| Rangi | |
| Nativename: | Kɨlaangi |
| States: | Tanzania |
| Ethnicity: | Rangi |
| Speakers: | 410,000 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Niger-Congo |
| Fam2: | Atlantic–Congo |
| Fam3: | Volta-Congo |
| Fam4: | Benue–Congo |
| Fam5: | Bantoid |
| Fam6: | Southern Bantoid |
| Fam7: | Bantu (Zone F) |
| Fam8: | Mbugwe–Rangi |
| Iso3: | lag |
| Glotto: | lang1320 |
| Glottorefname: | Langi |
| Guthrie: | F.33 |
| Notice: | IPA |
Rangi or Langi (native name: [1]) is a Bantu language spoken by the Rangi people of Kondoa District in the Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania. Whilst the language is known as Rangi in English and Kirangi in the dominant Swahili spoken throughout the African Great Lakes, the self-referent term is Kilaangi.
Estimates at the number of Rangi-speakers range from 270,000[2] to 410,000 speakers.[3] Rangi is the largest linguistic group in the Babati-Kondoa region.
Two main varieties of Rangi are identified - that spoken in the Rangi Highlands (known in Swahili as Irangi ya Juu) and that of the Lowlands (Irangi ya Chini). Despite differences, these varieties are mutually intelligible. However, some dialectal variation is also found between the varieties spoken in the main town of Kondoa, as well as in the surrounding villages of Bereko, Bukulu, Isabe, Humai, Kwadinu, Kolo, Choka, Gubali, Nkuku, Bicha, Kingale, Kelema, Paranga, Kidoka, Haubi and Mondo.
Rangi exhibits the basic head-initial syntax commonly associated with Bantu languages. The languages exhibits a dominant SVO word order, with some variation in word order possible for pragmatic reasons. Also complements is language by adding an -ext at the end of most of all the words.
In common with many Bantu languages, Rangi employs a system of noun classes. Rangi has 19 noun classes. Classes 1-10 show regular singular-plural distinctions (with odd numbers representing singular forms and even numbers representing the plural forms). Class 12 is used for (singular) diminutive nouns, class 15 contains infinitival nouns, classes 16 and 17 contain locative nouns, whilst class 19 contains plural diminutives nouns.
Rangi has come to the attention of linguists due to a number of features it exhibits which are unusual for Bantu languages. Included in this is the verb-auxiliary ordering found in two tenses in the languages.[4] In the immediate future and general future tense, the auxiliary appears after the verb in declarative main clauses. This order is unusual from a comparative and typological perspective, since East African Bantu languages exhibit predominantly auxiliary-verb order and SVO languages are expected to exhibit auxiliary-verb order. This unusual word order is also found in the neighbouring Mbugwe language, spoken in the Babati region.
Rangi has a seven-vowel system, with a single low vowel and phonemically contrasting front-back pairs at three heights. The vowels are [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɪ], [ɔ], [u] and [ʊ]. Rangi has phonemic vowel length alternation with a distinction attested between long and short vowels. Rangi also exhibits asymmetric vowel height harmony.
There is little distinction between pronounced as //l// and pronounced as //ɾ//, but the two are not quite in complementary distribution. For instance, pronounced as //ɾ// is usually found before pronounced as //i//, but there is a single attested word with pronounced as //l// before pronounced as //i//, and so they are judged to be distinct phonemes. The name is usually pronounced with an R, but the endonym is an L:
Rangi is written in the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters ɨ and ʉ, as well as the letter combinations ch, ng', ny, and sh:
| a | pronounced as /[a]/ | |
| b | pronounced as /[b]/ | |
| ch | pronounced as /[tɕ]/ | |
| d | pronounced as /[d̪]/ | |
| e | pronounced as /[ɛ]/ | |
| f | pronounced as /[f]/ | |
| g | pronounced as /[g]/ | |
| h | pronounced as /[ɦ]/ | |
| i | pronounced as /[i]/ | |
| ɨ | pronounced as /[ɪ]/ | |
| j | pronounced as /[dʑ]/ | |
| k | pronounced as /[k]/ | |
| l | pronounced as /[l]/ | |
| m | pronounced as /[m]/ | |
| n | pronounced as /[n̪]/ | |
| ng' | pronounced as /[ŋ]/ | |
| ny | pronounced as /[ɲ]/ | |
| o | pronounced as /[ɔ]/ | |
| p | pronounced as /[p]/ | |
| r | pronounced as /[ɾ]/ | |
| s | pronounced as /[s]/ | |
| sh | pronounced as /[ɕ]/ | |
| t | pronounced as /[t̪]/ | |
| u | pronounced as /[u]/ | |
| ʉ | pronounced as /[ʊ]/ | |
| v | pronounced as /[v]/ | |
| w | pronounced as /[w]/ | |
| y | pronounced as /[j]/ | |
| z | pronounced as /[z]/ |