Rajzel Żychlińsky Explained

Rajzel Żychlińsky
Birth Name:Rajzla Żychlińska
Birth Date:1910 7, mf=y
Birth Place:Gąbin, Poland
Death Place:Concord, California
Occupation:Poet
Citizenship:Poland, United States
Education:City College of New York
Notableworks:God Hid His Face: Selected Poems
Children:Marek Kanter, Ph.D.
Awards:Itzik Manger Prize (1975)

Rajzel Żychlińsky (July 27, 1910 – June 13, 2001) was a Polish-born writer of poetry in Yiddish. She published seven collections over six decades. Her first two collections were published in Warsaw, Poland in 1936 and 1939, just prior to World War II. She survived the war by fleeing eastward to the Soviet Union, but many members of her immediate family were murdered in the Holocaust. Her postwar poetry, mostly written in the United States, was strongly influenced by these events.

Biography

Żychlińsky was born in Gąbin, Poland to Mordechai Żychlińsky and Debora Żychlińska (née Appel). Both her parents were Jewish. Her mother in particular was devout and descended from a family from which many rabbis had emerged. Żychlińsky completed public grade school in Gąbin in 1923. Gąbin had no higher schools for girls, but she continued her education through private tutors. By then Żychlińsky was writing poetry in Polish and in Yiddish. Her first poem to be published appeared about 1927 in the Folkstsaytung, which was a Yiddish-language daily newspaper in Warsaw, Poland's largest city. In the early 1930s, Żychlińsky moved to Włocławek; she worked there in an orphanage. By 1936 she was working at a bank in Warsaw. Her first book of poems, Lider [''Poems''], was published in 1936 by the Yiddish PEN Club. It had an introduction by one of her mentors, the noted Polish poet and playwright Itzik Manger. In 1937, she won the Reuben Ludwig Award of the Yiddish-American literary publication Inzikh. In early 1939 her second book, Der regn zingt [''The Rain Sings''], was published in Warsaw.[1] [2] [3]

Germany initiated World War II by invading Poland from the west on September 1, 1939, and the Soviet Union invaded from the east sixteen days later. Żychlińsky and friends hired a cab and, for an extraordinary payment of 400 złoty, had the driver drive them east to the Bug River. There she had a boat take her across the river into the zone of Soviet-occupied Poland, near Białystok.[4] Most of the poet's family remained in the German-occupied zone. Żychlińsky's mother, along with her sister Chaneh, her brothers Yakov and Dovid, and their children, were ultimately murdered in the gas chambers of the Treblinka and Chełmno extermination camps.[5] [6] [7] She lived in Lvov (L’viv) for a time. She then moved to Kolomyya, where she lived with the Kanter family. In January, 1941 she married Isaac Kanter. Isaac Kanter was a well-read psychiatrist who also wrote; he knew Żychlińsky from Warsaw. The German invasion of the Soviet Union commenced in June, 1941. Żychlińsky and her husband fled eastward again, ultimately landing near Kazan. Isaac Kanter served as a doctor in the Soviet army during the war. On February 15, 1943, their son, Marek, was born.

After the war in 1945, Żychlińsky and her family returned to Poland. She published her third volume of poetry, Tsu loytere bregn [To Clear Shores], there in 1948. It would be fifteen years before she published the fourth. In 1948 the family moved to Paris, France. They had found postwar Poland to be unwelcoming to the return of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. Finally, in 1951 she and her family emigrated to the United States, and lived in Manhattan and in Brooklyn. There she found work, and, at the same time, attended City College of New York. Subsequently, she and her family resided in various parts of the United States, including Florida and California, as well as spending some time in Canada.[4]

Żychlińsky was fluent in five languages. After the war and the nearly total elimination of the Yiddish-speaking communities in Europe,[8] she continued to write exclusively in Yiddish. Karina von Tippelskirch writes, "Zychlinsky wrote poems only in Yiddish, the mameloshn—her mother tongue. It linked the poet and her mother, and it remains the language that can carry the Eastern European Jewish world beyond its destruction by the Holocaust into the present."[9] Von Tippelskirch also wrote: "Rajzel Zychlinsky (1910–2001) is considered one of the greatest Yiddish poets of the 20th century and a master of the small poetic form."[10] [11]

Żychlińsky was awarded the Itzik Manger Prize for contributions to Yiddish letters at a ceremony in Tel Aviv on June 9, 1975.[12] Nonetheless she is not famous even in Yiddish-speaking circles. Elvira Groezinger writes, "The reason for Zychlinsky's incomprehensible lack of fame may be traced to her life choices. She was not part of the mainstream of Yiddish poets, publishers, and influential people. ... Having no networks to support her career, she remained a lifelong loner and outsider."[13] Barnett Zumoff writes that "she was the most authentic and original of the female Yiddish poets."

"God Hid His Face"

The volume of English translations takes its title from the poem "God Hid His Face", which has been called "one of her most powerful and desolate." von Tippelskirch considers the poem in the larger context of faith in god following the Holocaust: "Like many writers after the Holocaust, among them Itzik Manger and Zvi Kolitz (1946) in his famous 'Yosl Rakover Talks to God', Zychlinsky struggles with faith, often referring to God as blind or absent." The poem's title also appears in Zvi Kolitz' text.[14]

In English translation by Aaron Kramer:[15] God Hid His FaceAll the roads led to death,all the roads.

All the winds breathed betrayal,all the winds.

At all the doorways angry dogs barked,at all the doorways.

All the waters laughed at us,all the waters.

All the nights fattened on our dread,all the nights.

And the heavens were bare and empty,all the heavens.

God hid his face.

Bibliography

Poetry collections

Żychlińsky published seven collections of her poetry:[16]

English translations

A volume of translations of her poems has been published in English:

Translations of her poetry into English have been included in several anthologies:

Polish translations

Polish translations of some poems appear in the anthology:

German translations

French translations

Monographs

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: von Tippelskirch, Karina . Rajzel Zychlinski 1910 – 2001 . March 1, 2009 . https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/Zychlinski-Rajzel . Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women's Archive.
  2. Prager . Leonard. Carrie . Friedman-Cohen . Short biographical note.
  3. Book: Goldsmith, Emanuel S. . God Hid his Face. Selected Poems . en . Introductory Essay: The Poetry of Redemption through Compassion . Word & Quill Press . Santa Rosa, CA . 1997 . 749287139 . 9780965864008 . https://www.ibiblio.org/yiddish/Book/Zychlinsky/rz-ie.html.
  4. Web site: Rajzel Zychlinsky: Biographical Notes . Karina . Kranhold . Marek . Kanter . Zchor.com . August 23, 2010 .
  5. News: Und Gott hat verborgen sein Gesicht . de . And God Has Hidden His Face . Witt . Hubert . Die Welt . June 23, 2001 . Obituary for Żychlińsky by her translator Hubert Witt. He notes that her mother, a sister, and two brothers were murdered at Chelmno. The sister is undoubtedly Chaneh Żychlińska; Rajzel Żychlińsky later wrote a poem naming her.
  6. News: Leslie . Katz . Yiddish Poet, 88, Crafts Beauty From Shoah Horror . January 29, 1999 . . August 23, 2010 .
  7. Book: Zychlinksky, Rajzel . Tsu loytere bregn . Farlag yidish-bukh . 1948 . Lodz . 3 . yi . To Clear Shores . 10708461. The dedication lists her mother and siblings by name, as well as their places of death.
  8. Book: Birnbaum, Solomon . Solomon Birnbaum . Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache . de . Hamburg . Buske . 1984 . 3 . 4 . 9783871186585 . 251566334.
  9. Rajzel Zychlinsky: Writing in Her Mother's Tongue . von Tippelskirch . Karina . Prism. Spring 2016 . 58–62 . 8 .
  10. Web site: Rajzel Zychlinsky z"l . Kanter . Marek . Zchor.com . December 2, 2003 . August 23, 2010 .
  11. Book: Zumoff, Barnett . Songs to a Moonstruck Lady: Women in Yiddish Poetry . Toronto . TSAR Publication . 2005 . xiii . 9781894770279 . 255333733.
  12. Web site: Marek . Kanter . December 12, 1996 . About the Author . ibiblio . August 23, 2010 .
  13. Book: Groezinger, Elvira . Rosemary . Horowitz . Women Writers of Yiddish Literature: Critical Essays . Rajzel Zychlinski's Poetical Trajectories in the Shadow of the Holocaust . McFarland . 2015 . 9781476619903 . 907942425 . 270 . The reason for Zychlinsky's incomprehensible lack of fame may be traced to her life choices. She was not part of the mainstream of Yiddish poets, publishers, and influential people. She did not belong to a leftwing movement like Dora Teitelboim (1914–1992); she was not religious like Miriam Ulinover (1890–1944); she did not join literary circles like Celia Dropkin (1887–1956); and she was not a Zionist like Malka Lee (1904– 1976). Having no networks to support her career, she remained a lifelong loner and outsider..
  14. News: When God hid his face . The Guardian . October 29, 1999 .
  15. Book: Zychlinlski, Rajzel . God Hid his Face. Selected Poems . en . Translation by Aaron Kramer . Word & Quill Press . Santa Rosa, CA . 1997 . 749287139 . 9780965864008 . God Hid His Face . http://www.zchor.org/zychlinsky/zychlinsky.htm . 7. The citation to the original Yiddish-language poem is: Book: Zychlinsky, Rajzel . Shvaygndike tirn . 1963 . yi . Silent Doors . New York . 970955001 . Jidiš P.E.N.-Klub . 112.
  16. Book: Women Writers of Yiddish Literature: Critical Essays . Bibliography . 307 . Rosemary . Horowitz . McFarland . 2015 . 9781476619903 . 907942425.
  17. Encyclopedia: Molkou . Elizabeth . Rachel Ertel . Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . February 27, 2009 . Jewish Women's Archive . 2020-02-21 .

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