Raizal Explained

Group:Raizals
Total:25,515 (2018)[1]
Popplace:Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
Langs:San Andrés–Providencia Creole, English, Spanish
Rels:Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist
Related:Afro-Colombians, Afro-Jamaicans, Miskito, English people

The Raizal are the inhabitants of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, or The Raizal Islands; located approximately 292 miles south-west of Jamaica. They are not defined by race but are labeled by the Colombian authorities as one of the Afro-Colombian ethnic groups under the multicultural policy pursued since 1991. They are speakers of the San Andrés-Providencia Creole, a dialect of Jamaican Patois.

Demographics

In 2005, the Raizal were 57% of the 60,000 inhabitants of the San Andrés y Providencia Department, according to official statistics,[2] but based on the 2015 census, they are now only 39.4% of the population[3] in the archipelago because of migration from and to mainland Colombia. Raizals are mostly multi-racial, with a majority being of West African and Northern European descent. The Raizal community in the mainland is represented by the Organización de la comunidad raizal con residencia fuera del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (Orfa, based in Bogotá).[4]

Self-determination

In 1903, the local Raizal population of the Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands rejected an offer from the United States to separate from Colombia and to imitate Panama.

Towards the late 1960s, separatist movements became active in the archipelago. The first separatists, an underground movement, were led by Marcos Archbold Britton, who addressed a memorandum to the United Nations asking for the inclusion of the archipelago in the list of colonized territories. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) paid a private visit to the archipelago shortly afterwards, arousing suspicion in mainland Colombia.[5]

The second movement, which started in the late 1970s, grew stronger in the following decade, and culminated in the creation in March 1984 of the Sons of the Soil Movement (S.O.S.), openly claiming the right to self-determination.

Since 1999, another organization, the Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providence and Santa Catalina (AMEN-SD),[6] a radical separatist movement led by Rev. Raymond Howard Britton, has demanded the creation of an independent state.[7]

There are now, according to a document from the Colombian government, two trends among the Raizals: a radical one, the Pueblo Indígena Raizal, represented by the Indigenous Native Organizations, among whom Amen, Barraca New Face, Infaunas (a Rastafarian-inspired group of farmers and fishermen), Ketna (Ketlënan National Association) and the SOS Foundation, and a more moderate one, Comunidad Raizal (Native Foundation and Integración Básica) led by former governors who are friends of the Colombian establishment, mainly Felix Palacios, Carlos Archbold and Alvaro Archbold N. The latter group is understandably more ready to participate in bipartite institutions set up by the Colombian authorities.[8]

On April 28, 2002, the Raizal people signed a declaration of self-determination[9] and asked the Colombian government and the International Court of Justice for a major recognition of their autonomy and for appropriate resources to improve the quality of life in the island.

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: DANE Población Negra, Afrocolombiana, Raizal y Palenquera: Resultados del Censo National de Poplación y Vivienda 2018 . 22 July 2024.
  2. Web site: La visibilidad estadística de la población negra o afrodescendiente en Colombia, 1993-2005: entre lo étnico y lo racial . Fernando Urrea Giraldo . es . October 12, 2007 . 12º Congreso de Antropología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia . 2007-12-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080227200450/http://simposioraza.net/files/urrea.pdf . 2008-02-27 .
  3. Book: Caracterización de la población con limitaciones permanentes en Colombia, 2005 . 2012 . DANE . 978-958-624-078-9 . Kolumbien . Estudios poscensales . Bogotá.
  4. website: Organización de la Comunidad Raizal con Residencia Fuera del Archipiélago
  5. Web site: Recordando a Marcos Archbold Britton, líder independentista raizal . https://web.archive.org/web/20211122081016/http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/pdf/Raizales.pdf . dead . November 22, 2021 . January 15, 2007 . Fundación Hemera . es . Adriana Matamoros Insignares . 2007-12-29 .
  6. website: Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providence and Kethlena
  7. Web site: Raizales de San Andrés reclaman autonomía . June 4, 2007 . Fundación Hemera . es . Actualidad Étnica . 2007-12-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070610004337/http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/actualidadetnica/detalle.asp?cid=5450 . 2007-06-10 .
  8. Web site: Diagnóstico Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. https://web.archive.org/web/20211122081016/http://www.derechoshumanos.gov.co/observatorio/departamentos/2007/sanandres.pdf. dead. November 22, 2021. November 23, 2007. es. Programa Presidencial de Derechos Humanos y Derecho Internacional Humanitario. 2007-12-29.
  9. https://www.urosario.edu.co/jurisprudencia/catedra-viva-intercultural/Documentos/DeclaracionAutodeterminacionRaizal.pdf