Ralph H. Baer Explained

Ralph H. Baer
Birth Name:Rudolf Heinrich Baer
Birth Date:8 March 1922
Birth Place:Rodalben,[1] Palatinate, Weimar Republic
Death Place:Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S.
Occupation:Inventor, video game designer, engineer
Years Active:1966–2014
Children:3

Ralph Henry Baer (born Rudolf Heinrich Baer; March 8, 1922 – December 6, 2014) was a German-American inventor, game developer, and engineer.

Baer's family fled Germany just before World War II and Baer served the American war effort, gaining an interest in electronics shortly thereafter. Through several jobs in the electronics industry, he was working as an engineer at Sanders Associates (now BAE Systems)[2] in Nashua, New Hampshire, when he conceived the idea of playing games on a television screen around 1966. With support of his employers, he worked through several prototypes until he arrived at a "Brown Box" that would later become the blueprint for the first home video game console, licensed by Magnavox as the Magnavox Odyssey. Baer continued to design several other consoles and computer game units, including contributing to design of the Simon electronic game. Baer continued to work in electronics until his death in 2014, with over 150 patents to his name.

Baer is considered "the Father of Video Games" due to his many contributions to games and helping to spark the video game industry in the latter half of the 20th century.[3] In February 2006, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology for "his groundbreaking and pioneering creation, development and commercialization of interactive video games, which spawned related uses, applications, and mega-industries in both the entertainment and education realms".[4]

Life

Ralph Baer was born in 1922 to Lotte (Kirschbaum) and Leo Baer,[5] a Jewish family living in Germany, in Pirmasens,[6] [7] and was originally named Rudolf Heinrich Baer. At age 14, he was expelled from school due to anti-Jewish legislation implemented in Nazi Germany and had to go to an all-Jewish school.[8] His father worked in a shoe factory in Pirmasens at the time. Baer's family, fearing increasing persecution, moved from Germany to New York City in 1938, just two months prior to Kristallnacht, while Baer was a teenager. Baer would later become a naturalized United States citizen.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

In the United States, he was self-taught and worked in a factory for a weekly wage of twelve dollars. After seeing an advertisement at a bus station for education in the budding electronics field, he quit his job to study in the field. He graduated from the National Radio Institute as a radio service technician in 1940. In 1943 he was drafted to fight in World War II and assigned to military intelligence at the United States Army headquarters in London. On returning from war duty in 1946, he presented a large collection of weaponry he had amassed (about 18short ton) to museums in Aberdeen, Maryland; Springfield, Massachusetts; and Fort Riley, Kansas.[17] With his secondary education funded by the G.I. Bill, Baer graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Television Engineering, which was unique at the time, from the American Television Institute of Technology in Chicago in 1949.[18] [19]

In 1949, Baer went to work as chief engineer for a small electro-medical equipment firm called Wappler, Inc. There he designed and built surgical cutting machines, epilators, and low frequency pulse generating muscle-toning equipment. In 1951, Baer went to work as a senior engineer for Loral Electronics in Bronx, New York, where he designed power line carrier signaling equipment, contracting for IBM. From 1952 to 1956, he worked at Transitron, Inc., in New York City as a chief engineer and later as vice president.[20]

He started his own company before joining defense contractor Sanders Associates in Nashua, New Hampshire (now part of BAE Systems Inc.) in 1956, where he stayed until retiring in 1987.[20] Baer's primary responsibility at Sanders was overseeing about 500 engineers in the development of electronic systems being used for military applications. Out of this work came the concept of a home video game console. He would go on to create the first commercial video game consoles, among several other patented advances in video games and electronic toys.[21] As he approached retirement, Baer partnered with Bob Pelovitz of Acsiom, LLC, and they invented and marketed toy and game ideas from 1983 until Baer's death.[22]

Baer was a Life Senior Member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.[23] His son, Mark, helped lead the nomination process to elevate him to become an IEEE Life Fellow, the highest level of membership within the organization.[24]

Family and death

Baer married Dena Whinston in 1952; she died in 2006. They had three children during their marriage, and at the time of Baer's death, he had four grandchildren. Baer died at his home in Manchester, New Hampshire on December 6, 2014, according to family and friends close to him.[25] [26]

Inventions

In 1966, while an employee at Sanders Associates, Baer started to explore the possibility of playing games on television screens. He first got the idea while working at Loral in 1951, another electronics company, however, they were uninterested in the project at the time.[27] In a 2007 interview, Baer said that he recognized that the price reduction of owning a television set at the time had opened a large potential market for other applications, considering that various military groups had identified ways of using television for their purposes.[28] Upon coming up with the idea of creating a game using the television screen, he wrote a four-page proposal with which he was able to convince one of his supervisors to allow him to proceed. He was given US$2,500 and the time of two other engineers, Bill Harrison and Bill Rusch.[29] They developed the "Brown Box" console video game system, so named because of the brown tape in which they wrapped the units to simulate wood veneer.[30] [31] Baer recounted that in an early meeting with a patent examiner and his attorney to patent one of the prototypes, he had set up the prototype on a television in the examiner's office and "within 15 minutes, every examiner on the floor of that building was in that office wanting to play the game". The Brown Box was ultimately patented on April 17, 1973, given U.S. Patent No. 3728480, and became jointly owned by Ralph Baer and BAE Systems.

Baer began seeking a buyer for the system, turning to various television manufacturers many whom showed little interest in the unit. In 1971, the technology was licensed to Magnavox, which completed the design and released it in September 1972 as the Magnavox Odyssey.

After the release of Pong, which was partially inspired by the table tennis game, on the Odyssey, a lengthy conflict ensued between Baer and Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell over who was the true "father of video games"; Baer was willing to concede this to Bushnell, though noted that Bushnell "has been telling the same nonsensical stories for 40 years".[32] Ultimately, the industry came to name Baer as the father of the home video game console, while crediting Bushnell with creating the concept of the arcade machine;[33] [34] Upon Baer's death, Bushnell stated that Baer's "contributions to the rise of videogames should not be forgotten".[35]

Baer is also credited with co-developing three popular electronic games.[36] Baer, along with Howard J. Morrison, developed Simon (1978) and its sequel Super Simon (1979) for Milton Bradley, electronic pattern-matching games that were immensely popular through the late 1990s. Simon was assigned Pat No. 4,207,087 in 1980.[37] Baer also developed a similar pattern-matching game "Maniac" for the Ideal Toy Company (1979) on his own, though the game was not as popular as Simon; Baer considered that Maniac was "really hard to play" and thus not as popular as his earlier game.[38]

In 2006, Baer donated hardware prototypes and documents to the Smithsonian Institution. He continued to tinker in until at least 2013.[39] By the time of his death, Baer had over 150 patents in his name.[40] In addition to the patents related to video games, he also held patents for electronic greeting cards and tracking systems for submarines.

Death

Awards and tributes

In addition to being considered "The Father of Video Games", Baer was recognized as a pioneer in the video game field. His accolades include the G-Phoria Legend Award (2005),[41] the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award (2008),[42] the Game Developers Conference Developers Choice "Pioneer" award (2008), and the IEEE Edison Medal (2014).[43] Baer was posthumously given the Pioneer Award by the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences at the 2015 Game Developers Conference.[44] [45] On February 13, 2006, Baer was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President George W. Bush in honor of his "groundbreaking and pioneering creation, development and commercialization of interactive video games".[46] [47] On April 1, 2010, Baer was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame at a ceremony at the United States Department of Commerce in Washington, D.C.[48] While Baer's contributions had generally been overlooked by more recent advances in video game technology development, Baer had stated "In view of the fact that the President of the United States of America hung the National Medal of Technology around my neck in a White House ceremony in 2006, and in view of my having been inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, I really don't feel neglected."[32]

In 2006, Baer donated many of his inventions to the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Following his death in 2014, his workshop was removed from the basement of his house on Mayflower Drive in Manchester and to the museum, where it is now on permanent display in the museum’s Innovation Wing.

On April 8, 2021, the United States Mint announced that Baer and "Handball" would be honored as part of the American Innovation dollars program.[49] [50]

Baer Square

On May 10, 2019, a statue was placed in Baer’s honor in Arms Park in Manchester, New Hampshire. The area of the park around the memorial was renamed as Baer Square.[51] One of Baer’s sons and several of his grandchildren attended the unveiling.[52] The memorial was funded through a Kickstarter fundraising campaign.[53]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ralph Baer aus Rodalben: Der Pionier des Gamings . Ginkel . Benjamin . 2022-03-05 . . 2024-01-14 . de.
  2. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB963520490931725161 "Lockheed Martin Agrees to Sell Sanders Unit to BAE Systems"
  3. Web site: Hatfield. Daemon. GDC 2008: Ralph Baer Receiving Pioneer Award. December 20, 2007. ign.com. December 7, 2014. June 6, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140606201959/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/12/20/gdc-2008-ralph-baer-receiving-pioneer-award. live.
  4. Web site: The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 2004 Laureates. 2004. December 7, 2014. April 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416143439/http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/2004.jsp. live.
  5. Web site: Ralph H. Baer. Union Leader. December 8, 2014. July 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200721211424/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/unionleader/obituary.aspx?n=ralph-h-baer&pid=173398418&fhid=4813. live.
  6. Web site: Ralph Henry Baer American engineer and inventor. August 13, 2020. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. September 6, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906112648/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ralph-Baer. live.
  7. Web site: 2006 interview with Ralph Baer . August 13, 2020 . December 14, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141214224403/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Baer_Ralph_1/Baer_Ralph_1and2.2006.102657972_final.pdf . live .
  8. O'Dea, Meghan. "Ralph Baer." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 5, edited by R. Daniel Wadhwani. German Historical Institute. Last modified April 28, 2016.
  9. Web site: The Father Of Video Games Fled The Nazis, Fought Them Then Took All Their Guns. Kotaku. Gawker Media. May 3, 2011. December 7, 2014. Luke. Plunkett. May 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110518091601/http://kotaku.com/5797942/the-father-of-video-games-fled-the-nazis-then-fought-them. live.
  10. Web site: Ralph Baer: The Father of the Video Game. The Huffington Post. October 19, 2012. December 7, 2014. Steve. Karras. October 31, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131031080808/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-karras/ralph-baer-video-games_b_1988048.html. live.
  11. Web site: The Right to Baer Games – An Interview with Ralph Baer, the Father of Video Games. Gamasutra. March 23, 2007. December 7, 2014. Benj. Edwards. December 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071205020335/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1690/the_right_to_baer_games__an_.php. live.
  12. Icons: Ralph Baer. Icons. June 9, 2005. G4. 4. 5006. August 4, 2013. December 21, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20051221222634/http://www.g4tv.com/icons/episodes/4174/Ralph_Baer.html. dead.
  13. Book: Dillon, Roberto. The Golden Age of Video Games: The Birth of a Multi-billion Dollar Industry. Taylor & Francis Group. 2011. 978-1-4398-7323-6. November 2, 2020. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210530/https://books.google.com/books?id=pq6-X1fTm2oC&q=%22ralph%20baer%22%20jewish&pg=PA11. live.
  14. Book: Wolf, Mark J.P.. The Medium of the Video Game. University of Texas Press. 2001. 0-292-79148-8. November 2, 2020. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624213546/https://books.google.com/books?id=lKZriBxbcwQC&q=%22ralph%20baer%22%20jewish&pg=PA38. live.
  15. Book: Kent, Steven. Steven L. Kent

    . Steven L. Kent. Ultimate History of Video Games. Random House. 2001. 978-0-7615-3643-7. November 2, 2020. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211603/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTrcTeAqeaEC&q=%22ralph%20baer%22%20jewish&pg=PT55. live.

  16. Eugene Register-Guard. Inventor Has Deep Impact on U.S. Life. February 6, 1977. December 7, 2014. Jules. Loh. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204029/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CKNVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6643,1187207&dq=ralph-baer+jewish&hl=en. live.
  17. Ralph H. Baer: Biography (http://www.ralphbaer.com/biography.htm)
  18. Cf. Wolverton, Mark, "The Father of Video Games", American Heritage Invention and Technology magazine, Fall 2009 issue.
  19. http://www.earlytelevision.org/ati.html American Television Institute
  20. Smithsonian Institution, "Administrative/biographical history", Ralph H. Baer Papers, The Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation; smithsonian.org; accessed December 7, 2014.
  21. Book: Digital Play: The Interaction of Technology, Culture, and Marketing. Stephen Kline . Nick Dyer-Witheford . Greig De Peuter . McGill-Queen's University Press. 2003. 0-7735-2591-2.
  22. Web site: Paris GDC: Baer On The Industry's Birth, Preserving History. Gamasutra. June 23, 2008. December 7, 2014. Brandon. Sheffield. December 18, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141218002502/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/110085/Paris_GDC_Baer_On_The_Industrys_Birth_Preserving_History.php. live.
  23. Web site: NEWSLETTER: A House Journal of IEEE Kerala Section. https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143248/http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/kerala/april_june_2006.htm. August 21, 2009. April–June 2006. April 17, 2007.
  24. Web site: Son's Quest to Get Father of Video Games Elevated to IEEE Fellow . Kathy . Pretz . November 25, 2014 . December 7, 2014 . . December 30, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141230030827/http://theinstitute.ieee.org/ieee-roundup/opinions/ieee-roundup/sons-quest-to-get-father-of-video-games-elevated-to-ieee-fellow . dead .
  25. News: Ralph H. Baer, a father of video gaming, dies at 92. The Washington Post. December 7, 2014. December 7, 2014. David. Marino-Nachison. September 21, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000326/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ralph-h-baer-a-father-of-video-gaming-dies-at-92/2014/12/07/a24c8964-7e6e-11e4-8882-03cf08410beb_story.html. live.
  26. Web site: Ralph Baer, 'father of video games', passes away. Kris. Graft. December 7, 2014. December 7, 2014. Gamasutra. December 8, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208043205/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/231730/Ralph_Baer_father_of_video_games_passes_away.php. live.
  27. Book: Griffiths. Devin. Virtual Ascendance: Video Games and the Remaking of Reality.. 2013. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Lanham, MD.
  28. Web site: The Right to Baer Games – An Interview with Ralph Baer, the Father of Video Games. Benj. Edwards. March 23, 2007. December 7, 2014. Gamasutra. November 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111083219/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/130108/the_right_to_baer_games__an_.php. live.
  29. Web site: Meet the video games godfather: Ralph Baer. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121523/https://www.theguardian.com/famous-for-a-reason/2015/nov/09/ralph-baer-the-godfather-of-gaming. December 22, 2015. December 13, 2015. The Guardian.
  30. News: Ralph H. Baer, Inventor of First System for Home Video Games, Is Dead at 92. The New York Times. December 7, 2014. December 7, 2014. Douglas. Martin. December 8, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208141424/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/business/ralph-h-baer-dies-inventor-of-odyssey-first-system-for-home-video-games.html. live.
  31. Web site: The Father of the Video Game: The Ralph Baer Prototypes and Electronic Games. Smithsonian Institution. December 7, 2014. December 16, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141216060728/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/the-father-of-the-video-game-the-ralph-baer-prototypes-and-electronic-games. live.
  32. Web site: Baer's Odyssey: Meet the serial inventor who built the world's first game console. Declan. Burrowes. July 13, 2013. December 7, 2014. Ars Technica. November 21, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141121024620/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2013/07/in-the-beginning-ralph-h-baer-and-the-birth-of-the-game-console/. live.
  33. Web site: The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry . Mat . Barton . Bill . Loguidice . . January 9, 2009 . December 8, 2014 . January 12, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090112004852/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php . live .
  34. Book: Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun . Curt . Vendel . Marty . Goldberg . Syzygy Press . 2012 . 978-0985597405 . 26 . registration .
  35. News: Ralph Baer, a Pioneer of Videogames, Is Remembered . Don . Clark . December 8, 2014 . December 8, 2014 . . December 8, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208200221/http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/12/08/ralph-baer-a-pioneer-of-videogames-is-remembered/ . live .
  36. Web site: Ralph Baer game designs. October 12, 2012. February 23, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100223060944/http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamedesigner/6430/ralph-baer. live.
  37. Book: Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Tim Walsh. Andrews McMeel Publishing. 2005. 0-7407-5571-4. November 2, 2020. October 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211008014554/https://books.google.com/books?id=jftapGDTmYUC&q=ralph+baer+simon&pg=PA173. live.
  38. Web site: Maniac Electronic Game, 1979. Smithsonian Institution. December 7, 2014. December 16, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141216060446/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1302006. live.
  39. David Friedman (photographer) . March 7, 2013 . Video Games . https://web.archive.org/web/20141209015142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vBZmzLXBK8 . December 9, 2014 . live . December 7, 2014 . .
  40. Web site: The Father Of Video Games, Ralph Baer, Has Passed Away. December 7, 2014. December 7, 2014. Kotaku. Luke. Plunkett. December 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141211020052/http://kotaku.com/the-father-of-video-games-ralph-baer-has-passed-away-1667980395. live.
  41. Web site: Wrap-Up: G4's G-Phoria Video Game Awards. Sheffield. Brandon. Gamasutra. July 28, 2005. April 18, 2007. July 14, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060714080916/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=6063. live.
  42. Web site: IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award Recipients. IEEE. May 2, 2008. February 10, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090210014120/http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/ibukapr.html. dead.
  43. Web site: Recipients of the 2014 Medals and Awards. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. . . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140224000716/http://theinstitute.ieee.org/people/achievements/recipients-of-the-2014-medals-and-awards. February 24, 2014.
  44. Ralph Baer, Al Alcorn To Receive AIAS Pioneer Awards . Jeff . Cork . January 9, 2015 . January 9, 2015 . . January 19, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150119201831/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/01/09/ralph-baer-al-alcorn-to-receive-aias-pioneer-awards.aspx . dead .
  45. Web site: Game industry pauses to say thanks to the father of gaming . Brian . Crecente . February 6, 2015 . February 6, 2015 . . February 6, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150206191049/http://www.polygon.com/2015/2/6/7990673/game-industry-pauses-to-say-their-thanks-to-the-father-of-gaming . live .
  46. Web site: President George W. Bush Presents….. February 2006. December 7, 2014. White House Archives. March 15, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120315231425/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/images/20060213_d-0217-515h.html. live.
  47. Web site: Game Pioneer Ralph Baer Wins National Medal . Simon . Carless . November 17, 2005 . December 7, 2014 . . May 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120511003525/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/98176/Game_Pioneer_Ralph_Baer_Wins_National_Medal.php . live .
  48. Web site: N.H. brain behind GPS in hall of fame. The Telegraph. April 7, 2010. December 7, 2014. David. Brooks. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150850/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/697050-196/n.h.-brain-behind-gps-in-hall-of.html. July 14, 2014.
  49. Web site: Mint reveals designs for 2021 American Innovation dollars. April 12, 2021. CoinWorld. en. April 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210412172629/https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/mint-reveals-designs-for-2021-american-innovation-dollars. live.
  50. Web site: 2021 American Innovation® $1 Coin Program Designs U.S. Mint. April 12, 2021. www.usmint.gov. April 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210409180856/https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/united-states-mint-announces-2021-american-innovation-1-coin-program-designs. live.
  51. Web site: Statue honors the late Ralph Baer, inventor and video game pioneer. Leader. MICHAEL COUSINEAU New Hampshire Union. UnionLeader.com. en. May 31, 2019. May 10, 2019. May 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190531151318/https://www.unionleader.com/news/business/statue-honors-the-late-ralph-baer-inventor-and-video-game/article_21c8e6d6-d2d6-5340-a632-9002ab3ef84b.html. live.
  52. Brooks, David. “Video game pioneer Ralph Baer honored with Manchester statue.” Concord Monitor. Published May 10, 2019. Accessed April 23, 2023.
  53. Fundraising campaign on kickstarter.com "Baer Bench for the "Father of the Video Game"". Kickstarter. Retrieved April 19, 2022

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