Ramtek Corporation Explained

Ramtek Corporation
Type:Defunct
Industry:Electronics
Founded: in Palo Alto, California, United States
Fate:Dissolution
Founders:Charles McEwan, John Metzler, Jack Teeters

Ramtek Corporation was a California-based manufacturer of computer display terminals founded in 1971. Co-founders Charles E. McEwan and John W. Metzler had previously worked together at the computer graphics division of Data Disc, Inc., and founded Ramtek to create devices for displaying information from computer systems.[1] Their major business was in medical monitors, as well as creating high-end graphical terminals for industrial and academic use. In 1973, they became one of the earliest manufacturers of video games, and manufactured coin-operated games until 1979. They became a publicly traded company starting in 1979. In 1981, it was reported Ramtek was the top company in the field of raster graphics display terminals.[2]

History

Ramtek Corporation was founded on September 4, 1971 by engineers Charles McEwan (1935-2006)[3] and John Metzler (1935-1982) as well as lawyer Jack Teeters. The two engineers were veterans of the Western Design Labs (WDL) division of Philco-Ford as well as the video terminal division of Data Disc, Inc. Seeking to capitalize on the growing market for digital CRT displays, they established Ramtek at 1000 Elwell Court in Palo Alto, California. The company recruited other members of the Data Disc terminal business to join them as well as Charles' brother Melvin McEwan. They introduced their first two commercial products, the GX-100 and GX-200 raster terminals in early 1972.[4] They entered the medical field due to the interest of Johns Hopkins University, creating a medical diagnostic device which utilized scintillation cameras to provide medical imaging.

Despite the growth of the computer graphics market in the early 1970s, Ramtek initially found it difficult to survive off of contracts from high-end corporations. Payment for high-end graphic terminals was frequently on terms of 90 or 120 days until payment, leaving the company undercapitalized. The company attempted expansion into lower scale markets with black and white visual displays and they acquired venture capital from the likes of Exxon,[5] but found their break in the coin-operated video game industry. Friend of Charles McEwan and later Ramtek CFO Tom Adams was co-owner of Sunnyvale bar Andy Capp's Tavern, where the video game Pong was first location tested by Atari.[6] [7] A group of Ramtek engineers including Pete Kauffman played the game at this location and were convinced that it would be lucrative to create electronic games for the coin-operated market.[8] [9] Charles McEwan also later claimed to have known Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell who approved of the competition.

John Metzler headed the development of Ramtek's first game, Volly, a variant of Pong released in the first wave of commercial video games in March 1973. Ramtek contacted local coin-op distributors in California and found an enthusiastic partner in Rowe International who ordered 2,500 Volly cabinets. With two subsequent games in the same vein, Hockey and Soccer, the company firmly established itself in the nascent market for video games. While maintaining their graphics terminal business, the company threw its weight behind the coin-operated industry including a partnership in Canada.

The company's success with video games brought several changes. Pete Kauffman left the company in late 1973 to start his own video game manufacturer, Exidy Inc., who later recruited many former Ramtek engineers including co-founder John Metzler and Howell Ivy, who created games such as Clean Sweep (1974) and Baseball (1974). Baseball initially caused problems for the growing production line as the weight of the circuit boards caused the supports inside to break. Once the game was licensed to Midway Mfg. and retooled as Ball Park (1975), it became a hit for the company.

Starting in 1974, Ramtek began to seriously explore the potential of microprocessor devices. An internal team assisted by consultant Ray Holt created a prototype pinball machine called Lucky Dice based on the Intel 4040 microprocessor. The machine failed to function properly and despite a closed door showing was never released.[10] In 1975 Ramtek purchased the company Micro Machines from Larry Krummel and commercialized the MM 80, an in-circuit emulator of the Intel 8080 microprocessor for development purposes.[11] Their first microprocessor-based video game, Trivia (1975), became the basis for an early shared hardware platform for arcade game releases.[12] Subsequently, Ramtek started building their graphics terminals with integrated microprocessors and began an internal software group.[13] [14]

In November 1975, Ramtek's main facility at 290 Commercial Ave. in Sunnyvale caught fire and damaged a significant portion of their manufacturing facilities.[15] A collective effort by around ninety Ramtek employees and their families helped to clear the rubble of the facility, enabling them to build a temporary manufacturing plant to meet orders on their graphics display monitors.[16] [17] Around mid-1976, the company relocated to a new facility on 585 N Mary Ave. in Sunnyvale. In 1977, Ramtek monitors were used by Bendix in their work on the Viking space program and later by UCSC professor Ralph Abraham on an advanced mathematical project.[18] [19]

Though Ramtek remained very successful in the coin-operated video game market, with 10,000 units sold in their first year and a half of operation[20] and 20,000 in its first three years making them one of the most successful video game companies of the time, they did not enjoy the volatility of the business. They branched out into electro-mechanical games starting with Horoscope (1976) and continued to compete in video games. Though their non-video game output became more elaborate and advanced with games like Boom Ball (1977) and GT Roadster (1979), they fell behind in the video game market which became more competitive and technology-driven in the latter years of the 1970s.

After a successful public offering in 1978,[21] [22] [23] Ramtek decided to cease production of coin-operated games in 1979 at the urging of their shareholders.[24] [25] Their amusement assets were spun off as Rainbow Games[26] and purchased in 1980 by Meltec, a company created by Mel McEwan, brother of Ramtek co-founder Charles McEwan.[27] [28] Meltec took over the Commercial Street facility as well as the manufacturing and distribution of Boom Ball which became popular for amusement fairs.[29] [30] [31] Meltec continued until 2003 when it was sold to Bay Tek Games.

Once publicly traded, Ramtek devoted itself entirely to its high-end computer graphics market. In 1980 the company switched its primary mode of graphics display from vector to raster. It purchased assets from Omtron Electronics Inc. revolving around display terminals for $1.6 million in 1979.[32] [33] [34] In 1980 it signed a deal with Ikegami Tsushinki to sell Ramtek products in Japan.[35] Loral Corp. announced intentions to acquire Ramtek in 1981, but ultimately called off the deal.[36] [37] In 1982, they minted a deal with Digital Equipment Corporation to sell graphics systems based on their VAX line of computers.[38] They likewise signed an OEM deal with Control Data Corporation to provide components for their workstation line.[39]

The company's focus on the high-end business market led them not to participate in the microcomputer boom of the early 1980s.[40] They did create a few standalone systems such as the 6114, but they did not create any technology targeted at home users.[41] [42] In 1983 Ramtek was sued for allegedly falsely evaluating their stock during a public stock offering to raise capital.[43] Ramtek predicted revenues of $150 million in 1984.[44] However, they instead reported a $15.4 million loss for that fiscal year.[45] In 1984, Control Data Corporation entered an agreement with Ramtek to provide it a loan of $5 million. Under this agreement, CDC had the right to purchase a 60% share of Ramtek or buy out the company's interest in Digital Productions after two years.[46] [47] The Digital Productions stock and their Cray supercomputer were later sold to Omnibus Computer Graphics for $1.2 million in shares.[48]

Layoffs hit the company at the end of 1985[49] and the following year Ramtek worked out a deal with the SEC to establish a public offering to repay debt.[50] After a significant restatement in 1988, Charles McEwan was moved from CEO and President to Chairman of the corporation. Former Vice President and General Counsel James Swanson took his position as President and later that year announced the company was entering Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[51] [52] They managed to escape bankruptcy protection in 1989 and posted a profit in early 1990.[53] [54] The end of that year, they purchased the English company GEMS, who had an interest in satellite data.[55]

Two of Ramtek's officers - Thomas Adams and G. William Theriault - were accused of falsifying the company's revenue between September 1986 to March 1988 through fictitious purchase agreements. The two agreed to a permanent injunction by the SEC, without denial or admittance of guilt.[56] [57] Ramtek subsequently dissolved in 1996.[58]

Legacy

As one of the earliest companies involved in video games, Ramtek were important pioneers in shaping the technology of the video game industry. Among their influential games include Clean Sweep (1974) which presaged Atari's Breakout (1976), Knockout (1974) that started the ball-and-paddle pinball craze, Baseball (1974) one of the earliest video games with articulated human characters, and Trivia (1975) the first video game quiz machine.

Several employees from Ramtek went on to join Exidy, one of the most consequential early game developers of the 1970s.

Ramtek's RM-3300 terminal appeared in the television show Buck Rogers in the 25th Century.[59]

Products

Graphics Display Terminals

GX series

FS Series

RM 9000 Series

RM 3000 Series

6000 series graphics computer family

Terminals

Other products

Microcomputer Utilities

Computer Peripherals

Software

Coin-Operated Games

Arcade video games

Electro-mechanical Games

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Speidel . Marge . 1972-05-04 . New firm's backlog totals $350,000 . 7 . The Peninsula Times Tribune.
  2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux9iw6tMs6MC&pg=PA73 Now Eyeing Graphics, Ramtek Searches for Cash As Loral Deal Collapses
  3. News: 2006-12-06 . Lives Remembered . B5 . The Desert Sun.
  4. April 1972 . Searchlite Section . 48 . Instrumentation and Automation News.
  5. April 1979 . Nothing ventured, nothing gained . International Management . 34 . 4 . 19.
  6. May 1977 . Science and Amusements Team Up at Ramtek Corp. . RePlay Magazine . RePlay Publishing Inc. . II . 7 . 24–25.
  7. June–July 1975 . Ponk, Ponk- the bouncing blip blitzkrieg . Play Meter . 1 . 7 . 15.
  8. Ellis . David . August 2006 . The Wayback Machine: Of Mouse Traps and Crossbows: The Exidy Story . GameRoom . 18 . 8 . 48–50.
  9. http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-ultimate-so-far-history-of-exidy.html The Ultimate (So Far) History of Exidy Part 1
  10. June–July 1975 . Solid State Pinball . Play Meter . 1 . 7 . 32–33.
  11. February 1976 . Now you can "see" inside your 8080 with the Ramtek MM 80 . Computer Design . 129.
  12. Book: Gametronics: The Electronic Game designer's Conference . Electronic Engineering Times . 1977 . Great Neck, N.Y. . 153–154.
  13. 1977-07-04 . Ramtek Adds Graphics Terminal Controlled by Microprocessors . Computerworld . 26.
  14. News: 1977-07-06 . Business Notebook . 30 . Palo Alto Times.
  15. News: 1975-11-15 . Sunnyvale electronics firm damaged by fire, smoke . Palo Alto Times . 2.
  16. News: 1975-12-16 . RAMTEK employes, families pitch in to rebuild after fire . Section II 13 . Palo Alto Times.
  17. 1975-12-24 . Employees Help Keep Lost Time Low . Computerworld The Newsweekly for the Computer Community . 9 . 52.
  18. May 1977 . We're showing off for Bendix. . Computer Design . 58–59.
  19. News: 1978-07-28 . Computer Teaching at UCSC . 46 . Santa Cruz Sentinel.
  20. 1974-06-06 . Bob Jonesi Joins Ramtek Corp. . Cash Box . 37.
  21. Blumenthal . Marcia . 1978-12-11 . Some Firms Postpone Stock Offerings . Computerworld . 87, 94.
  22. News: 1978-10-26 . Ramtek to sell stock . 66 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  23. News: 1979-01-31 . Business Briefs . 29 . Palo Alto Times.
  24. 1979-10-01 . Ramtek bows out . Play Meter Update Edition . 5 . 18 . 1.
  25. 1979-08-20 . Business Briefs . Computer Business News . 2 . 34 . 19.
  26. 1979-12-25 . The Worst Best show Ever . Play Meter . 5 . 23 . 71.
  27. 1980-04-26 . McEwen buys Boom Ball from RamTek . Amusement Business . 92 . 17 . 18.
  28. Tilley . Ray E. . 1980-06-15 . Boom Ball company sold . Play Meter . 6 . 11 . 68.
  29. 1978-06-10 . Boom Ball expands to 14 parks in June . Amusement Business . 90 . 23 . 18.
  30. November 1979 . Boom Ball Booming On Arcade Circuit . RePlay Magazine . 5 . 2 . 68.
  31. 1980-05-24 . McEwan's Meltec Buys Games Wing Of Ramtek Corp. . Cash Box . 42.
  32. News: 1979-02-05 . Business Briefs . 28 . Palo Alto Times.
  33. News: 1979-02-22 . Ramtek buys inventory . 63 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  34. 1979-03-26 . Ramtek Buys Omrom Arm . Computerworld . 13 . 13 . 86.
  35. 1980-07-07 . Industry Checklist . Computer Business News . 3 . 27 . 18.
  36. 1981-03-30 . Ramtek joining with N.Y. firm . The San Francisco Examiner . C1.
  37. 1981-05-13 . Ramtek acquisition by Loral called off . The San Francisco Examiner . C1.
  38. News: Digital Equipment agreement . 53 . The Boston Globe.
  39. News: 1983-12-20 . DEC unveils communication links to IBM, Wang . 2D . Mount Vernon Argus.
  40. News: Heinzel . Ron S. . 1981-05-10 . Computer Show Dropout . Part VI 3 . The Los Angeles Times.
  41. 1979-08-20 . Ramtek Offers Pascal Programmable Color Graphics . Computer Business News . 2 . 34 . 7.
  42. 1979-09-17 . Ramtek Positions Itself for Color Terminal Campaign . Computer Business News . 2 . 38 . 12–13.
  43. News: 1983-10-05 . High-tech firms sued after stock offerings . C-1, C-12 . Oakland Tribune.
  44. 1980-01-14 . Ramtek Sets Financial Goal: Tenfold Revenue Gain by 1984 . Computerworld . 14 . 2 . 79–80.
  45. News: 1984-10-06 . Ramtek reports $15.4 million loss, but expects profitability next year . B-7 . Times Tribune.
  46. News: 1984-07-17 . CDC to acquire 60% of Digital . 6B . Minneapolis Star Tribune.
  47. News: 1984-10-04 . Control Data gets software access . 2M . Minneapolis Star and Tribune.
  48. News: 1986-06-14 . Omnibus does deal . 31 . The Financial Post.
  49. News: 1985-11-18 . Computer Layoffs. . C-1 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  50. News: 1986-12-03 . Today's ledger . C-6 . Times Tribune.
  51. News: 1986-12-03 . Ramtek Corp. to restate revenue, earnings . C-7 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  52. News: 1988-09-30 . Local . E-1 . Times Tribune.
  53. News: 1989-12-01 . Ramtek Revitalized . G-1 . The Peninsula Times Tribune.
  54. News: 1990-02-08 . Ramtek profit $11 million . D-4 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  55. News: 1990-12-07 . Acquisitions . B-2 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  56. News: Rosenfield . Seth . 1992-11-17 . Jury charges fraud in Ramtek case . C-1, C-5 . The San Francisco Examiner.
  57. 1992-12-04 . Permanent Injunction Entered Against Thomas Adams and G. William Theriault . sec news digest . 92-234 . 1–2.
  58. Web site: n.d. . Ramtek Corporation . OpenCorporates . https://archive.today/20231123175658/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/1587195 . November 23, 2023.
  59. 1980-03-10 . Spaced-Out Graphics . Computerworld . 14 . 10 . 37.
  60. November 1972 . Look at some fresh ideas from Ramtek...the display company . Industrial Research . 14 . 12 . 95.
  61. 1972-04-12 . New Plasma Digivue Displays Graphics, Signatures . Computerworld The Newsweekly for the Computer Community . 6 . 15 . 30.
  62. October 1973 . Graphic System . Chilton's Ian Instrument and Apparatus News . 21 . 10 . 6.
  63. November 1973 . Look at some fresh ideas from Ramtek... the display company. . Industrial Research . 15 . 12 . Cover 3.
  64. March 1972 . Medical, P/C Graphics . Datamation . 18 . 3 . 123.
  65. 1973-06-06 . Raster Graphic System Displays Black/White And Color Images . Computerworld the Weekly Newsletter for the Computer Community . 7 . 23 . 30.
  66. 1973-07-05 . Process-control display features graphics . Electronic Design . 21 . 14 . 84.
  67. 1974-05-30 . Process-control display replaces tote boards, meters . Electronics . 47 . 11 . 140–141.
  68. 1974-06-21 . Display system handles graphics and characters . Electronic Design . 22 . 13 . 154.
  69. January 1979 . Products . Information World . 1 . 12 . 26.
  70. 1979-12-17 . United Handles Color CRTs . Computerworld . 13 . 51 . 42.
  71. December 1979 . A touch of color can make all your information work harder. . Computer Design . 121.
  72. 1976-07-08 . RM 9000. The totally modular graphics and imagery system from Ramtek. . Electronics . 49 . 14 . 15.
  73. May–June 1978 . Product News . Medical Electronics & Equipment News . 18 . 3 . 16.
  74. July 1978 . Add Some Color . Byte . 3 . 7 . 184.
  75. 1976-09-13 . Contracts . Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community . 10 . 37 . 68.
  76. March 1978 . Raster Scan Imaging and Graphics Systems . Computer Design . 182.
  77. July 1978 . Peripherals . Byte . 3 . 7 . 184.
  78. Book: Ramtek RM-9000 Programming Manual . Ramtek Corporation . March 1977.
  79. July–August 1979 . Ramtek Corp . Government Data Systems . 8 . 4 . 15.
  80. Book: Ramtek RM-9000 Theory of Operation Vol I . Ramtek Corporation . 1978.
  81. Dooley . Ann . 1978-12-04 . 'Slot Machine' Pays Off for Language Students . Computerworld . 12 . 49 . 14.
  82. Book: Analysis Techniques for Microwave Dosimetric Data . 1981-07-24.
  83. 1979-04-02 . Color Graphics Display System Unveiled . Computerworld . 13 . 14 . 49.
  84. 1979-04-09 . Ramtek Corp. Shows Color Graphic Unit . Computer Business News . 2 . 15 . 14.
  85. May 1979 . High Resolution Color Graphics . Digital Design . 9 . 5 . 121.
  86. September 1978 . Image Display System Offers Standalone Graphics Processing . Computer Design . 28–29.
  87. November–December 1978 . Image Processor . Medical Electronics & Equipment News . 18 . 6 . 33.
  88. https://books.google.com/books?id=ur-nonhaLwEC&pg=PA64 Ask Ramtek. (Nobody knows more about Colorgraphics). Isn't one clear, colorful picture worth a thousand lines of print-out?
  89. https://books.google.com/books?id=WYDdQcbrF5wC&pg=RA1-PA63 Ramtek Expands 6000 Series Of Color Graphics CPUs
  90. https://books.google.com/books?id=f1yp2lZQyz8C&pg=PA77 Ramtek unwraps CAD workstations
  91. December 1976 . Products . Computer Design . 136.
  92. 1979-04-23 . Ramtek CRT Suited for Group Meetings, Functions With Color Graphics Systems . Computerworld . 13 . 17 . 70.
  93. June 1979 . Large-Screen Projection System . Digital Design . 9 . 6 . 78.
  94. 1980-07-21 . Ramtek Adds 1,000-Line Color Monitor . Computerworld . 14 . 29 . 47.
  95. 1979-06-18 . Ramtek Unveils High-Resolution Display Monitor . Computerworld . 13 . 25 . 45.
  96. July 1979 . Monochrome Monitor . Digital Design . 9 . 7 . 58.
  97. 1980-07-14 . I/O Checklist . Computer Business News . 3 . 28 . 13.
  98. September 1980 . CRT Color Monitors . Computer Design . 226.
  99. December 1979 . Three smart buys from Ramtek . Datamation . 80.
  100. April 1977 . Single Architecture Terminal Combines Graphic and Alphanumeric Capabilities . Computer Design . 150–151.
  101. Zientara . Marguerite . 1978-06-19 . Harris' IBM 3270-Type CRT Among Product Debuts at NCC . Computerworld . 12 . 25 . 33–34, 37.
  102. 1978-06-26 . Seven-Color Xerographic Printer Works on Both Originals, Input . Computerworld . 12 . 26 . 49.
  103. September 1978 . Color Graphics Display Controller . Chilton's Ian Instrument and Apparatus News . 26 . 9 . 54.
  104. 1978-08-14 . Ramtek Color Output CRTs Have Raster Scan . Computerworld . 12 . 33 . 76.
  105. October 1979 . Color Graphics Computer Programmable In Pascal/Assembly Language . Computer Design . 55.
  106. 1980-02-11 . Graphics Package Written in Pascal . Computerworld . 14 . 6 . 38.
  107. 1980-06-16 . Ramtek Expands 6000 Series Of Color Graphics CPUs . Computerworld . 14 . 24 . 63.
  108. July 1980 . Color Graphics Computer with Pascal . Interface Age . 97.
  109. February 1980 . Marketing Agreement set for bank transfer system . Canadian Datasytems . 12 . 2 . 73.
  110. https://books.google.com/books?id=PF-U70puD_QC&pg=PA26 Four reasons why UNIVAC users are switching to the Ramtek 8210/Uniscope Emulation Terminal
  111. 1980-10-27 . Users of CRT Terminals Blast Burroughs' Technical Support . Computerworld . 14 . 44 . 57, 60.
  112. 1980-11-10 . VDT Provides Color Graphics Output From Host . Computer Business News . 3 . 45 . 11.
  113. 1980-11-17 . Ramtek Offers Color Graphics . Computerworld . 14 . 47 . 68.
  114. https://books.google.com/books?id=sglMaWvdPEUC&pg=PA58 When you need color graphics, Ramtek has it all
  115. September 1975 . 8080 In Circuit Emulator . Microcomputer Digest . 2 . 3 . 1, 3.
  116. July 1976 . Products . Computer Design . 146.
  117. 1976-07-22 . New Products . Electronics . 49 . 15 . 128.
  118. 1980-05-12 . Ramtek's Printer/Plotter 'True Four-Color' Device . Computer Business News . 3 . 19 . 2.
  119. 1980-06-02 . Ramtek Unit Prints Black . Computerworld . 14 . 22 . 55.
  120. August 1980 . Modem Technology . Canadian Datasystems . 12 . 8 . 51.
  121. February 1980 . Color graphics in PASCAL . Infosystems . 27 . 2 . 75.
  122. 1973-04-21 . Eastern Flashes . Cash Box . 57.
  123. 1973-09-29 . California Clippings . Cash Box . 35 . 13 . 55.
  124. 1973-12-15 . Move over "Pong", "Paddle Battle", "T.V. Tennis" and the other video games. Here comes Ramtek's third cash box champion - "$occer" . Cash Box . 43.
  125. 1974-03-02 . California Clippings . Cash Box . 35 . 35 . 45.
  126. 1974-05-25 . Streaking is new Clean Sweep is Newer . Cash Box . 51.
  127. 1974-11-02 . It's a Whole New Ballgame by Ramtek! . Cash Box . MOA28.
  128. September 1974 . Ramtek Test Markets New Knockout, TV-Arcade Unit . Vending Times . 68.
  129. 1975-07-30 . Amusement Price Lists . Marketplace . 40 . 7 . F.
  130. October 1975 . Trivia by Ramtek . Play Meter . 16 . 1 . 10.
  131. January 1976 . Trivia pastime goes coin-op in Ramtek game . Play Meter . 40 . 2 . 1.
  132. April 1976 . Ramtek Releases Sea Battle Video . RePlay Magazine . 20 . 1 . 26.
  133. April 1976 . Ramtek Introduces New 'Sea Battle' Video Game . Vending Times . 60.
  134. May 1976 . Ramtek Inc. Introduces New 'Hit Me' Video Game . Vending Times . 69.
  135. June 1976 . Ramtek Deals Black Jack . Play Meter . 42.
  136. January 1977 . Ramtek Intros Blocking Game . Play Meter . 3 . 1 . 43.
  137. January 1977 . Ramtek Ships 'Barricade' . RePlay Magazine . 2 . 3 . 56.
  138. June 1977 . Ramtek Pops 'M-79 Ambush' . RePlay Magazine . 2 . 8 . 72.
  139. June 1977 . Ramtek Corp. Introducers M-79 Ambush Gun Games . Vending Times . 63.
  140. July 1977 . M-79 Ambush— Cannon Game From Ramtek . Play Meter . 3 . 13 . 39.
  141. September 1977 . 'Star Cruiser' Launched from Ramtek Corp. . RePlay Magazine . 2 . 11 . 141.
  142. September 1977 . Ramtek Corp. Introduces Star Cruiser Video Unit . Vending Times . 71.
  143. October 1977 . Space wars . Play Meter . 3 . 19 . 45.
  144. 1976-10-23 . Ramtek's 'Horoscope' New Astrology Game . Cash Box . 38 . 21 . 53.
  145. November 1976 . Future Machine . Play Meter . 53 . 2 . 12.
  146. November 1976 . We Do More Than Just Play Games With You. . Play Meter . 75 . 2 . 12.
  147. Lally II . Ralph C. . December 1976 . Play Meter Plays the New Games, Volume II . Play Meter . 26 . 2 . 14.
  148. December 1977 . Parks Show Sees 3 New Games . Play Meter . 3 . 23 . 53.
  149. December 1977 . 1977 IAAPA (Parks) Show Perks . RePlay Magazine . 3 . 3 . 40.
  150. December 1977 . Ramtek Introduces New Boom Ball At Parks Show . Vending Times . 56.
  151. August 1978 . 'Dark Invader' Ships . RePlay Magazine . 3 . 11 . 27.
  152. August 1978 . Ramtek, Inc. Introduces 'Dark Invader' Game . Vending Times . 66.
  153. Lally II . Ralph C. . 1978-12-15 . Play Meter Plays the Games . Play Meter . 15 . 4 . 23.
  154. February 1979 . Ramtek Bows Roadster Game . RePlay Magazine . 4 . 5 . 26.
  155. 1979-03-15 . Living in the fast lane . Play Meter . 5 . 5 . 58.

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