| Honorific-Prefix: | The Honorable |
| Ramón Avanceña | |
| Order: | 4th |
| Office: | Chief Justice of the Philippines |
| Term Start: | April 1, 1925 |
| Term End: | December 5, 1941 |
| Appointer: | Calvin Coolidge |
| Predecessor: | Manuel Araullo |
| Successor: | José Abad Santos |
| Office2: | Attorney General of the Philippines |
| Term Start2: | July 1, 1914 |
| Term End2: | March 1, 1917 |
| Predecessor2: | Ignacio Villamor |
| Successor2: | Quintín Paredes |
| Office3: | 18th Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court |
| Term Start3: | October 31, 1917 |
| Term End3: | March 31, 1925 |
| Appointer3: | Woodrow Wilson |
| Predecessor3: | Seat established |
| Successor3: | Carlos Imperial |
| Office4: | Vice President of the Philippines |
| Term Start4: | October 14, 1943 |
| Term End4: | January 15, 1944 |
| President4: | Jose P. Laurel |
| Term Start5: | November 30, 1948 |
| Term End5: | December 30, 1949 |
| President5: | Elpidio Quirino |
| Birth Name: | Ramón Avanceña y Quiosay |
| Birth Date: | 13 April 1872 |
| Birth Place: | Molo, Iloilo, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish East Indies |
| Death Place: | Pasay, Rizal, Philippines |
| Nationality: | Filipino |
| Occupation: | Lawyer |
| Spouse: | Maria Floserfina Abad |
| Children: | 6 |
| Education: | Colegio de San Juan de Letran (BA) University of Santo Tomas (LLB) |
| Succeeded4: | Benigno Aquino Sr. (de facto) |
| Succeeded5: | Fernando Lopez |
| Predecessor5: | Elpidio Quirino |
| Status4: | De facto |
Ramón Quiosay Avanceña (April 13, 1872 – June 12, 1957) was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He served from 1925 to 1941, when he resigned at the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. He was from Arevalo, Iloilo City.
Avanceña was born on April 13, 1872 to Lucas Avanceña and Petra Quiusay in Molo, Iloilo City, but grew up in Arevalo, Iloilo City.
He earned his Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de San Juan de Letran and Bachelor of Laws at University of Santo Tomas.
Ramón Avanceña served as a legal adviser to the Federal State of the Visayas, the revolutionary government of provinces of Iloilo, Capiz and Antique, and was chosen to negotiate with the American forces on Panay during the Philippine–American War.
During the American Colonial Era, he was appointed as assistant attorney in the Bureau of Justice. In 1905, he was appointed auxiliary judge. He was Attorney General of the Philippines from 1914 until 1917, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice. Upon the death of Manuel Araullo in 1924, he succeeded as Chief Justice, but he had to wait until 1925 to be formally appointed.
He was supposed to join Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon in exile during the onset of the Japanese Occupation, but worried that he would not be together with his family, so he decided to stay put.
His sons José, Alberto, and Jesús became practicing attorneys.
The Ramon Avanceña National High School in Arevalo, Iloilo City and Ramon Avanceña High School in Quiapo, Manila are named after him.