Rapid City Historic Commercial District Explained

Rapid City Historic Commercial District
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Mapframe-Id:Q83983538
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Added:October 1, 1974
Increase:July 9, 1998
Refnum:74001897
Increase Refnum:98000841

The Rapid City Historic Commercial District, sometimes called the Rapid City Downtown Historic District, is a 21acres, multi-block historic district in downtown Rapid City, South Dakota, United States. It includes 47 commercial buildings dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries that formed the core of Rapid City's early economy. It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and then expanded to its current size in 1998.

Description

The historic district spans across multiple blocks in the center of downtown Rapid City. of Main, Saint Joseph, 6th, and 7th Streets formed the rough boundaries of the original 1974 listing, with 38 properties on both sides of the streets included, although some buildings on 5th Street were also included. These buildings were constructed between 1881 and 1924. The district expanded by in 1998 to encompass 50 contributing and 22 non-contributing properties and pushed the western and eastern boundaries out to Mount Rushmore Road and 5th Street, respectively. The years of significance were also increased to between 1876 and 1948.[1]

The district was again surveyed in 2017, which updated its total contributing properties to 47 and non-contributing properties to 21. It also removed several noncontributing properties included in the 1998 boundary increase.[2]

Architecture

The buildings in the Rapid City Historic Commercial District represent a broad range of purposes and architectural styles. Most properties historically served—and continue to serve—a commercial purpose, but some have been used for governmental, civic, agricultural, industrial, or entertainment functions. The first buildings were typically first constructed out of timber frames before later being replaced by more permanent stone and brick structures. Between 1880 and 1900, non-wooden buildings were usually done in the Renaissance Revival, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Queen Anne architectural styles. After the turn of the 20th century, fashions gave way to Neoclassical, Beaux Arts, Chicago School, and American Craftsman. Buildings from the interwar period favored more utilitarian Art Deco, International, or Moderne architecture styles. Buildings from any era might display eclectic or vernacular features.[1]

History

As white American settlers moved west into the Black Hills in the 1870s, entrepreneurs began looking to build settlements that would serve as hubs of commerce and transport. Rapid City was founded in 1876 on the banks of Rapid Creek, today located a few blocks north of the modern historic district. The arrival of railroads over the next two decades caused a population boom and created a rapidly growing economy. Banks, grocers, lawyers, pharmacies, and many other retail and commercial ventures started up in the downtown core to meet the needs of the growing population.[3] Other properties served as hotels, lodges, or apartments. As the county seat, Rapid City also required multiple government and civic buildings; the first city hall was located at 616 6th Street. The old fire hall also served as a police headquarters; today it is a restaurant, the theming of which calls back to its firehouse roots.[1]

Contributing properties

Significant contributing properties

Hotel Alex Johnson

See main article: article and Hotel Alex Johnson. The Hotel Alex Johnson is a centerpiece contributing property to the district. The eight-story hotel was one of the tallest buildings in the state when constructed in 1927.[3]

Buell Building

Located at 630 Saint Joseph Street, The Buell Building was finished in 1888 by the Lakota Banking & Investment Co. Its namesake, Charles Buell, purchased it in 1901 to establish his law offices. It was further expanded in 1925 to its present size.[4] The Buell Building is considered one of the best examples of architecture in the district. Much of the original building has been preserved, although renovations on the first floor have replaced much of the original brick and windows. Most notably, the building features an oriel window topped with an onion dome inspired by architecture in Eastern Europe. The rest of its architecture is classed as an eclectic mix of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Queen Anne.[3] [1]

Windsor Block

This trio of buildings at 625, 627, and 629 St. Joseph Street, called the Windor Block, was created by businessman Robert Flormann in 1886. All three buildings are mostly identical and reflect Italianate and Commercial architectural styles. They would eventually become the Donaldson's Store, Rapid City's first department store and a core of its retail infrastructure.[5] In the 1950s, the block was broken up into three separate compartments for retail space. Only 625 was included in the original listing; the other two addresses were ineligible due to remodeling works that had obscured much of the front facades.[3] The original style was restored in the late 2000s[1] and early 2010s and the last two addresses were subsequently added to the listing.[2] [6]

Elks Building

The Elks Building, located at 512 6th Street, was designed by J.P. Eisentraut in 1911 for use as a meetinghouse by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.[7] The opening ceremony was held on August 30, 1911.[8] The Elks also built a theater inside, which opened on June 6, 1912, with a showing of "The Flirting Princess";[9] this also led to the building itself being referred to as the Elks Theatre, by which name it is still known today. Later, it hosted various businesses, including the United National Bank and the Bible and Book Store on its ground floor. The Elks sold it to a private developer in 1972, who continued to use it as a social club.[10] Today, it still operates as a theater.[7]

It was included in the historic district's initial establishment in 1974. It is a three-story brick structure, and is both Neoclassical and Spanish Colonial Revival in style, although the windows are Chicago School-based.[2]

Italianate Trio

This block of three Italianate-style buildings on St. Joseph Street was built in 1886. The three buildings are the Lambert and Frease Building, at 608–610 St. Joseph; the Flormann Building at 612–614 St. Joseph; and 616–618 St. Joseph. Like the Windsor Block, these buildings are all identical.[3]

Other contributing properties

Properties below are listed in a clockwise direction, beginning at the intersection of Main and 5th Streets in the northeast corner of the district.[3] [1]

AddressHistoric NameImageYear BuiltAddedStyleDescription
406 5th1936July 9, 1998Utilitarian, Colonial RevivalFive contributing buildings, all built between 1911 and 1944, consisting of a shed, warehouse, grain elevator, offices, and a retail block; a sixth non-contributing building was finished in 1973.
412 5th1939July 9, 1998Vernacular
430 MainGambles1947July 9, 1998Utilitarian, Art Deco
510 St. JosephSalvation Army1931July 9, 1998Commercial
522–530 6thDuhamel Building1908July 9, 1998Chicago SchoolFounded by Peter Duhamel for use as Rapid City's first department store
518 6th1904July 9, 1998Italianate
516 6th1889July 9, 1998Italianate
616 6thCity Hall1903July 9, 1998Colonial RevivalRapid City's first city hall building, which also hosted its fire and police departments.
609 St. JosephHall Building1884, 1930sOctober 1, 1974Art Deco
619 St. JosephBennett Building1918October 1, 1974Commercial, Arts and Crafts
623 St. JosephHall Building1886October 1, 1974ItalianateNow the Black Hills Beauty College
704 St. JosephSecurity Building1929October 1, 1974Commercial, Art Deco
515–517 7th1905October 1, 1974Romanesque Revival
517–519 7thSecurity Savings Bank1907October 1, 1974Romanesque Revival
710 St. JosephBennett Building Addition1929July 9, 1998Utilitarian
725 St. Joseph1918July 9, 1998Utilitarian
731 St. JosephFederal Building1912July 9, 1998Neoclassical, Beaux Arts
801 St. JosephArt Rose Building1930July 9, 1998Commercial
802–808 St. JosephRapid City Business College1919July 9, 1998Art Deco
814–816 St. JosephHill Apartments1918July 9, 1998American Craftsman
507 7th1886October 1, 1974
631 MainFirst National Bank1915October 1, 1974Neoclassical
619 MainRise Building1926October 1, 1974Commercial, Chicago School
616–622 Main1926October 1, 1974Vernacular, Utilitarian, Revival
617 Main1930October 1, 1974Chicago School, Commercial
615 MainMcNamara Brothers Building1914October 1, 1974Commercial, Neoclassical
613 Main1891, 1930sOctober 1, 1974Art Deco
611 Main1891October 1, 1974Romanesque Revival
610–612 MainRapid City Fire Hall1915October 1, 1974Chicago SchoolNow the Firehouse Brewing Company.[11] Designed by W.W. Beach and Co.
609 MainCoolidge Brothers Building1886March 20, 1997Romanesque Revival
606 MainClower Building, Evans–Poznonsky–Morris Block1886October 1, 1974ItalianateOriginally served as Clower's Saloon.
605–607 MainPenny–Haines Building1915March 20, 1997CommercialDesigned by H. E. Waldron
507 6thHaines Block1918October 1, 1974Utilitarian, Art Deco
602 Main1898–1900October 1, 1974Italianate
401–413 6thChicago Northwestern Railway Warehouse1932July 9, 1998Utilitarian
601 MainPennington County Bank1915October 1, 1974Neoclassical
523 Main1930July 9, 1998Utilitarian
521 Main1930July 9, 1998Utilitarian
513–519 Main1925July 9, 1998Utilitarian
508 Main1906July 9, 1998Italianate

Notes and References

  1. Web site: [{{NRHP url|id=98000841}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Rapid City Historic Commercial District (Boundary Increase) ]. National Park Service. Wolf . Bradley . July 9, 1998 . February 2, 2024. With
  2. Web site: Rapid City Historic Commercial District 2018 Amendment (Reclassification) . . . 2018 . February 2, 2024.
  3. Web site: [{{NRHP url|id=74001897}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Rapid City Historic Commercial District ]. National Park Service. Gerloff . Scott . October 1, 1974 . February 2, 2024. With
  4. Web site: Buell Building . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . February 5, 2024.
  5. Web site: Windsor Block . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . February 5, 2024.
  6. News: Soderlin . Barbara . Time right for downtown grocer . February 5, 2024 . . September 1, 2009 . Rapid City, South Dakota . A3 . Local & State . Newspapers.com.
  7. Web site: Elks Building . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . February 6, 2024.
  8. News: Corner Stone New Elks' Home Placed . February 6, 2024 . Black Hills Weekly Journal . September 1, 1911 . Rapid City, South Dakota . 1 . Newspapers.com.
  9. News: Elks Theatre Opens . February 6, 2024 . . June 6, 1912 . Rapid City, South Dakota . 1 . Newspapers.com.
  10. News: Downtown Elks building sold . February 6, 2024 . . September 7, 1972 . Rapid City, South Dakota . 3 . Newspapers.com.
  11. Web site: Fire Hall . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission . February 5, 2024.