Rav akçesi explained

Rav akçesi was a "rabbi tax" paid by Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire.^{[1] [2]} The origins of rav akçesi are unclear; it has been suggested that it was one of two taxes imposed specifically on Jews, and that it may have developed in parallel with the authority of a senior rabbi in Istanbul, who was at nominally a representative and judge for Jewish communities in the Ottoman empire, although their authority may not have extended far beyond Istanbul.^{[3] [4]}

It has been suggested that Mehmet II imposed the tax in return for separate representation of Jews after 1455, as part of a broader effort to rebuild and revive Istanbul; this may also have served to undermine the Greek patriarchy. Under the Ottoman empire there was, at time, friction between "Greeks" and "Jews"; the authorities may at times have favoured one over the other.^[5]

Although rav akçesi was a cash tax, rather than a tax in kind, it could be hypothecated to provide specific goods; tax records for 1655 show that the rav akçesi in Monastir (Bitola) was a significant source of funding of drapery for Janissaries; the tax official responsible for purchases would be the same person responsible for collecting the tax.^[6]

Non-Muslims were usually taxed at a higher rate, overall, in the Ottoman empire, thanks to taxes such as rav akçesi and ispence. Jews in particular may have been singled out to pay higher rates of ispence.^[7] The Porte was well aware of this - and even aware that this would tempt non-Muslims to convert; Bayezit II ruled that courts should treat non-Muslims more leniently (including such measures as lower fines), "so that the poll-tax payers shall not vanish".^[8]

As with other taxes in the Ottoman empire, rav akçesi could be affected by a complex patchwork of local rules and exemptions, including muafiyet; the Jews of Selanik (Thessaloniki) were among those exempted from taxes by a muafname after the city was conquered by Murad II.^[9]

See also

• Taxation of the Jews in Europe for other types of taxes imposed on the Jews

Notes and References

1. Book: Turcica: revue d'études turques, Volumes 24-25. 1992. Éditions Klincksieck. 106.
2. Veinstein. Gilles. Sur la draperie juive de Salonique (XVIe-XVIIe s.). Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée. 1992. 66. 55–64. 10.3406/remmm.1992.1572.
3. Lewis. Bernard. The privileges granted by Mehmed II to his Physician. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 1952. 14. 554. 10.1017/S0041977X00088510.
4. Book: Rohschürmann, Michael. "Die Tore der Freiheit"- Die Dhimma-Politik am Beispiel des jüdischen Milets im Osmanischen Reich und deren Auswirkungen auf die heutigen türkischen Juden. 2009. GRIN Verlag. 978-3-640-28937-0. 11.
5. Ankori, Zvi (1977). Greek Orthodox Theological Review. 22 (1): 17–57. "Greek Orthodox-Jewish Relations in Historic Perspective: The Jewish View."
6. Veinstein. Gilles. Sur la draperie juive de Salonique (XVIe-XVIIe s.). Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée. 1992. 66. 66. 55–64. 10.3406/remmm.1992.1572.
7. Book: A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece: the southwestern Morea in the 18th century. 2005. ASCSA. 978-0-87661-534-8. registration.
8. Book: Heyd, Uriel. Studies in old Ottoman criminal law. 1973. Clarendon Press. 156, 287.
9. Book: Zachariadou, Elisavet. Elizabeth Zachariadou

   . Elizabeth Zachariadou. The Via Egnatia under Ottoman rule (1380-1699). 1992. Crete University Press.