Between 1943 and 1955, the ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces were characterised by a number of changes, including the reintroduction of rank insignia badges and the adoption of a number of higher ranks.
In conjunction with the permanent increase of the manpower strength of the Soviet armed forces, the service branches and arms were formed by orders of the People' Commissariat of Defence, consisting of artillery, air force, air defence forces, signals corps, corps of engineers and the armoured corps. Major combat support units up to command level were established. This process was characterized by a need for well qualified command staff, in a suitable rank structure. The Soviet state – and party administration – responded to these challenges by the introduction of additional higher ranks, as well as by reintroducing the traditional Russian rank insignia.
A new rank group at OF-9 level (equivalent to the general of the branch in the Wehrmacht and the Imperial Russian Army) was introduced, named marshal of the branch or chief marshal of the branch.
In January 1943 the ranks of marshal of the air force, marshal of the artillery and marshal of the armoured corps came into existence.[1] In October 1943 it was followed by the additional ranks marshal of the communication troops, and marshal of the engineer troops, and the equivalent chief marshal of the branch ranks were added.[2]
The highest rank of generalissimus of the Soviet Union (Russian: Генерали́ссимус Сове́тского Сою́за) was created in October 1943, as an individual award to Stalin, the Head of Government and party chief, and functioned as supreme commander on all Soviet armed forces. Promotion to this rank was limited explicitly to wartime. The instruction was conveyed by an order to the front commanders-in-chief on 26 June 1945,[3] however, Stalin refused to officially implement the rank.
The introduction of new distinction insignia to the officer corps of the Red Army came by order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 6 January 1943.[4] [5] Selected were two versions of shoulder straps or epaulettes, one for everyday uniforms and the second for field use (breadth 6 cm, length 14 to 16 cm, depending on body size). On 15 January 1943 the introduction of new uniforms was decided.[6]
The corps colours that were introduced in 1935, remained in use with minor changes. The padding of the newly introduced shoulder straps were made from wool cloth, designed in branch of service colours with piping. Command staff wore silver or gold stars and characteristic metallic branch badges.
The shoulder board padding indicated the appropriate corps colour of service branch, corps or special appointment, with coloured border piping.
| Colour | Branch | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Padding | Piping | Field piping | |||||
| Raspberry | Black | Raspberry | Infantry (generic motorised rifles or motorised infantry) | ||||
| Cobalt blue | Black | Cobalt blue | Cavalry | ||||
| Sky blue | Black | Sky blue | Aviation troops and air force | ||||
| Black | Red | Red | Artillery & armoured corps | ||||
| Dark green | Red | Dark green | Medical troops, veterinarian service | ||||
| Black | Black | Black | Technical troops | ||||
| Piping | Branch | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cobalt blue | Cavalry | ||
| Raspberry | Army generic infantry, motorised rifles and logistics | ||
| Red | Artillery, armoured corps, medical troops and veterinarian service | ||
| Sky blue | Aviation troops and air force | ||
| Black | Technical troops | ||
| Piping | Branch | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Deep red ("general's red") | Army generic infantry, motorised rifles and logistics | ||
| Sky blue | Aviation troops and air force | ||
| Raspberry | All other uses | ||
Regimental numbers in gold lettering were placed on other ranks' shoulder straps along with the emblem of the armed service, branch, special troop, or appointment. For commanders of battle units or task forces the emblem was gold coloured, for others it was silver.
Field and service uniform as shown for Senior sergeant.
The rank of Army general was only awarded to officers of the army from the infantry branch directly, all other branches and services were promoted to the ranks of marshal and chief marshal of the branch.
Field, service and engineering uniform for various officers.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 15 February 1943 on "distinction insignia to the Soviet Navy" the introduction of shoulder straps and epaulettes took effect, marking the début of Imperial Russian Navy-style insignia to the Soviet Navy.[8] [9] As the navy also had coastal services, ground ranks similar to the Red Army and Air Force were introduced with their respective insignia to be used by the coastal service personnel. These ranks were also used by the navy's medical corps and technical services. Shoulder rank insignia were in dark blue shoulder boards (gold on the dress uniform only for officers).
| Rank group | Senior ratings | Junior ratings | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder board to service uniform | |||||||
| Shoulder strap to service uniform | |||||||
| Russian: Мичман Russian: [[Michman|Mičman]] | Russian: Главный старшина Russian: [[Glavny starshina]] | Russian: Старшина 1 статьи Russian: [[Starshina 1st stage|Starshina 1 statie]] | Russian: Старшина 2 статьи Russian: [[Starshina 2nd class|Starshina 2 statie]] | Russian: Старший краснофлотец Russian: [[Red Fleet man|Starshina krasnoflotets]] | Russian: Краснофлотец Russian: [[Red Fleet man|Krasnoflotets]] | ||