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201011193740/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbucAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224. live.
  4. Book: Harmony 4. Vasudev Vasanthi. Pearson Education India. 2008. 121. 9788131725139. 16 August 2019. 11 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201011193740/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVoP8UyFrMUC&pg=PA121. live.
  5. Web site: Pandit Ravi Shankar. Cultural India. 15 May 2015. 10 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150410124256/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/classical-singers/ravi-shankar.html. dead.
  6. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 48.
  7. News: Hunt . Ken . [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=ravi-shankar-p3434/biography |pure_url=yes}} Ravi Shankar – Biography ]. AllMusic . 15 July 2009.
  8. Massey 1996, p. 159.
  9. Ghosh 1983, p. 7.
  10. Web site: Shankar, Ravi (Biography) . https://web.archive.org/web/20151006153100/http://www.designbluemanila.com/test/rmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/123 . dead . 6 October 2015 . Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation . 6 October 2015.
  11. Slawek 2001, pp. 202–203.
  12. Ghosh 1983, p. 55.
  13. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 50.
  14. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 51.
  15. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 52.
  16. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 53.
  17. Ghosh 1983, p. 57.
  18. Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164.
  19. Web site: Deb. Arunabha. Ravi Shankar: 10 interesting facts. Mint. 26 February 2009. 18 July 2009. 14 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090614145024/http://www.livemint.com/2009/02/26212701/Ravi-Shankar-10-interesting-f.html. live.
  20. Lavezzoli 2Ravi ShankarRavi ShankarRavi Shankar006, p. 56.
  21. Schickel. Richard. The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959). 12 February 2005. 14 October 2010. Time. 13 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101013113055/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953142_1953289,00.html. dead.
  22. News: A lesser known side of Ravi Shankar . https://web.archive.org/web/20121214055929/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/capital-closeup/2012/12/12/a-lesser-known-side-of-ravi-shankar/ . dead . 14 December 2012 . Hindustan Times . 12 December 2012 . 12 December 2012 .
  23. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 47.
  24. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57.
  25. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 58.
  26. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 61.
  27. Brockhaus, p. 199.
  28. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 62.
  29. Web site: Photo of George Harrison and Ravi Shankar . 17 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071902/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/pb-121212-ravi-da-04.photoblog900.jpg . 10 May 2017 . dead .
  30. Web site: Photo of Ravi Shankar performing in late 1960s. 17 October 2016. 2 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160802032755/http://philipgoldberg.com/wp-content/uploads/ravi-header.jpg. live.
  31. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lk60ObnbIOk Ravi Shankar performing at the Monterey Pop (June 1967)
  32. video: "Jimi Hendrix Sets Guitar On Fire at Monterey Pop Festival, 1967"
  33. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20690632 "Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar maestro, dies"
  34. Ravi Shankar's Impact on Pop Music: An Appreciation. Gallo. Phil. 12 December 2012. billboard.com. 26 July 2017. 24 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171024011302/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1481439/ravi-shankars-impact-on-pop-music-an-appreciation. live.
  35. Web site: "West Meets East" album cover . 17 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161018212613/http://www.musicrecordshop.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/650x/040ec09b1e35df139433887a97daa66f/8/2/825646484157_1.jpg . 18 October 2016 . dead .
  36. Web site: Past Winners Search. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 7 June 2011. 25 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120925205029/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Shankar&title=&year=All&genre=All. live.
  37. News: O'Mahony. John. Ravi Shankar bids Europe adieu. The Taipei Times. UK. 8 June 2008. 18 July 2009. 23 August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090823120732/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2008/06/08/2003414118. live.
  38. Ghosh 1983, p. 56.
  39. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221.
  40. News: Sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar dies at 92. Associated Press. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 December 2012. 15 July 2022. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220715180334/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/sitar-virtuoso-ravi-shankar-dies-at-92-1.1195654. 15 July 2022. "Shankar was amused after he and colleague Ustad Ali Akbar Khan were greeted with admiring applause when they opened the Concert for Bangladesh by twanging their sitar and sarod for a minute and a half. 'If you like our tuning so much, I hope you will enjoy the playing more,' he told the confused crowd, and then launched into his set.".
  41. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 66.
  42. Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 195–96.
  43. Web site: Photo of Ravi Shankar with conductor Zubin Mehta joking around after a concert. 17 October 2016. 18 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222330/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/following-the-first-performance-of-his-concerto-no-2-for-sitar-and-picture-id159634420. live.
  44. News: Rogers. Adam. Where Are They Now?. Newsweek. 8 August 1994. 10 July 2009.
  45. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222.
  46. Web site: Ravi Shankar – Inside the Kremlin. YouTube. 18 October 2016. 13 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjVVCjRE3as. live.
  47. Web site: 'Rajya Sabha Members'/Biographical Sketches 1952 – 2003. Rajya Sabha. 6 January 2004. 29 July 2010. 25 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110253/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf. live.
  48. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 197.
  49. News: Shankar advances her music. The Washington Times. 16 November 1999. 4 November 2009. 11 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201011193750/https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0F3E288AD65E1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. live.
  50. News: Legendary Virtuoso Sitarist Rave Shankar Accepts Regents' Professor Appointment at University of California, San Diego. UCSDnews. 18 September 1997. 11 December 2014. 16 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141216234325/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/arts/shankar.html. live.
  51. Web site: Ravi Shankar & Anoushka Shankar Live: Raag Khamaj (1997). YouTube. 18 October 2016. 25 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003734/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xB_X9BOAOU#t=33.274013. live.
  52. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 411.
  53. video: Concert for George, at the Royal Albert Hall, 2002
  54. News: Barnett. Laura. Portrait of the artist: Ravi Shankar, musician. The Guardian. 6 June 2011. 7 June 2011. 28 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034939/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/jun/06/ravi-shankar-musician. live.
  55. Web site: Photo of Ravi Shankar (3rd from left) and his wife Sukanya Shankar with former Beatle Sir Paul McCartney (2nd from left) and Ringo Starr (right).. The Times of India. 17 October 2016. 21 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170521155125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/41395269.cms. live.
  56. Thomson, Graeme. George Harrison: Behind the Locked Door, Overlook-Omnibus (2016)
  57. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 9.
  58. Book: Rodriguez . Robert . Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980 . 2010 . Backbeat Books . New York . 978-0-87930-968-8. 235.
  59. Schaffner 1980, p. 64.
  60. video: "Ravi Shankar teaches George Harrison how to play sitar in 1968
  61. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/arts/music/ravi-shankar-indian-sitarist-dies-at-92.html?hp "Ravi Shankar, Sitarist Who Introduced Indian Music to the West, Dies at 92"
  62. News: Glass. Philip. Philip Glass. George Harrison, World-Music Catalyst And Great-Souled Man; Open to the Influence of Unfamiliar Cultures. The New York Times. 9 December 2001. 16 July 2009. 9 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100609222839/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/arts/george-harrison-world-music-catalyst-great-souled-man-open-influence-unfamiliar.html?pagewanted=all. live.
  63. News: Kozinn. Allan. George Harrison, 'Quiet Beatle' And Lead Guitarist, Dies at 58. The New York Times. 1 December 2001. 23 October 2010. 4 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100604054646/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/01/arts/george-harrison-quiet-beatle-and-lead-guitarist-dies-at-58.html. live.
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