Rational normal curve explained

In mathematics, the rational normal curve is a smooth, rational curve of degree in projective n-space . It is a simple example of a projective variety; formally, it is the Veronese variety when the domain is the projective line. For it is the plane conic and for it is the twisted cubic. The term "normal" refers to projective normality, not normal schemes. The intersection of the rational normal curve with an affine space is called the moment curve.

Definition

The rational normal curve may be given parametrically as the image of the map

\nu: P ^{1\toP} ^{n}

which assigns to the homogeneous coordinates the value

\nu:[S:T] \mapsto \left [S ^{n:S} ^{n-1} T:S ^{n-2} T ^{2: … :T} ^{n} \right ].

In the affine coordinates of the chart the map is simply

\nu:x \mapsto \left (x, x ^{2,} \ldots, x ^{n} \right ).

That is, the rational normal curve is the closure by a single point at infinity of the affine curve

\left (x, x ^{2,} \ldots, x ^{n} \right ).

Equivalently, rational normal curve may be understood to be a projective variety, defined as the common zero locus of the homogeneous polynomials

F _{i,j} \left (X _{0,} \ldots, X _{n} \right ) = X _{iX} _{j} - X _{i+1} X _{j-1}

where

[X _{0:} … : X _{n]} are the homogeneous coordinates on . The full set of these polynomials is not needed; it is sufficient to pick of these to specify the curve.

Alternate parameterization

Let

[a _{i:b} _{i]} be distinct points in . Then the polynomialG(S,T) = \prod ^{n} _{i =0} \left (a _{iS} - b _{iT} \right )

is a homogeneous polynomial of degree with distinct roots. The polynomials

H _{i(S,T)} = (G(S,T))/((a _{iS-b} _{iT)})

are then a basis for the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree . The map

[S:T] \mapsto \left [H _{0(S,T)} : H _{1(S,T)} : … : H _{n} (S,T) \right ]

or, equivalently, dividing by

[S:T] \mapsto \left[ (1)/((a _{0S-b} _{0T)}) : … : (1)/((a _{nS-b} _{nT)}) \right]

is a rational normal curve. That this is a rational normal curve may be understood by noting that the monomials

S ^{n,S} ^{n-1} T,S ^{n-2} T ^{2, … ,T} ^{n,}

are just one possible basis for the space of degree homogeneous polynomials. In fact, any basis will do. This is just an application of the statement that any two projective varieties are projectively equivalent if they are congruent modulo the projective linear group (with the field over which the projective space is defined).

This rational curve sends the zeros of to each of the coordinate points of ; that is, all but one of the vanish for a zero of . Conversely, any rational normal curve passing through the coordinate points may be written parametrically in this way.

Properties

The rational normal curve has an assortment of nice properties:

• Any points on are linearly independent, and span . This property distinguishes the rational normal curve from all other curves.
• Given points in in linear general position (that is, with no lying in a hyperplane), there is a unique rational normal curve passing through them. The curve may be explicitly specified using the parametric representation, by arranging of the points to lie on the coordinate axes, and then mapping the other two points to and .
• The tangent and secant lines of a rational normal curve are pairwise disjoint, except at points of the curve itself. This is a property shared by sufficiently positive embeddings of any projective variety.
• There are

\binom{n +2 }{ 2 } -2 n -1

independent quadrics that generate the ideal of the curve.

• The curve is not a complete intersection, for . That is, it cannot be defined (as a subscheme of projective space) by only equations, that being the codimension of the curve in

P ^{n} .

• The canonical mapping for a hyperelliptic curve has image a rational normal curve, and is 2-to-1.
• Every irreducible non-degenerate curve of degree is a rational normal curve.

See also

• Rational normal scroll

References

• Joe Harris, Algebraic Geometry, A First Course, (1992) Springer-Verlag, New York.