Raspberry Pi Explained

Raspberry Pi
Storage:MicroSDXC slot, USB mass storage device for booting[1]
Os:Linux (incl. Raspberry Pi OS)
FreeBSD
NetBSD
OpenBSD
Plan 9
RISC OS
Windows 10
Windows 10 IoT Core[2]
QNX
and OS-less Embedded RTL's
Aka:RPi, Raspi
Type:Single-board computer

Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned toward the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools.[3] [4] [5] The original model became more popular than anticipated, selling outside its target market for diverse uses such as robotics, home automation, industrial automation, and by computer and electronic hobbyists, because of its low cost, modularity, open design, and its adoption of the HDMI and USB standards.

The Raspberry Pi became the best-selling British computer in 2015, when it surpassed the ZX Spectrum in unit sales.

Origins and company history

The Raspberry Pi Foundation was registered in 2008 as a charity and a private company limited by guarantee,[6] by people at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory who had noticed a decline in the number and skills of young people applying for computer science courses.[7]

In 2012, after the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity responsible for developing their computers, named Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd,[8] and installed Eben Upton (one of the 2008 group) as CEO.[9] The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries.

In 2021, Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd changed its name to Raspberry Pi Ltd.[10] It became a public company in June 2024, launching on the London Stock Exchange where it trades with the stock symbol RPI.[11] [12] [13] [14]

Most Raspberry Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales,[15] while others are made in China and Japan.[16] [17]

Series and generations

There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each have been released. Raspberry Pi SBCs feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU), while Raspberry Pi Pico has a RP2040 system on chip with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU).

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi Zero

Raspberry Pi Pico

See also: RP2040.

Model comparison

FamilyModelSoCMemoryForm factorEthernetWirelessGPIOReleasedDiscontinued
Raspberry PiBBCM2835256 MBStandard26-pin2012rowspan="3"
512 MB2012[39]
A256 MB2013
B+512 MB40-pin2014
A+256 MBCompact
512 MB
Raspberry Pi 2BBCM2836 / 71 GBStandard40-pin2015
Raspberry Pi ZeroZeroBCM2835512 MBUltra-compact40-pin2015rowspan="3"
W / WH2017
2 WBCM2710A1[40] 2021
Raspberry Pi 3BBCM2837A0 / B01 GBStandard40-pin2016rowspan="3"
A+BCM2837B0512 MBCompact2018
B+1 GBStandard2018
Raspberry Pi 4B[41] BCM2711B0 / C0[42] 1 GBStandard40-pin2019rowspan="1" (2020–2021)[43]
2 GBrowspan="4"
4 GB
8 GB2020
4004 GBKeyboard
Raspberry Pi PicoPico264 kBPico40-pin2021rowspan="3"
Pico W2022
Pico 2RP2350A520 kB2024
Raspberry Pi 5BCM27122 GBStandard40-pin2023rowspan="3"
4 GB
8 GB

Hardware

The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature variations in the type of the central processing unit, amount of memory capacity, networking support, and peripheral-device support.

This block diagram describes models B, B+, A and A+. The Pi Zero models are similar, but lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the USB/Ethernet chip contains a five-port USB hub, of which four ports are available, while the Pi 1 Model B only provides two. On the Pi Zero, the USB port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB (OTG) port. Unlike all other Pi models, the 40 pin GPIO connector is omitted on the Pi Zero, with solderable through-holes only in the pin locations. The Pi Zero WH remedies this.

Processor speed ranges from 700 MHz to 2.4 GHz for the Pi 5; on-board memory ranges from 256 MB to 8 GB random-access memory (RAM), with only the Raspberry Pi 4 and the Raspberry Pi 5 having more than 1 GB. Secure Digital (SD) cards in MicroSDHC form factor (SDHC on early models) are used to store the operating system and program memory, however some models also come with onboard eMMC storage[44] and the Raspberry Pi 4 can also make use of USB-attached SSD storage for its operating system.[45] The boards have one to five USB ports. For video output, HDMI and composite video are supported, with a standard 3.5 mm tip-ring-sleeve jack carrying mono audio together with composite video. Lower-level output is provided by a number of GPIO pins, which support common protocols like I²C. The B-models have an 8P8C Ethernet port and the Pi 3, Pi 4 and Pi Zero W have on-board Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth.[46]

Processor

The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi includes a RISC-based 700 MHz 32-bit ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU),[47] and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. The ARM1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in the original iPhone,[48] although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster GPU.

The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with a 900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache.[49] The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor,[50] the same one which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by default) to the same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC is no longer in production as of late 2016.

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache. The Model A+ and B+ are 1.4 GHz[51] [52] [53]

The Raspberry Pi 4 uses a Broadcom BCM2711 SoC with a 1.5 GHz (later models: 1.8 GHz) 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, with 1 MB shared L2 cache.[54] [55] Unlike previous models, which all used a custom interrupt controller poorly suited for virtualisation, the interrupt controller on this SoC is compatible with the ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) architecture 2.0, providing hardware support for interrupt distribution when using ARM virtualisation capabilities.[56] [57] The VideoCore IV of the previous models has also been replaced with a VideoCore VI running at 500 MHz.

The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W use the same Broadcom BCM2835 SoC as the first generation Raspberry Pi, although now running at 1 GHz CPU clock speed.[58]

The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W uses the RP3A0-AU, which is a System-in-Package (SiP) design. The package contains a Broadcom BCM2710A1 processor, which is a 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 clocked at 1 GHz, along with 512 MB of LPDDR2 SDRAM layered above.[59] [60] The Raspberry Pi 3 also uses the BCM2710A1 in its Broadcom BCM2837 SoC, but clocked at a higher 1.2 GHz.

The Raspberry Pi Pico uses the RP2040,[61] a microcontroller containing dual ARM Cortex-M0+ cores running at 133 MHz, 6 banks of SRAM totalling 264 KB, and programmable IO for peripherals.[62]

The Raspberry Pi 5 uses the Broadcom BCM2712 SoC, which is a chip designed in collaboration with Raspberry Pi. The SoC features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A76 processor clocked at 2.4 GHz, alongside a VideoCore VII GPU clocked at 800 MHz. The BCM2712 SoC also features support for cryptographic extensions for the first time on a Raspberry Pi model. Alongside the new processor and graphics unit, the monolithic design of the earlier BCM2711 has been replaced with a CPU and chipset (southbridge) architecture, as the IO functionality has been moved to the Raspberry Pi 5's custom RP1 chip.[63]

Performance

While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi provided a real-world performance roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS.[64] [65] On the CPU level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium II of 1997–99. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance. The graphical capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the performance of the Xbox of 2001.

Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 included a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz and 1 GB RAM. It was described as 4–6 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU was identical to the original. In parallelised benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 could be up to 14 times faster than a Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.[66]

The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as having ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1.[67] Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelised tasks.[68]

The Raspberry Pi 4, with a quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, is described as having three times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 3.[19]

Overclocking

Most Raspberry Pi systems-on-chip can be overclocked to various degrees utilising the built in config.txt file in the boot sector of the Raspberry Pi OS. Overclocking is generally safe and does not automatically void the warranty of the Raspberry Pi; however, setting the "force_turbo" option to 1 bypasses voltage and temperature limits and voids the users warranty.[69] In Raspberry Pi OS the overclocking options on boot can also be made by a software command running "sudo raspi-config" on Raspberry Pi 1, 2, and original 3B without voiding the warranty. In those cases the Pi automatically shuts the overclocking down if the chip temperature reaches 85C; an appropriately sized heat sink is needed to protect the chip from thermal throttling.

Newer versions of the firmware contain the option to choose between five overclock ("turbo") presets that, when used, attempt to maximise the performance of the SoC without impairing the lifetime of the board. This is done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip and the CPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and the core voltage. When the demand is low on the CPU or it is running too hot, the performance is throttled, but if the CPU has much to do and the chip's temperature is acceptable, performance is temporarily increased with CPU clock speeds of up to 1.1 GHz, depending on the board version and on which of the turbo settings is used.

The overclocking modes are:

none 700 MHz ARM 250 MHz core 400 MHz SDRAM 0 overvolting
modest 800 MHz ARM 250 MHz core 400 MHz SDRAM 0 overvolting
medium 900 MHz ARM 250 MHz core 450 MHz SDRAM 2 overvolting
high 950 MHz ARM 250 MHz core 450 MHz SDRAM 6 overvolting
turbo 1000 MHz ARM 500 MHz core 600 MHz SDRAM 6 overvolting
Pi 2 1000 MHz ARM 500 MHz core 500 MHz SDRAM 2 overvolting
Pi 3 1100 MHz ARM 550 MHz core 500 MHz SDRAM 6 overvolting.
In system information, the CPU speed is indicated as 1200 MHz. When idling, speed lowers to 600 MHz.[70] [71]

In the highest (turbo) mode the SDRAM clock speed was originally 500 MHz, but this was later changed to 600 MHz because of occasional SD card corruption. Simultaneously, in high mode the core clock speed was lowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from 333 to 250 MHz.

The CPU of the first and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not require cooling with a heat sink or fan, even when overclocked, but the Raspberry Pi 3 may generate more heat when overclocked.[72]

RAM

The early designs of the Raspberry Pi Model A and B boards included only 256 MB of random-access memory (RAM). Of this, the early beta Model B boards allocated 128 MB to the GPU by default, leaving only 128 MB for the CPU.[73] On the early 256 MB releases of models A and B, three different splits were possible. The default split was 192 MB for the CPU, which should be sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D processing. 224 MB was for Linux processing only, with only a 1080p framebuffer, and was likely to fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D processing, possibly also with video decoding.[74] In comparison, the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV.[75]

The later Model B with 512 MB RAM, was released on 15 October 2012 and was initially released with new standard memory split files (arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) with 256 MB, 384 MB, and 496 MB CPU RAM, and with 256 MB, 128 MB, and 16 MB video RAM, respectively. But about one week later, the foundation released a new version of start.elf that could read a new entry in config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU, obsoleting the older method of splitting memory, and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 MB and 512 MB Raspberry Pis.[76]

The Raspberry Pi 2 has 1 GB of RAM.

The Raspberry Pi 3 has 1 GB of RAM in the B and B+ models, and 512 MB of RAM in the A+ model.[77] [78] [79] The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W have 512 MB of RAM.

The Raspberry Pi 4 is available with 1, 2, 4 or 8 GB of RAM.[80] A 1 GB model was originally available at launch in June 2019 but was discontinued in March 2020, and the 8 GB model was introduced in May 2020.[81] The 1 GB model returned in October 2021.

The Raspberry Pi 5 is available with 4 or 8 GB of RAM.[82]

Networking

The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no Ethernet circuitry and are commonly connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On the the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip. The Raspberry Pi 3 and Pi Zero W (wireless) are equipped with 2.4 GHz WiFi 802.11n and Bluetooth 4.1 based on the Broadcom BCM43438 FullMAC chip with no official support for monitor mode (though it was implemented through unofficial firmware patching[83]) and the Pi 3 also has a 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet port. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ features dual-band IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac WiFi, Bluetooth 4.2, and Gigabit Ethernet (limited to approximately 300 Mbit/s by the USB 2.0 bus between it and the SoC). The Raspberry Pi 4 has full gigabit Ethernet (throughput is not limited as it is not funnelled via the USB chip.)

Special-purpose features

The RPi Zero, RPi1A, RPi3A+[84] and RPi4 can be used as a USB device or "USB gadget", plugged into another computer via a USB port on another machine. It can be configured in multiple ways, such as functioning as a serial or Ethernet device.[85] Although originally requiring software patches, this was added into the mainline Raspbian distribution in May 2016.[85]

Raspberry Pi models with a newer chipset can boot from USB mass storage, such as from a flash drive. Booting from USB mass storage is not available in the original Raspberry Pi models, the Raspberry Pi Zero, the Raspberry Pi Pico, the Raspberry Pi 2 A models, and the Raspberry Pi 2 B models with versions lower than 1.2.[86]

Peripherals

Although often pre-configured to operate as a headless computer, the Raspberry Pi may also optionally be operated with any generic USB computer keyboard and mouse. It may also be used with USB storage, USB to MIDI converters, and virtually any other device/component with USB capabilities, depending on the installed device drivers in the underlying operating system (many of which are included by default).

Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors on the surface of the Raspberry Pi.[87]

Video

The video controller can generate standard modern TV resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions as well as older NTSC or PAL standard CRT TV resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom overclocking) it can support the following resolutions: 640×350 EGA; 640×480 VGA; 800×600 SVGA; 1024×768 XGA; 1280×720 720p HDTV; 1280×768 WXGA variant; 1280×800 WXGA variant; 1280×1024 SXGA; 1366×768 WXGA variant; 1400×1050 SXGA+; 1600×1200 UXGA; 1680×1050 WXGA+; 1920×1080 1080p HDTV; 1920×1200 WUXGA.[88]

Higher resolutions, up to 2048×1152, may work[89] [90] or even 3840×2160 at 15 Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video).[91] Allowing the highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decode video formats at these resolutions; in fact, the Raspberry Pis are known to not work reliably for H.265 (at those high resolutions),[92] commonly used for very high resolutions (however, most common formats up to Full HD do work).

Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decoding hardware, the CPU is more powerful than its predecessors, potentially fast enough to allow the decoding of H.265-encoded videos in software.[93] The GPU in the Raspberry Pi 3 runs at higher clock frequencies of 300 MHz or 400 MHz, compared to previous versions which ran at 250 MHz.[94]

The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals, as used on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through standard connectorseither RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on model. The television signal standards supported are PAL-B/G/H/I/D, PAL-M, PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.[95]

Real-time clock

When booting, the time defaults to being set over the network using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). The source of time information can be another computer on the local network that does have a real-time clock, or to a NTP server on the internet. If no network connection is available, the time may be set manually or configured to assume that no time passed during the shutdown. In the latter case, the time is monotonic (files saved later in time always have later timestamps) but may be considerably earlier than the actual time. For systems that require a built-in real-time clock, a number of small, low-cost add-on boards with real-time clocks are available.[96] [97] The Raspberry Pi 5 is the first to include a real-time clock.[98] If an external battery is not plugged in, the Raspberry Pi 5 will use the Network Time Protocol, or will need to be set manually, as was the case in previous models.

The RP2040 microcontroller has a built-in real-time clock, but it can not be set without some form of user entry or network facility being added.

Connectors

J8 header and general purpose input-output (GPIO)

Raspberry Pi 1 Models A+ and B+, Pi 2 Model B, Pi 3 Models A+, B and B+, Pi 4, and Pi Zero, Zero W, Zero WH and Zero W 2 have the same 40-pin pinout (designated J8 across all models).[99] Raspberry Pi 1 Models A and B have only the first 26 pins.[100] [101] [102] The J8 header is commonly referred to as the GPIO connector as a whole, even though only a subset of the pins are GPIO pins. In the Pi Zero and Zero W, the 40 GPIO pins are unpopulated, having the through-holes exposed for soldering instead. The Zero WH (Wireless + Header) has the header pins preinstalled.

GPIO#func.Pin#Pin#func.GPIO#
+3.3 V12+5 V
2SDA1 (I2C)34+5 V
3SCL1 (I2C)56GND
4GCLK78TXD0 (UART)14
GND910RXD0 (UART)15
17GEN01112GEN118
27GEN21314GND
22GEN31516GEN423
+3.3 V1718GEN524
10MOSI (SPI)1920GND
9MISO (SPI)2122GEN625
11SCLK (SPI)2324CE0_N (SPI)8
GND2526CE1_N (SPI)7
0ID_SD (I2C)2728ID_SC (I2C)1
5N/A2930GND
6N/A3132N/A12
13N/A3334GND
19N/A3536N/A16
26N/A3738Digital IN20
GND3940Digital OUT21

Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board and P6 on the schematics) of 8 pins offering access to an additional 4 GPIO connections.[103] These GPIO pins were freed when the four board version identification links present in revision 1.0 were removed.[104]

GPIO#func.Pin#Pin#func.GPIO#
+5 V12+3.3 V
28GPIO_GEN734GPIO_GEN829
30GPIO_GEN956GPIO_GEN1031
GND78GND

Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the power status LED using GPIO 35.

Specifications

-- This table should be as short and simple as possible -->
VersionPicoModel A (no Ethernet)Model B (with Ethernet)Compute ModuleZeroKeyboard
Raspberry Pi PicoRaspberry Pi Pico WRaspberry Pi Pico 2RPi 1 Model ARPi 1 Model A+RPi 3 Model A+RPi 1 Model BRPi 1 Model B+RPi 2 Model BRPi 2 Model B v1.2RPi 3 Model B/ARPi 3 Model B+RPi 4 Model BRPi 5Compute Module 1Compute Module 3Compute Module 3 LiteCompute Module 3+Compute Module 3+ LiteCompute Module 4Compute Module 4 LiteRPi Zero PCB v1.2RPi Zero PCB v1.3RPi Zero WRPi Zero 2 WRPi 400
Release dateJan 2021Jun 2022Late 2024Feb 2013[105] Nov 2014[106] Nov 2018Apr–Jun 2012Jul 2014[107] Feb 2015Oct 2016[108] Feb 2016Mar 2018Jun 2019
May 2020 (8 GB)		Oct 2023Apr 2014[109] [110] Jan 2017Jan 2019[111] Oct 2020Nov 2015[112] May 2016Feb 2017Oct 2021Nov 2020
Target price (USD)$4$6$5$25$20$25$35[113] $25[114] $35$35/55/75$60 (4 GB)$80 (8 GB)[115] $30 (in batches of 100)[116] $30$25$30/35/40$25$30–$90 (in $5 increments)$25–$75 (in $5 increments)$5$10$15$70
Instruction setArmv6-MARMv8-M and/or RV32IMACARMv6Z (32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)ARMv6Z (32-bit)ARMv7-A (32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)ARMv8.2-A (64/32-bit)ARMv6Z (32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)ARMv6Z (32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)
Fabrication node40 nm[117] 40 nm40 nm[118] 40 nm40 nm40 nm[119] 40 nm[120] 28 nm[121] 16 nm40 nm40 nm28 nm40 nm28 nm
SoCRP2040RP2350ABroadcom BCM2835[122] Broadcom BCM2837B0Broadcom BCM2835Broadcom BCM2836Broadcom BCM2837Broadcom BCM2837B0Broadcom BCM2711Broadcom BCM2712Broadcom BCM2835Broadcom BCM2837Broadcom BCM2837B0Broadcom BCM2711Broadcom BCM2835Broadcom BCM2710A1Broadcom BCM2711C0
FPUSoftware emulationFPv5VFPv2VFPv4 + NEONVFPv2VFPv4 + NEONVFPv2VFPv4 + NEONVFPv2VFPv4 + NEONVFPv4 + NEON
CPU2× Arm Cortex-M0+2× of either Cortex-M33 or Hazard3 (selectable at boot)1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz4× Cortex-A7 900 MHz4× Cortex-A53 900 MHz4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz4× Cortex-A72 1.5 GHz or 1.8 GHz4× Cortex-A76 2.4 GHz1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz4× Cortex-A72 1.5 GHz1× ARM1176JZF-S 1 GHz4× Cortex-A53 1 GHz4× Cortex-A72 1.8 GHz
GPUNoneBroadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHzBroadcom VideoCore IV @ 400 MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D) Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz[123] Broadcom VideoCore VII @ 800 MHzBroadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHzBroadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHzBroadcom VideoCore IV @ 400 MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D)Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz
Memory (SDRAM)[124] 264 KiB520 KiB256 MiB256 or 512 MiB
Changed to 512 MB on 10 August 2016[125] 		512 MiB256 or 512 MiB
Changed to 512 MB on 15 October 2012		512 MiB1 GiB1, 2, 4 or 8 GiB4 or 8 GiB512 MB1 GiB1, 2, 4 or 8 GiB512 MiB4 GiB
USB 2.0 ports[126] None112[127] 4[128] 2[129] 11111 Micro-USB1
USB 3.0 ports0202
USB OTG ports01 (Power)[130] 0?1 Micro-USB0
PCIe interface0PCIe Gen 2 x10PCIe Gen 2 x100
Video input15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera[131] 2× 22-pin mini-MIPI display/camera interface (DSI/CSI)[132] 2× MIPI camera interface (CSI)[133] [134] 2-lane MIPI CSI camera interface, 4-lane MIPI CSI camera interfaceNoneMIPI camera interface (CSI)[135] None
HDMI1× HDMI (rev 1.3)2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via Micro-HDMI[136] 2x HDMI (rev?)1 × HDMI2 × HDMI 1 × Mini-HDMI2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via Micro-HDMI
Composite videovia RCA jackvia 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS jackvia RCA jackvia 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS jackpair of 0.1"-spaced padsYes[137] ?via marked points on PCB for optional header pins[138] ?
MIPI display interface (DSI)1× standard size (15-pin, 1 mm pitch), for a display only2× mini[139] (22-pin, 0.5 mm pitch), each for a display or cameraYes[140] [141] YesNo?
Audio inputsAs of revision 2 boards via I²S[142] ?
Audio outputsAnalog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI and, as of revision 2 boards, I²SHDMIAnalog, HDMI, I²SMini-HDMI, stereo audio through PWM on GPIOMicro-HDMI
On-board storageNone0 or 2 MB internal flashSD, MMC, SDIO card slot (3.3 V with card power only)MicroSDHC slotSD, MMC, SDIO card slotMicroSDHC slotMicroSDHC slot, USB Boot Mode[143] MicroSDHC UHS-1 Slot4 GB eMMC flash memory chip<-- may or may not support external SD cards with configuration changes-->MicroSDHC slot8/16/32 GB eMMC flash memory chipMicroSDHC slot8/16/32 GB eMMC flash memory chipMicroSDHC slotMicroSDHC slotMicroSDHC slot
Ethernet (8P8C)NoneNone[144] None10/100 Mbit/s
USB adapter on the USB hub		10/100 Mbit/s10/100/1000 Mbit/s (real max speed 300 Mbit/s)[145] 10/100/1000 Mbit/s(Broadcom BCM54213 PHY)None10/100/1000 Mbit/sNone None10/100/1000 Mbit/s
WiFi IEEE 802.11 wirelessNoneb/g/n single band 2.4 GHzNoneb/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHzNoneb/g/n single band 2.4 GHzb/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHzb/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz (Infineon CYW43455)b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz (optional)b/g/n single band 2.4 GHzb/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz
BluetoothNone5.2 BLENone4.2 BLE4.1 BLE4.2 LS BLE5.05.0, BLE (optional)4.1 BLE4.2 BLE5.0
Low-level peripheralsUART8× GPIO[146] plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio[147] +3.3 V, +5 V, ground[148] 17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus8× GPIO plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio +3.3 V, +5 V, ground.17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, HAT, and an additional 4× UART, 4× SPI, and 4× I2C connectors.[149] 46× GPIO, some of which can be used for specific functions including I²C, SPI, UART, PCM, PWM[150] 28 × GPIO supporting either 1.8v or 3.3v signalling and peripheral options17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus?
Power ratings???300 mA (1.5 W)[151] 200 mA (1 W)[152] ?700 mA (3.5 W)200 mA (1 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[153] 220 mA (1.1 W) average when idle, 820 mA (4.1 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)300 mA (1.5 W) average when idle, 1.34 A (6.7 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)459 mA (2.295 W) average when idle, 1.13 A (5.661 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)[154] 600 mA (3 W) average when idle, 1.25 A (6.25 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and Ethernet connected),1.6 A (8 W) for "power virus" workloads 3 A (15 W) power supply recommended.12 W for "power virus" workloads200 mA (1 W)700 mA (3.5 W)???100 mA (0.5 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)120 mA (0.6 W) average when idle[155] ?
Power sourceMicroUSB or GPIO Header 1.8 V to 5 V5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header5 V via MicroUSB, GPIO header, or PoE (with the PoE HAT)5 V via, GPIO header, or PoE (with the PoE HAT)2.5–5 V, 3.3 V, 2.5–3.3 V, and 1.8 V5 V5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header5 V via USB-C
Size51 mm × 21 mm[156] 85 mm x 56 mm 55 mm × 40 mm286 mm × 113 mm × 23 mm
Weight???[157] [158] [159]
Console???Adding a USB network interface via tethering or a serial cable with optional GPIO power connector[160] ???
Generation1211+3+11+22 ver 1.233+45133 Lite3+3+ Lite44 LitePCB ver 1.2PCB ver 1.3W (wireless)2 W (wireless)4
Obsolescence
Statement		in production until at least January 2028in production until at least January 2040in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2026 see PCB ver 1.2 see ver 1.2in production until at least January 2026[161] in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2028[162] in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2035in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2028 or see PCB ver 1.3in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2026in production until at least January 2028?
TypePicoModel A (no Ethernet)Model B (with Ethernet)Compute ModuleZeroKeyboard

Simplified Model B changelog

RPi 1 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 1B| style="text-align:center;" | (256 MB)| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |

1b1

2012| rowspan="3" | BCM2835| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | 0.7 GHz| style="text-align:center;" | 1/1| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 0.213| style="text-align:center;" |

00256

0.25| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | HDMI1.3
Composite| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2 × USB2.0| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" || rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 0.1| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" || rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | Micro-USB| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | $35|-|

1b2

RPi 1 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 1B| style="text-align:center;" | (512 MB)| style="text-align:center;" | 1/1| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 0.213| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |

00512

0.5|-|

1b3

RPi 1 Model B+| style="text-align:center;" | 1B+| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" |

1b3

2014| style="text-align:center;" | 1/1| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 0.213| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | 4 × USB2.0| style="text-align:center;" | $25|-|

2b1

RPi 2 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 2B| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" |

2b1

2015| BCM2836| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 0.9 GHz| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;" | 4/4| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 1.47| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |

01024

1| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | HDMI1.3| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | $35|-|

2b2

RPi 2 Model B v1.2| style="text-align:center;" | 2B| style="text-align:center;" | v1.2| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |

2b2

2016| rowspan="2" | BCM2837| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | 4.43|-|

3b1

RPi 3 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 3B| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 1.2 GHz| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | 3.62| style="text-align:center;" | USB
Network
(through OTP bit setting)| style="text-align:center;" | b/g/n

single-band
(2.4 GHz only)

| style="text-align:center;" | 4.1 BLE|-|

3b2

RPi 3 Model B+| style="text-align:center;" | 3B+| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" |

3b2

2018| BCM2837B0| style="text-align:center;" | 1.4 GHz| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | 5.3| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | USB
Network| style="text-align:center;" | 0.35| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | b/g/n/ac

dual-band

| style="text-align:center;" | 4.2 LS BLE|-|

4b1

RPi 4 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 4B| style="text-align:center;" | (1 GB)| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |

4b1

2019| rowspan="4" | BCM2711| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | 1.5 GHz/1.8 GHz| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | 9.92| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | 2 × Micro-HDMI2.0| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 2 × USB2.0
2 × USB3.0| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 1.0| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 5.0| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | USB-C|-|

4b2

RPi 4 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 4B| style="text-align:center;" | (2 GB)| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" |

02048

2| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | $35

from $45

|-|

4b3

RPi 4 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 4B| style="text-align:center;" | (4 GB)| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | 13.5| style="text-align:center;" |

04096

4| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | $55|-|

4b4

RPi 4 Model B| style="text-align:center;" | 4B| style="text-align:center;" | (8 GB)| style="text-align:center;" |

4b4

2020| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" |

08192

8| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | $75|-|

5b1

RPi 5| style="text-align:center;" | 5B| style="text-align:center;" | (4 GB)| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2023| rowspan="2" | BCM2712| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2.4 GHz| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 4| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | ✔| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | $60|-|

5b2

RPi 5| style="text-align:center;" | 5B| style="text-align:center;" | (8 GB)| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" | 8| style="text-align:center;" | ✔| style="text-align:center;" | $80|}

Software

Operating systems

Raspberry Pi provides Raspberry Pi OS (formerly called Raspbian), a Debian-based Linux distribution for download, as well as third-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS, LibreELEC (specialised media centre distribution) and specialised distributions for the Kodi media centre and classroom management.[163] It promotes Python and Scratch as the main programming languages, with support for many other languages.[164] The default firmware is closed source, while unofficial open source firmware is available.[165] [166] [167] Many other operating systems can also run on the Raspberry Pi. The formally verified microkernel seL4 is also supported.[168] There are several ways of installing multiple operating systems on one mSD card.[169]

Other operating systems (not Linux- nor BSD-based)
Other operating systems (Linux-based)
Other operating systems (BSD-based)

Driver APIs

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded into the GPU at boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was closed source.[202] This part of the driver code was later released. However, much of the actual driver work is done using the closed source GPU code. Application software makes calls to closed source run-time libraries (OpenMAX IL, OpenGL ES or OpenVG), which in turn call an open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is specific for these closed libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX IL, use OpenGL ES and use OpenVG, which both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX IL and EGL use the open source kernel driver in turn.[203]

Vulkan driver

Raspberry Pi first announced it was working on a Vulkan driver in February 2020.[204] A working Vulkan driver running Quake 3 at 100 frames per second on a 3B+ was revealed by a graphics engineer who had been working on it as a hobby project on 20 June.[205] On 24 November 2020 Raspberry Pi announced that their driver for the Raspberry Pi 4 is Vulkan 1.0 conformant.[206] Raspberry Pi Trading announced further driver conformance for Vulkan 1.1 and 1.2 on 26 October 2021[207] and 1 August 2022.[208]

Firmware

The official firmware is a freely redistributable[209] binary blob, that is proprietary software.[171] A minimal proof-of-concept open source firmware is also available, mainly aimed at initialising and starting the ARM cores as well as performing minimal startup that is required on the ARM side. It is also capable of booting a very minimal Linux kernel, with patches to remove the dependency on the mailbox interface being responsive. It is known to work on Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3, as well as some variants of Raspberry Pi Zero.[210]

Third-party application software

Software development tools

Accessories

Vulnerability to flashes of light

In February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip, designated U16, of the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.1 (the initially released version) was found to be vulnerable to flashes of light,[240] particularly the light from xenon camera flashes and green[241] and red laser pointers. The U16 chip has WL-CSP packaging, which exposes the bare silicon die. The Raspberry Pi Foundation blog recommended covering U16 with opaque material (such as Sugru or Blu-Tak) or putting the Raspberry Pi 2 in a case.[242] This issue was not discovered before the release of the Raspberry Pi 2 because it is not standard or common practice to test susceptibility to optical interference, while commercial electronic devices are routinely subjected to tests of susceptibility to radio interference.

Reception and use

Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project in May 2011 as a "potential ", not by replacing machines but by supplementing them.[243] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed the BBC Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[244] Alex Hope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful that the computer will engage children with the excitement of programming.[245] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested that the BBC could be involved in building support for the device, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.[246] The Centre for Computing History strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project, feeling that it could "usher in a new era". Before release, the board was showcased by ARM's CEO Warren East at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to improve UK science and technology education.[247]

Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using tools such as Google App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather than adding new hardware choices.[248] Simon Rockman, writing in a ZDNet blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do", despite what happened in the 1980s.[249]

In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year award,[250] and futurist Mark Pesce cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration for his ambient device project MooresCloud.[251] In October 2012, the British Computer Society responded to the announcement of enhanced specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want to sink our teeth into."[252]

In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert Award.[253] The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was "for its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are redefining how people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn coding and computer science and providing innovative control solutions for industry."[254]

Clusters of hundreds of Raspberry Pis have been used for testing programs destined for supercomputers.[255]

Community

The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie Ayre of FOSS software company AdaCore as one of the most exciting parts of the project. Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and teaching. The community developed a fanzine around the platform called The MagPi[256] which in 2015, was handed over to Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd by its volunteers to be continued in-house.[257] A series of community Raspberry Jam events have been held across the UK and around the world.[258]

Education

, enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools. The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to enhance her employment prospects.[259] [260]

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources for its website.[261] The Foundation also started a teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in the classroom.[262]

In 2018, NASA launched the JPL Open Source Rover Project, which is a scaled down version of Curiosity rover and uses a Raspberry Pi as the control module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in mechanical, software, electronics, and robotics engineering.[263]

Home automation

There are a number of developers and applications that are using the Raspberry Pi for home automation. These programmers are making an effort to modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy monitoring and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of the Raspberry Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to the more expensive commercial solutions.

Industrial automation

In June 2014, Polish industrial automation manufacturer TECHBASE released ModBerry, an industrial computer based on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module. The device has a number of interfaces, most notably RS-485/232 serial ports, digital and analogue inputs/outputs, CAN and economical 1-Wire buses, all of which are widely used in the automation industry. The design allows the use of the Compute Module in harsh industrial environments, leading to the conclusion that the Raspberry Pi is no longer limited to home and science projects, but can be widely used as an Industrial IoT solution and achieve goals of Industry 4.0.[264]

In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.[265]

In January 2021, TECHBASE announced a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 cluster for AI accelerator, routing and file server use. The device contains one or more standard Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4s in an industrial DIN rail housing, with some versions containing one or more Coral Edge tensor processing units.[266]

Commercial products

The Organelle is a portable synthesiser, a sampler, a sequencer, and an effects processor designed and assembled by Critter & Guitari. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi computer module running Linux.[267]

OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was successfully crowd-funded in a May 2014 Kickstarter campaign.[268]

Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Compute Module as its heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The software running on Slice is based on Kodi.[269]

Numerous commercial thin client computer terminals use the Raspberry Pi.[270]

AutoPi TMU device is a telematics unit which is built on top of a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 and incorporates the philosophy of which Raspberry Pi was built upon.[271]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand increased primarily due to the increase in remote work, but also because of the use of many Raspberry Pi Zeros in ventilators for COVID-19 patients in countries such as Colombia,[272] which were used to combat strain on the healthcare system. In March 2020, Raspberry Pi sales reached 640,000 units, the second largest month of sales in the company's history.[273]

Astro Pi and Proxima

A project was launched in December 2014 at an event held by the UK Space Agency. The Astro Pi was an augmented Raspberry Pi that included a sensor hat with a visible light or infrared camera. The Astro Pi competition, called Principia, was officially opened in January and was opened to all primary and secondary school aged children who were residents of the United Kingdom. During his mission, British ESA astronaut Tim Peake deployed the computers on board the International Space Station.[274] He loaded the winning code while in orbit, collected the data generated and then sent this to Earth where it was distributed to the winning teams. Covered themes during the competition included spacecraft sensors, satellite imaging, space measurements, data fusion and space radiation.

The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition include the UK Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi, ESERO-UK and ESA.

In 2017, the European Space Agency ran another competition open to all students in the European Union called Proxima. The winning programs were run on the ISS by Thomas Pesquet, a French astronaut.[275] In December 2021, the Dragon 2 spacecraft launched by NASA had a pair of Astro Pi in it.[276]

History

The computer is inspired by Acorn's BBC Micro of 1981.[277] [278] The Model A, Model B and Model B+ names are references to the original models of the British educational BBC Micro computer, developed by Acorn Computers.[279]

According to Upton, the name "Raspberry Pi" was chosen with "Raspberry" as an ode to a tradition of naming early computer companies after fruit, and "Pi" as a reference to the Python programming language.[280]

In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schematics and PCB layout are publicly available.[281] Foundation trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of teachers, academics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to inspire children.[282]

The first ARM prototype version of the computer was mounted in a package the same size as a USB memory stick.[283] It had a USB port on one end and an HDMI port on the other.

The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25 and $35. They started accepting orders for the higher priced Model B on 29 February 2012,[284] the lower cost Model A on 4 February 2013.[285] and the even lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.[106] On 26 November 2015, the cheapest Raspberry Pi yet, the Raspberry Pi Zero, was launched at US$5 or £4.[286]

Pre-launch

Launch

Post-launch

Sales

According to Raspberry Pi, more than 5 million Raspberry Pis were sold by February 2015, making it the best-selling British computer.[377] By November 2016 they had sold 11 million units,[378] and 12.5 million by March 2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose computer".[379] In July 2017, sales reached nearly 15 million,[380] climbing to 19 million in March 2018.[381] By December 2019, a total of 30 million devices had been sold.[382] [383]

Supply and demand difficulties

The global chip shortage starting in 2020, as well as an uptake in demand starting in early 2021, notably affected the Raspberry Pi, causing significant availability issues from that time onward.[384] The company explained its approach to the shortages in 2021,[385] and April 2022,[386] explaining that it was prioritising business and industrial customers.

The situation is sufficiently long term that at least one automated stock checker is online.[387]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Pi Bootmodes. Only Supports Pi 2 v1.2 and up.
  2. Web site: Windows 10 for IoT . 30 April 2015 . Liz . Upton . Raspberry Pi Foundation.
  3. Web site: Cellan-Jones . Rory . A£15 computer to inspire young programmers . BBC News. 5 May 2011 .
  4. News: Price . Peter . Can a £15 computer solve the programming gap? . . 3 June 2011 . 2 July 2011.
  5. Web site: Dongle computer lets kids discover programming on a TV . 11 July 2011 . Bush . Steve . 25 May 2011 . Electronics Weekly.
  6. Web site: Raspberry Pi Foundation . 18 June 2024 . Companies House.
  7. Web site: About Us . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140425012911/http://www.raspberrypi.org/about/ . 25 April 2014 . RaspberryPi.org . Internet Archive.
  8. Web site: Raspberry Pi Ltd . 18 June 2024 . Companies House.
  9. Web site: Eben Upton CBE . 2020-11-17 . Archives of IT . en-US.
  10. Web site: Upton . Liz . 2021-10-06 . Welcome to our new website! . 2023-10-24 . raspberrypi.com . en-GB.
  11. Web site: London Stock Exchange London Stock Exchange . 2024-06-11 . www.londonstockexchange.com . en.
  12. Web site: Weatherbed . Jess . 2024-05-15 . Raspberry Pi prepares to go public and expand its lineup of supercheap computers . 2024-06-08 . The Verge . en.
  13. Web site: Pounder . Les . 2024-05-22 . $40 million Raspberry Pi IPO is set for June . 2024-06-08 . Tom's Hardware . en.
  14. Web site: Kharpal . Arjun . 2024-06-11 . Computing firm Raspberry Pi pops 31% in rare London market debut . 2024-06-11 . CNBC . en.
  15. Web site: About Us . 27 September 2017 . sonypencoed.co.uk.
  16. Web site: Tung . Liam . 27 July 2017 . Raspberry Pi: 14 million sold, 10 million made in the UK . ZDNet.
  17. 1392224692862427138 . chrisfleck . Great call with @EbenUpton today. Congrats on 40 Million #RaspberryPi sold! A lot more headed to The enterprise wit… . 11 May 2021.
  18. News: Eben Upton talks Raspberry Pi 3 . The MagPi Magazine. 29 February 2016.
  19. Web site: Raspberry Pi 4 on sale now from $35. 24 June 2019. Eben. Upton. Raspberry Pi Foundation.
  20. Web site: Confirmed: Raspberry Pi 4 suffers from significant USB-C design flaw. 10 July 2019. Android Authority.
  21. Web site: The Raspberry Pi 4 doesn't work with all USB-C cables. TechCrunch. 9 July 2019 . 2 March 2022.
  22. Web site: Tested: 10+ Raspberry Pi 4 USB-C Cables That Work . 13 July 2019 . Tom's Hardware . 21 July 2019 . "you’ll still need an AC adapter that delivers 5 volts and at least 3 amps of power so, unless you already have one, your best bet might be to buy the official Raspberry Pi 4 power supply, which comes with a built-in cable and goes for $8 to $10.".
  23. Web site: Get in the C: Raspberry Pi 4 can handle a wider range of USB adapters thanks to revised design's silent arrival . 21 February 2020 . Richard . Speed . .
  24. Web site: 2020-11-03. Designing Raspberry Pi 400. 2021-07-07. Raspberry Pi. en-GB.
  25. Web site: Upton . Eben . Bullseye bonus: 1.8GHz Raspberry Pi 4 . Raspberry Pi . 14 November 2021 . 9 November 2021.
  26. Web site: Raspberry Pi 400 Review. 4 Jan 2021. TechReportArticles. 5 January 2021. 5 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210105032108/https://techreportarticles.com/news/reviews-news/raspberry-pi-400-review/. dead.
  27. Web site: Upton . Eben . 2023-09-28 . Introducing: Raspberry Pi 5! . 2023-09-29 . Raspberry Pi.
  28. Web site: Rudra . Sourav . 2023-09-29 . Wow! Raspberry Pi 5 Already Sounds Like a Tinkerer's Favorite! . 2023-09-29 . itsfoss.com.
  29. Web site: Upton . Eben . 2016-05-16 . Zero grows a camera connector . 2022-07-31 . Raspberry Pi . en-GB.
  30. News: The $10 Raspberry Pi Zero W brings Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to the minuscule micro. PC World. 28 February 2017.
  31. News: Zero WH: Pre-soldered headers and what to do with them. Raspberry Pi Foundation. 12 January 2018. Alex. Bate.
  32. News: New product: Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W on sale now at $15. Raspberry Pi Foundation. 28 October 2021. Eben. Upton.
  33. News: Campbell . Ian . The Raspberry Pi Pico is a tiny $4 microcontroller running off the company's very own chip . 22 January 2021 . the verge . 21 January 2021.
  34. Web site: Foundation. The Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi Pico specifications. 2021-01-21. Raspberry Pi. en-GB.
  35. Web site: Meet Raspberry Silicon: Raspberry Pi Pico now on sale at $4. 21 January 2021.
  36. Web site: January 2021. Les Pounder 28. Raspberry Pi Pico vs Arduino: Which Board Is Better?. 2021-03-11. Tom's Hardware. 28 January 2021. en.
  37. News: Raspberry Pi Pico W: your $6 IoT platform. Raspberry Pi. 30 June 2022.
  38. Upton . Eben . Raspberry Pi Pico 2, our new $5 microcontroller board, on sale now . Raspberry Pi . 8 August 2024.
  39. Web site: Model B Now Ships with 512MB of RAM. 15 October 2012. Raspberry Pi Blog. 31 May 2020.
  40. News: Upton. Eben. 28 October 2021. New product: Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W on sale now at $15. Raspberry Pi Trading. 2 December 2021. Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W uses the same Broadcom BCM2710A1 SoC die as the launch version of Raspberry Pi 3.
  41. News: published . Les Pounder . Raspberry Pi 4A Could Skip USB 3, Have PCIe Port . 20 August 2024 . Tom's Hardware . 14 July 2021 . en.
  42. Web site: Aufranc (CNXSoft) . Jean-Luc . 2020-11-02 . Raspberry Pi 400 Keyboard Computer Features 1.8 GHz BCM2711C0 Processor - CNX Software . 2023-10-14 . CNX Software - Embedded Systems News . en-US.
  43. News: Halfacree. Gareth. March 2020. Raspberry Pi 4 now comes with 2GB RAM Minimum. 6. The MagPi. Raspberry Pi Press. 91. 28 May 2020. we say farewell to the 1GB model.
  44. Web site: Flashing the Compute Module eMMC – Raspberry Pi Documentation. 2021-07-14. www.raspberrypi.org.
  45. Web site: I'm booting my Raspberry Pi 4 from a USB SSD Jeff Geerling. 2021-07-14. www.jeffgeerling.com.
  46. Web site: Team. Device Plus Editorial. 2016-09-15. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B WiFi & Bluetooth Setup. 2020-11-17. Device Plus. en-US.
  47. News: Broadcom BCM2835 SoC has the most powerful mobile GPU in the world?. https://web.archive.org/web/20120218012632/https://www.grandmax.net/2012/01/broadcom-bcm2835-soc-has-powerful.html. dead. 18 February 2012. 30 January 2012. Grand MAX. 13 April 2012. Brose, Moses.
  48. News: The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed. Shimpi. Anand Lal. 11 October 2018.
  49. Web site: Raspberry Pi 2 on sale now at $35 . Raspberry Pi Foundation . 2 February 2015 . Eben . Upton . 5 August 2015.
  50. Web site: Raspberry Pi 2, Model B V1.2 Technical Specifications. RS Components. 20 September 2017. 20 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142155/http://docs-europe.electrocomponents.com/webdocs/1568/0900766b8156853c.pdf. dead.
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  266. Web site: ClusBerry 9500-CM4 – A Raspberry Pi CM4 cluster, industrial style. 2021-01-27. www.cnx-software.com. 18 January 2021.
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  269. Web site: Slice : A media player and more by Five Ninjas. Kickstarter. 10 November 2016.
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  271. Web site: The next-generation AutoPi Telematics Unit CM4. AutoPi. 20 December 2022.
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  283. Web site: Tiny USB-Sized PC Offers 1080p HDMI Output. 6 May 2011. 1 February 2012.
  284. Richard Lawler, 29 February 2012, Raspberry Pi credit-card sized Linux PCs are on sale now, $25 Model A gets a RAM bump, Engadget
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  287. Web site: Yet another potential RISC OS target? . . 23 July 2011 . 12 March 2012 . Upton, Eben.
  288. Web site: Raspberry Pi To Embrace RISC OS . RISCOScode . 31 October 2011 . 12 March 2012 . Hansen, Martin . 8 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120308150401/http://www.riscoscode.com/Pages/Item0113.html . dead .
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  290. Web site: GPU binary blob question . Raspberry Pi . 29 December 2011 . 12 March 2012 . JamesH.
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  295. News: The London show 2011 . . December 2011 . Dewhurst, Christopher . 23 . 3 . 3.
  296. Web site: Newsround . . 17 October 2011 . Lee, Jeffrey.
  297. Web site: RISC OS for Raspberry Pi . 12 November 2012 . eben . 5 November 2012 . 9 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121109150236/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/2338 . dead .
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  300. Web site: More on the beta boards. 16 September 2014. 1 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401171009/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/470. dead.
  301. Web site: Bringing up a beta board. 16 September 2014. 22 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140122091052/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/431. dead.
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  304. Web site: One of the First Raspberry Pi Computers Donated to Museum . . 9 January 2012 . 28 February 2012.
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  309. Web site: linuxnews showing the first release of Debian Squeeze for Raspberry running on QEMU . Linuxnewshere.com . 22 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402160328/https://www.linuxnewshere.com/index.php/raspberry-pi-releases-1st-sd-card-image-debian . 2 April 2012.
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  321. News: UK computing charity opts to manufacture product abroad . 20 January 2012 . Weakley, Kirsty . Civil Society Media.
  322. Web site: Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, our recommended distro, is ready for download! . Raspberrypi.org . 8 March 2012 . 22 June 2012 . 15 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120615012959/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/805 . dead .
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  329. Web site: the first reports of forum members reporting they received their Raspberry Pi . Raspberrypi.org . 16 April 2012 . 6 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120418222146/https://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/general-discussion/delivery . 18 April 2012.
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  331. Web site: schematic design, applicable for both version A and B of the Raspberry Pi revision 1.0 . Raspberrypi.org . 19 April 2012 . 6 May 2012 . 3 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120503230446/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1090 . dead .
  332. Web site: CAMERA MODULE – FIRST PICTURES!. 9 August 2014. 8 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035949/http://www.raspberrypi.org/camera-module-first-pictures/. dead.
  333. Web site: Add your Raspberry Pi to the Rastrack map . Raspberrypi.org . 22 May 2012 . 14 June 2012 . 14 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120614033306/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1298 . dead .
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  351. Web site: Two Million! . 18 November 2013 . 17 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131117180334/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/5265 . dead .
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  354. Web site: RASPBERRY PI AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, 3 MILLION SOLD . 22 June 2014 . 20 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140620051739/http://www.raspberrypi.org/raspberry-pi-at-buckingham-palace-3-million-sold/ . dead .
  355. Web site: Raspberry Pi 2 on sale now at $35 Raspberry Pi . 3 February 2015 . 2 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150202104347/http://www.raspberrypi.org/raspberry-pi-2-on-sale/ . dead .
  356. Web site: Price cut! Raspberry Pi Model B+ now only $25. 14 May 2015. 19 May 2015. 20 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150520133708/https://www.raspberrypi.org/price-cut-raspberry-pi-model-b-now-only-25/. dead.
  357. Web site: Raspberry Pi slashes price after rival launches on Kickstarter. 18 May 2015. 19 May 2015.
  358. Web site: Long . Simon . Raspbian Jessie is here . Raspberry Pi . 14 November 2021 . 29 September 2015.
  359. Web site: Raspberry Pi 3: the credit card-sized 1.2 GHz PC that costs $35. Alex. Hern. The Guardian. 29 February 2016.
  360. Web site: Ten millionth Raspberry Pi, and a new kit – Raspberry Pi. 8 September 2016. we've beaten our wildest dreams by three orders of magnitude. 9 September 2016.
  361. Web site: New 8-megapixel camera board on sale at $25 . 25 April 2016 . 6 May 2016 . both visible-light and infrared cameras based on the Sony IMX219 8-megapixel sensor, at the same low price of $25. They're available today from our partners RS Components and element14.
  362. Web site: 10 October 2016 . NEC Display Solutions announces collaboration with Raspberry Pi . 10 November 2016 . NEC.
  363. Web site: The Compute Module – now in an NEC display near you. Upton. Eben. 14 October 2016. Raspberry Pi Foundation. 10 November 2016.
  364. Web site: New $10 Raspberry Pi Zero comes with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. arstechnica.com. 28 February 2017.
  365. Web site: New product! Raspberry Pi Zero W joins the family . 28 February 2017. Raspberry Pi Foundation.
  366. Web site: Long . Simon . Raspbian Stretch has arrived for Raspberry Pi . Raspberry Pi . 14 November 2021 . 17 August 2017.
  367. News: 14 March 2018. Raspberry PI 3B+ on sale now . 21 March 2018 .
  368. News: New product: Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ on sale now at $25 – Raspberry Pi. 15 November 2018. Raspberry Pi. 15 November 2018.
  369. Web site: Long . Simon . Buster – the new version of Raspbian . Raspberry Pi . 25 June 2019.
  370. EbenUpton . 1205646606504275968 . 13 December 2019 . Raspberry Pi numbers get stale fast. We sold our thirty-millionth unit some time last week (we think Tuesday)..
  371. EbenUpton . 1205641728713211904 . 13 December 2019 . Happy to make an introduction. And they do about six million @Raspberry_Pi units a year, so they definitely have scale..
  372. EbenUpton . 1205906969443393537 . 14 December 2019 . Yes. We don't get sales returns from our licensees until month end. At the end of November, we were at 29.8Mu, with a monthly run rate of 500–600ku. Thus, Tuesday..
  373. News: Piltch . Avram . Raspberry Pi OS: Why It's No Longer Called 'Raspbian' . 14 November 2021 . Tom's Hardware . 30 May 2020 . en.
  374. News: Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 on sale now from $25 – Raspberry Pi. 19 October 2020. Raspberry Pi. 16 January 2021.
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  379. News: Raspberry Pi sold over 12.5 million boards in five years. The Verge. 27 September 2017.
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  381. News: Upton . Eben . Eben Upton . Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ on Sale at $35 . Raspberry Pi Blog . Raspberry Pi Foundation . 14 March 2018 . 4 May 2018 .
  382. 1205646606504275968. EbenUpton. @lisn92 @bateskecom @arturo182 @Raspberry_Pi Raspberry Pi numbers get stale fast. We sold our thirty-millionth unit… . 26 February 2020. 14 December 2019.
  383. Web site: Raspberry Pi has now sold 30 million tiny single-board computers . 2023-12-23 . ZDNET . en.
  384. Web site: Raspberry Pi: Why they are so hard to buy right now, and what you can do about it . .
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