Ram Sasisekharan Explained

Ram Sasisekharan
Birth Date:1965
Birth Place:India
Nationality:Indian-American
Doctoral Advisor:Robert S. Langer

Ram Sasisekharan (born 1965) is an Indian-American researcher and bioengineer the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Best known for leading the international team that identified oversulfated chondroitin sulfate as a contaminant in the US heparin supply in 2007 and 2008,[1] [2] [3] he had developed antibodies for dengue, yellow fever, Zika and SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Sasisekharan joined the MIT's faculty of biological engineering in 1996, became full professor in 2003, and Director of the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology from 2008 to 2012. Since then, he is the Alfred H. Caspary Professor of Biological Engineering and Health Sciences and Technology at the MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.[4] He is also a principal investigator of the Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group under the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology.[5]

Sasisekharan's research in glycomics and antibodies, with authorship of about 200 scientific papers, led him found six biotechnological companies for which he is a named inventor on 205 United States patent applications in 2023.[6] His PhD research, supervised by Robert S. Langer, on cloning and sequencing of the enzyme, heparinase, led to the creation of his first biotechnological company, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, which was later acquired by Johnson & Johnson.

Background and personal life

Sasisekharan was born in India in 1946. His father, V. Sasisekharan (Viswanathan Sasisekharan), is an Indian biophysicist whose research involves the structure of biomolecules including that of DNA.[7] Sasisekharan's wife, Uma Narayanasami, is an oncologist certified in hematology and medical oncology practicing at Mass General Cancer Center at Emerson Hospital in Concord, Massachusetts.[8] She has also collaborated in the fight against cancer and has had several publications focused on heparinase and its potential to limit tumor growth by releasing certain sugars from the surface cells of cancer.[9]

Education

Sasisekharan studied physical sciences at Bangalore University from where he obtained a B.Sc. degree in 1985. He completed M.Sc. in biophysics from Harvard University, and earned a Ph.D. in medical sciences from Harvard Medical School. For his thesis, Sasisekharan wanted to work on a topic nobody had wanted. His advisor and mentor, Robert S. Langer, assigned him on cloning of a protein, heparinase.[10] He earned his doctorate in 1992.[11] He later described the problem by comparing his work with DNA sequencing: "Sequencing DNA is like walking through a ladder, but sequencing sugars is more like putting a puzzle together."[12]

Early career

Sasisekharan's PhD work, under the supervision of Langer, was one which most researchers avoided due to the difficulty and risk. It involved characterizing and sequencing the components of heparinase, a critical enzyme that degrades or cuts up the sugars in the heparin family. In the early 1990s, Sasisekharan devised a novel approach of using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to clone the enzyme in just eight weeks. This first-in-class cloned enzyme became the subject of Sasisekharan's first patent, US 5,389,539, which was filed in 1992.[13] From 2007 to 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration FDA approached Sasisekharan to use his glycan sequencing technology to identify the source of a contaminated batch of heparin. Weeks later, the Sasisekharan lab helped identify the contamination source as oversulfated chondroitin sulfate.[14]

Sasisekharan joined the MIT faculty in 1996, received tenure in 2001, and advanced to full professor in 2003. From 2008 to 2012, Sasisekharan was the Edward Hood Taplin Professor of Health Sciences and Technology and Director of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.[15]

Research

Protein sequencing

Considered a pioneer of the emerging and essential field of glycomics, Sasisekharan and his lab were the first to conduct detailed studies of a class of glycan-degrading enzymes that were revealed to be critical tools in uncovering fundamental biological roles of glycans in significant health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular biology, and infectious diseases. In addition, Sasisekharan’s approach to studying glycans has led to several technology platforms which launched the company Momenta in 2001 and yielded novel translational applications for disease processes and understanding structure-function relationships. Because of this expertise, the FDA requested Sasisekharan's assistance during the US heparin crisis.

Infectious diseases

Work at the Sasisekharan lab led to an understanding of the mutation risk for avian or bird flu[16] and swine flu[17] and the need for development of rapid response capabilities for emerging infectious diseases.[18]

Antibody development

The Sasisekharan lab in conjunction with the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) in Singapore focused on responding rapidly to infectious disease outbreaks from both a technical and regulatory perspective, and initiated a series of antibody programs with increasing speed of development.[19] The lab first developed an improved dengue fever antibody,[20] named monoclonal antibody (mAb) 513 that was reported in 2018.[21] The next program was in yellow fever. A yellow fever antibody named TY014 was developed in 2019, [22] an Investigational New Drug (IND) application was filed in seven months.[23] Clinical trial started the next year.[24]

Sasisekharan's lab was the first to produce antibodies for the treatments of influenza A virus and Zika virus infections. The antibody for influenza (H7N9) disease was named VIS410, and the development was reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2015.[25] The antibody for Zika virus was called ZAb_FLEP as reported in the Cell Host & Microbe in 2018.[26] An IND was filed for Zika antibody within nine months of initiation.[27]

The most recent program developed a SARS-CoV-2 antibody which went from design to first human infusion in four months in 2020.[28]

Heparin crisis

Towards the end of 2007 and early 2008, there were reports of people developing allergic reactions after having an injection of heparin sodium. 150 people died in US,[29] with hundreds of clinical cases in other parts of the world.[30] An investigation by FDA from January 2008 identified that the majority of the drug came from Baxter International. Baxter immediately recalled al its heparin products. As cases were also reported in other countries, a global recall was done by various manufacturers.[31] The incidence was known as the heparin crisis.[32] [33]

Sasisekharan led the research team that included scientists from MIT, Koch Institute, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The team reported their findings in Nature Biotechnology that heparin was contaminated with over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a highly immune activator.[34] [35] In subsequent reports in The New England Journal of Medicine, the team concluded that heparin contaminated with over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate was the cause of adverse effects and deaths.[36] [37] [38]

Entrepreneurial activities

Sasisekharan's PhD research led to the development of glycan sequencing platform. With his supervisor, Langer, he established Momenta Pharmaceuticals in 2001, which was eventually acquired by Johnson & Johnson for USD 6.5 billion. During his 12-year tenure on Momenta's board, Sasisekharan provided input on the company's first commercial drug, which is a low-cost, highly potent version of the blood-thinner Lovenox, which is a low molecular weight heparan (LMWH). To complete development and commercialize this generic version of Lovenox, Momenta formed a collaboration with a division of Novartis.

Sasisekharan has founded six companies. Sasisekharan co-founded Cerulean in 2006 to leverage nanopharmaceuticals to target tumors with highly potent chemotherapeutics.[39]

Sasisekharan also founded Visterra Inc., a company focused on the development of antibody-based treatments for kidney diseases and other hard-to-treat conditions like cancer and infectious. In 2018, Otsuka Pharmaceutical acquired the company for USD 430 million.[40] In 2015, he co-founded Tychan, a Singapore-based company for the development of antibodies for infectious diseases such as COVID-19.[41] [42]

Sasisekharan serves on the advisory board for multiple biotechnology companies, venture fundings, and non-profit organizations that are engaged in biotechnological developments.

Misconduct allegations and exoneration

Accusation

In 2019, scientists at a competitor to Visterra, Inc., Adimab LLC, led by Tillman Gerngross and Karl Dane Wittrup (Sasisekharan's colleague at MIT) published a technical criticism in mAbs of Sasisekharan's papers,[43] [44] the development of VIS410 reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2015 and that of ZAb_FLEP reported in the Cell Host & Microbe in 2018. The mAbs paper was submitted on April 16, 2019 and accepted two days later, and published as a "Perspective" (opinion) but in the form of an original research article. There was no proper peer reviewing.[45] [46] The scientists claimed that research data "show striking similarities" to published data.[47] [48] Data on VIS410 "produces exact matches to an earlier US patent" named Ab044 in 2013, as well as a "remarkable degree of similarity" with FI6v3[49] that was described in 2011 by a team of European scientists.[50] They also remarked that ZAb_FLEP "leaves little doubt that ZAb_FLEP corresponds to mAb", a patent already filed by Sasisekharan's lab, and a "remarkable sequence similarity" to a paper in Nature published in 2016.[51] [52] They concluded: "We find it difficult to view these authors’ approach in any light other than an intent to mislead as to the level of originality and significance of the published work." The paper reviewer, William Schief, professor of immunology at the Scripps Research Institute, agreed that it was a “very strong case” against Sasisekharan's misconduct.

Sasisekharan responded that the criticism was "inaccurate and slanderous" as his papers and other papers had fundamental differences, further remarking that the mAbs paper was "founded on a baseless conjecture and filled with entirely false claims."[53] Gerngross took the allegations further and publicly explained in a series of media interviews. An "internal complaint" against Sasisekharan was submitted to MIT in the spring of 2019. The MIT restricted Sasisekharan from making interactions with his team,[54] and rebuttal to the accusations.[55]

Exoneration

The MIT investigation took three and a half years, and the decision was announced in 2023.[56] [57] The MIT Vice President for Research, Maria T. Zuber, released a public statement on 14 March clearing Sasisekharan of the allegation charge, stating that: "MIT has completed its investigation with no finding of research misconduct for any of the submitted allegations."[58] An explanation of the science was immediately provided on the website for the Sasisekharan Lab. [59]

As Sasisekharan was exonerated from the charges of misconduct, the allegations turned the table on the mAbs authors. Peter Dedon, Sasisekharan's colleague, asserted that there are "big concerns" about the mAbs paper. The Adimab is a rival company to Sasisekharan's in antibody research, and Dedon believed that it was an attempt to discredit Sasisekharan for financial advantages, saying, "This is like corporate warfare being waged in an academic journal."

Since the mAbs paper was only an opinion piece, Dedon criticized the journal for not asking Sasisekharan's response. Sasisekheran claimed that he had no knowledge of the accussation until a reporter at The Wall Street Journal asked him of his opinion on the mAbs paper.[60] As one of the leaders of Adimab, Wittrup was Sasisekharan's colleague, the issue could have been discussed and settled without public accusations. Sasisekharan remarked that publishing a criticism of journal articles in other journal "goes against scientific convention, in which disagreements are usually conducted in the same journal that published the paper being discussed."

Zuber announced that the MIT will "assist in fully restoring the reputations of Professor Sasisekharan and the members of his lab. In addition, we are committed to ensuring that Professor Sasisekharan and his lab can return to normal operation." An open letter to the Editor-in-Chief of mAbs was created on 13 June 2023 to retract the Adimab paper, which has been endorsed by scientists and supporters around the world. When inquired by the Nature correspondent, the editor-in-chief, Janice Reichert, did not make any response.

Awards and honours

In 2005, the journal Nature named Sasisekharan as "Movers", remarking his works: "he's turned seemingly useless molecules into potential therapeutic drugs. It can't get much sweeter than that." He was awarded the Princess Chulabhorn Gold Medal in 2007 and remained an advisor to the Chulabhorn Research Institute of the Government of Thailand.[61]

In 1999, Sasisekharan received the Beckman Young Investigators Award, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Young Investigator Award in Pharmacological Sciences, and the Edgerly Science Partnership Award.[62] He received the CaPCure Awards from the CaPCure Foundation (now the Prostate Cancer Foundation) in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001.[63]

In 2009, Sasisekharan became elected Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. He received the MERIT Award from the U.S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences in 2010. In 2014, he became elected Fellow of the U.S. National Academy of Inventors. In 2017, he received the Agilent Thought Leader Award from the Agilent Technologies.[64] [65]

Notes and References

  1. Kishimoto . T.K. . Contaminated Heparin Associated with Adverse Clinical Events and Activation of the Contact System . New England Journal of Medicine . June 5, 2008 . 358 . 23 . 2457–2467 . 10.1056/NEJMoa0803200 . 18434646 . 3778681 .
  2. Web site: Trafton . Anne . Teams Unravel Heparin Death Mystery . MIT News . 23 April 2008 . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 12 May 2023.
  3. Web site: Kemsley . Jyllian . Heparin Undone - A consortium of scientists raced against the clock to identify the cause of adverse reactions . Chemical and Engineering News . 12 May 2023.
  4. Web site: Ram Sasisekharan, PHD . MIT BE . MIT Biological Engineering . 12 May 2023.
  5. Web site: 3 Questions: Ram Sasisekharan on Hastening Vaccines and Treatments . MIT News . 8 October 2020 . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 12 May 2023.
  6. Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine . 12 May 2023 .
  7. May . Mike . The Sweetest Thing - Ram Sasisekharan's research on sugar structures leads to a new biotech business--and perhaps new cures. . Harvard Magazine . November 2003 . 12 May 2023.
  8. Web site: Uma Narayanasami, MD . Massachusetts General Hospital . 12 May 2023.
  9. News: Saigal . Ranjai . 22 March 2005 . Lokvani Talks to Dr. Ram Sasisekharan . Lokvani . 12 May 2023.
  10. May . Mike . 2002 . Adding sugar to bioscience. A tennis game leads to a method for sequencing polysaccharides . Scientific American . 287 . 4 . 38–40 . 10.1038/scientificamerican1002-38 . 0036-8733 . 26059999 . 12271522.
  11. Web site: Ram Sasisekharan . 2023-08-21 . American Scientist . en.
  12. 2005 . Movers . Nature . en . 434 . 7034 . 804 . 10.1038/nj7034-804c . 2005Natur.434..804. . 1476-4687. free .
  13. Web site: Purification of heparinase I, II, and III from Flavobacterium heparinum . Google Patents . 12 May 2023.
  14. News: Biotech to the Rescue Ram Sasisekharan's startups provide novel methods to fight disease and make better drugs. . 12 May 2023 . MIT Technology Review . April 29, 2014.
  15. Web site: Ram Sasisekharan, PhD . 12 May 2023 . Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT . Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  16. News: Yong . E. . 6 June 2013 . Some H5N1 and H7N9 Bird Flue Viruses Could Be Onne Mutation Away from Spreading Efficiently Between Humans . The Scientist . 12 May 2023.
  17. News: Trafton . Anne . March 9, 2011 . MIT Scientists Identify a Mutation that Could Allow the Flu Virus to Spread Much More Easily - Keeping an Eye on H1N1 2011 . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 12 May 2023.
  18. Web site: Rapid Response . 12 May 2023 . Koch Institute, Department of Biological Engineering.
  19. Web site: Research advances therapy to protect against dengue virus . 2023-09-08 . ScienceDaily . en.
  20. Tharakarman . Kannan . April 8, 2013 . Redesign of a cross-reactive antibody to dengue virus with broad-spectrum activity and increased in vivo potency . PNAS . 110 . 17 . E1555-64 . 2013PNAS..110E1555T . 10.1073/pnas.1303645110 . 3637786 . 23569282 . free.
  21. Wong . Yee Hwa . Kumar . Akshita . Liew . Chong Wai . Tharakaraman . Kannan . Srinivasaraghavan . Kannan . Sasisekharan . Ram . Verma . Chandra . Lescar . Julien . 2018-05-31 . Molecular basis for dengue virus broad cross-neutralization by humanized monoclonal antibody 513 . Scientific Reports . en . 8 . 1 . 8449 . 10.1038/s41598-018-26800-y . 29855525 . 5981469 . 2018NatSR...8.8449W . 2045-2322 . 44098440 . free.
  22. Tomashek . Kay M. . Challberg . Mark . Nayak . Seema U. . Schiltz . Helen F. . 2019 . Disease Resurgence, Production Capability Issues and Safety Concerns in the Context of an Aging Population: Is There a Need for a New Yellow Fever Vaccine? . Vaccines . en . 7 . 4 . 179 . 10.3390/vaccines7040179 . 31717289 . 6963298 . 2076-393X . 207953669 . free.
  23. Paules . Catharine . April 13, 2017 . Yellow Fever - Once Again on the Radar Screen in the Americas . New England Journal of Medicine . 376 . 15 . 1397–1399 . 10.1056/NEJMp1702172 . 28273000 . 12 May 2023. free .
  24. Low . Jenny G. . Ng . Justin H.J. . Ong . Eugenia Z. . Kalimuddin . Shirin . Wijaya . Limin . Chan . Yvonne F.Z. . Ng . Dorothy H.L. . Tan . Hwee-Cheng . Baglody . Anjali . Chionh . Yok-Hian . Lee . Debbie C.P. . Budigi . Yadunanda . Sasisekharan . Ram . Ooi . Eng-Eong . 8 . 2020-07-30 . Phase 1 Trial of a Therapeutic Anti–Yellow Fever Virus Human Antibody . New England Journal of Medicine . en . 383 . 5 . 452–459 . 10.1056/NEJMoa2000226 . 32726531 . 220877134 . 0028-4793. free . 1721.1/133594.2 . free .
  25. Tharakaraman . Kannan . Subramanian . Vidya . Viswanathan . Karthik . Sloan . Susan . Yen . Hui-Ling . Barnard . Dale L. . Leung . Y. H. Connie . Szretter . Kristy J. . Koch . Tyree J. . Delaney . James C. . Babcock . Gregory J. . Wogan . Gerald N. . Sasisekharan . Ram . Shriver . Zachary . 8 . 2015-09-01 . A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody is effective against H7N9 . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 . 35 . 10890–10895 . 10.1073/pnas.1502374112 . 1091-6490 . 4568252 . 26283346 . 2015PNAS..11210890T . free.
  26. Tharakaraman . Kannan . Watanabe . Satoru . Chan . Kuan Rong . Huan . Jia . Subramanian . Vidya . Chionh . Yok Hian . Raguram . Aditya . Quinlan . Devin . McBee . Megan . Ong . Eugenia Z. . Gan . Esther S. . Tan . Hwee Cheng . Tyagi . Anu . Bhushan . Shashi . Lescar . Julien . 8 . 2018-05-09 . Rational Engineering and Characterization of an mAb that Neutralizes Zika Virus by Targeting a Mutationally Constrained Quaternary Epitope . Cell Host & Microbe . 23 . 5 . 618–627.e6 . 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.004 . 1934-6069 . 6018055 . 29746833.
  27. Web site: 7 February 2018 . World's First Zika Antibody Developed by Singapore Company . 12 May 2023 . TEMASEK.
  28. News: June 10, 2020 . ychan to Begin First Clinical Trials for First Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against COVID-19 . BusinessWire . 12 May 2023.
  29. Rosania . Larry . 2010 . Heparin crisis 2008: a tipping point for increased FDA enforcement in the pharma sector? . Food and Drug Law Journal . 65 . 3 . 489–501, ii . 1064-590X . 24479237.
  30. Szajek . Anita Y. . Chess . Edward . Johansen . Kristian . Gratzl . Gyöngyi . Gray . Elaine . Keire . David . Linhardt . Robert J. . Liu . Jian . Morris . Tina . Mulloy . Barbara . Nasr . Moheb . Shriver . Zachary . Torralba . Pearle . Viskov . Christian . Williams . Roger . 8 . 2016-06-09 . The US regulatory and pharmacopeia response to the global heparin contamination crisis . Nature Biotechnology . 34 . 6 . 625–630 . 10.1038/nbt.3606 . 1546-1696 . 6516469 . 27281424.
  31. Hedlund . K. D. . Coyne . D. P. . Sanford . D. M. . Huddelson . J. . 2013 . The heparin recall of 2008 . Perfusion . 28 . 1 . 61–65 . 10.1177/0267659112462274 . 1477-111X . 23042900. 43409116 .
  32. Laurencin . Cato T. . Nair . Lakshmi . 2008 . The FDA and safety--beyond the heparin crisis . Nature Biotechnology . 26 . 6 . 621–623 . 10.1038/nbt0608-621 . 1546-1696 . 18536680. 20447440 .
  33. News: Mundy . Alicia . 2011-02-23 . House Investigates Heparin Crisis . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 2023-08-20 . 0099-9660.
  34. Guerrini . Marco . Beccati . Daniela . Shriver . Zachary . Naggi . Annamaria . Viswanathan . Karthik . Bisio . Antonella . Capila . Ishan . Lansing . Jonathan C. . Guglieri . Sara . Fraser . Blair . Al-Hakim . Ali . Gunay . Nur Sibel . Zhang . Zhenqing . Robinson . Luke . Buhse . Lucinda . 8 . 2008-04-28 . Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate is a contaminant in heparin associated with adverse clinical events . Nature Biotechnology . 26 . 6 . 669–675 . 10.1038/nbt1407 . 1546-1696 . 3491566 . 18437154.
  35. News: Fox . Maggie . 2008-04-24 . Researchers confirm heparin contaminant . en . Reuters . 2023-08-20.
  36. Kishimoto . Takashi Kei . Viswanathan . Karthik . Ganguly . Tanmoy . Elankumaran . Subbiah . Smith . Sean . Pelzer . Kevin . Lansing . Jonathan C. . Sriranganathan . Nammalwar . Zhao . Ganlin . Galcheva-Gargova . Zoya . Al-Hakim . Ali . Bailey . Gregory Scott . Fraser . Blair . Roy . Sucharita . Rogers-Cotrone . Thomas . 8 . 2008-06-05 . Contaminated heparin associated with adverse clinical events and activation of the contact system . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 . 23 . 2457–2467 . 10.1056/NEJMoa0803200 . 1533-4406 . 3778681 . 18434646.
  37. Blossom . David B. . Kallen . Alexander J. . Patel . Priti R. . Elward . Alexis . Robinson . Luke . Gao . Ganpan . Langer . Robert . Perkins . Kiran M. . Jaeger . Jennifer L. . Kurkjian . Katie M. . Jones . Marilyn . Schillie . Sarah F. . Shehab . Nadine . Ketterer . Daniel . Venkataraman . Ganesh . 8 . 2008-12-18 . Outbreak of adverse reactions associated with contaminated heparin . The New England Journal of Medicine . 359 . 25 . 2674–2684 . 10.1056/NEJMoa0806450 . 1533-4406 . 3810025 . 19052120.
  38. News: Emery . Gene . 2008-12-03 . Contaminant confirmed in tainted heparin . en . Reuters . 2023-08-20.
  39. Web site: Cerulean Pharma - Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery . Lux Campital . 12 May 2023.
  40. Web site: 2018-09-04 . Otsuka Pharmaceutical Completes Acquisition of Visterra . 2023-09-14 . www.businesswire.com . en.
  41. Web site: Vuksanaj . Kathy . 2020-05-26 . Decreasing the Time from Antibody Idea to IND Approval . 2023-09-14 . GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News . en-US.
  42. News: Lim . Jessie . 2020-12-11 . S'pore biotech company Tychan begins final stage trials for Covid-19 antibody . en . The Straits Times . 2023-09-14 . 0585-3923.
  43. Web site: Lowe . Derek . 2019-05-22 . Antibody Design, Publicly Challenged . 22 August 2023 . Science.
  44. News: Walker . Joseph . 2019-05-26 . MIT Scientist's Biotech Research Is Called Into Question . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 2023-08-22 . 0099-9660.
  45. Web site: Vinluan . Frank . MIT Clears Bioengineering Professor of Reesearch Misconduct Allegations . MedCity News . 5 September 2023.
  46. Web site: Retract the "Perspective" containing false allegations of research misconduct lodged against an MIT Professor . openletter.earth . 5 September 2023.
  47. Web site: Garde . Damian . 2019-05-21 . MIT professor is accused of claiming others' scientific discoveries as his own . 2023-08-22 . STAT . en-US.
  48. Web site: Offord . Catherine . 2019-05-29 . MIT Researcher Allegedly Copied Other Groups' Drug Designs . 2023-08-22 . The Scientist Magazine . en.
  49. Vásquez . Maximiliano . Krauland . Eric . Walker . Laura . Wittrup . Dane . Gerngross . Tillman . 2019 . Connecting the sequence dots: shedding light on the genesis of antibodies reported to be designed in silico . mAbs . 11 . 5 . 803–808 . 10.1080/19420862.2019.1611172 . 1942-0870 . 6601546 . 31107637.
  50. Corti . Davide . Voss . Jarrod . Gamblin . Steven J. . Codoni . Giosiana . Macagno . Annalisa . Jarrossay . David . Vachieri . Sebastien G. . Pinna . Debora . Minola . Andrea . Vanzetta . Fabrizia . Silacci . Chiara . Fernandez-Rodriguez . Blanca M. . Agatic . Gloria . Bianchi . Siro . Giacchetto-Sasselli . Isabella . 8 . 2011-08-12 . A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins . Science . 333 . 6044 . 850–856 . 10.1126/science.1205669 . 1095-9203 . 21798894. 2011Sci...333..850C . 5086468 .
  51. Barba-Spaeth . Giovanna . Dejnirattisai . Wanwisa . Rouvinski . Alexander . Vaney . Marie-Christine . Medits . Iris . Sharma . Arvind . Simon-Lorière . Etienne . Sakuntabhai . Anavaj . Cao-Lormeau . Van-Mai . Haouz . Ahmed . England . Patrick . Stiasny . Karin . Mongkolsapaya . Juthathip . Heinz . Franz X. . Screaton . Gavin R. . 8 . 2016-08-04 . Structural basis of potent Zika-dengue virus antibody cross-neutralization . Nature . 536 . 7614 . 48–53 . 10.1038/nature18938 . 1476-4687 . 27338953. 2016Natur.536...48B . 10044/1/34051 . 54567835 . free .
  52. Web site: Garde . Damian . 2019-05-22 . MIT professor is accused of claiming others' scientific discoveries as his own - . 2023-08-22 . Boston Globe . en-US.
  53. Web site: Thielking . Megan . Garde . Damian . 2019-05-23 . At MIT, a bitter dispute over research puts a scientist's prestige on the line . 2023-08-22 . STAT . en-US.
  54. Web site: Quinn . Ryan . 2023-06-20 . MIT Exonerates Professor—After 3.5-Year Wait . 2023-08-22 . Inside Higher Ed . en.
  55. Web site: Garde . Damian . 2023-06-14 . Muzzled for years, vindicated MIT professor says fraud investigation into his lab did lasting damage . 2023-08-22 . STAT . en-US.
  56. Web site: Garde . Damian . 2023-06-19 . Muzzled for years, vindicated MIT professor says fraud investigation into his lab did lasting damage . 2023-08-22 . The Boston Globe . en-US.
  57. News: Walker . Joseph . 2023-06-15 . MIT Drug Researcher Cleared in Research Probe . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 2023-08-22 . 0099-9660.
  58. Web site: Zuber . Maria T. . 2023-03-14 . Information on a research misconduct matter . 2023-08-22 . orgchart.mit.edu.
  59. Web site: Sasisekharan Lab Cleared of Any Wrongdoing by MIT . Sasisekharan Lab . Koch Institute . 5 September 2023.
  60. Gulland . Anne . 2023-08-25 . 'Gagged and blindsided': how an allegation of research misconduct affected our lab . Nature . en . 10.1038/d41586-023-02711-5. 37626219 . 261173977 .
  61. 2006 . Ram Sasisekharan . The Lancet . en . 367 . 9513 . 809 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68324-4. 16530564 . Sasisekharan . R. . 39043181 .
  62. Web site: MIT Team Reports Powerful Tool For Studying Sugars . 2023-09-14 . ScienceDaily . en.
  63. Web site: Ram Sasisekharan – Medical Exchange Club . 2023-09-14 . medicalexchangeclub.org.
  64. Botcherby . Lewis . 2017-08-08 . The Heightened Role of HILIC in Biopharmaceutical Analysis . Column . The Column-08-08-2017 . en . 13 . 11 . 2–5.
  65. Web site: Agilent Technologies Presents Thought Leader Award to Dr. Ram Sasisekharan . 2023-08-20 . www.agilent.com.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ram Sasisekharan".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.