Railway war memorials are memorials dedicated to railway company employees killed in war. Some were commissioned by the railway companies while others were commissioned on behalf of the employees. Such memorials were first erected after the Second Boer War (1899–1902), though the vast majority appeared after the First World War. Over 400 railway war memorials are known to exist in Britain, ranging from paper rolls of honour to imposing stone monuments. Some have been destroyed or lost through multiple changes in ownership or redevelopment of their surroundings. The Railway Heritage Trust and Network Rail maintain a database of the known surviving memorials.[1] [2]
The Second Boer War (1899–1902, also known as the South African War) was one of Britain's first wars to make extensive use of railways. It was also the first war to prompt a large wave of monuments dedicated to the memory of fallen soldiers, as opposed to victory monuments or memorials to commanders which had been common before. Few survive, but one highly visible example is the bronze plaques on platform 1 at Derby railway station, which list men from the Midland Railway killed in South Africa.[3] [4]
See main article: World War I memorials. The First World War produced casualties on an unprecedented scale. Thousands of railwaymen joined the armed forces, to the point that railway companies were forced to limit the number of men leaving. The railways themselves were placed under government control and entirely devoted to the war effort. Modern estimates are that almost 200,000 railwaymen fought in the war, and that over 21,000 of them were killed. During the war, several railway companies named locomotives after war heroes, including Marshal Joseph Joffre (commander of French forces), Charles Fryatt (captain of a railway-owned ship who was executed by the Germans), and Edith Cavell (a nurse executed for helping to release prisoners of war). Many companies also kept a paper roll of honour, listing employees who had left for the forces or who had been killed. The Midland Railway, a third of whose workforce enlisted or were conscripted, produced a pamphlet giving details of its employees who had joined up by December 1914; after the end of the war, it published a book of remembrance honouring its employees who had been killed.[5]
Following the war, several railway companies chose to erect large architectural or sculptural war memorials. Surviving documents suggest that the railway companies discussed the matter of commemoration between them, though no consistent theme emerged. Arguably the most elaborate is the Victory Arch at London Waterloo station, built by the London & South Western Railway in memory of 585 of its employees killed in the war. Other prominent memorials include the Midland's cenotaph in its home town of Derby and the North Eastern Railway's memorial outside its head office in York, both designed by the renowned architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, and the London and North Western Railway's obelisk by the company architect outside Euston station. The Great Western Railway commissioned Charles Sargeant Jagger, a veteran of the war, for its memorial, a statue of a soldier reading a letter from home.[6] The Great Central Railway's memorial to its dead of the First World War was erected outside Sheffield Victoria station and unveiled in 1922.[7] The memorial erected by the Great Eastern Railway took the form of a large marble memorial plaque at Liverpool Street station in London.[8]
| Great Northern Railway War Memorial | Great Northern Railway | London Kings Cross | 10 June 1920 | Wall tablet | Unveiled by: Douglas Haig | |
| Metropolitan Railway War Memorial | Metropolitan Railway | Baker Street tube station | 11 November 1920 | Wall tablet | Designer: Charles W. Clark Unveiled by: Clarendon Hyde | |
| London, Brighton and South Coast Railway War Memorial | London, Brighton and South Coast Railway | London Bridge station | 5 October 1921 | Wall tablet | Unveiled by: Charles Colin Macrae | |
| London and North Western Railway War Memorial | London and North Western Railway | London Euston | 21 October 1921 | Monument | Architect: Reginald Wynn Owen Unveiled by: Douglas Haig | |
| Caledonian Railway War Memorial | Caledonian Railway | Glasgow | 15 November 1921 | Wall tablet | Unveiled by: Francis Davies | |
| Midland Railway War Memorial | Midland Railway | Derby | 15 December 1921 | Monument | Architect: Edwin Lutyens Unveiled by: Charles Booth | |
| Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway War Memorial | Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway | Manchester | 14 February 1922 | Wall tablet | Architect: Henry Shelmerdine Unveiled by: Douglas Haig | |
| Glasgow and South Western Railway War Memorial | Glasgow and South Western Railway | Ayr | 17 February 1922 | Wall tablet | Designer: Robert Lorimer Unveiled by: Douglas Haig | |
| North British Railway War Memorial | North British Railway | Edinburgh | 12 March 1922 | Wall tablet | Construction: Charles Henshaw Unveiled by: Duke of Buccleuch | |
| London and South Western Railway War Memorial | London and South Western Railway | London Waterloo | 21 March 1922 | Arch | Architect: James Robb Scott Unveiled by: Queen Mary | |
| Great Eastern Railway War Memorial | Great Eastern Railway | London Liverpool Street | 22 June 1922 | Wall tablet | Construction: Farmer & Brindley Unveiled by: Henry Wilson | |
| Great Central Railway War Memorial | Great Central Railway | Sheffield | 9 August 1922 | Monument | Architect: Thomas Edward Collcutt Unveiled by: Douglas Haig | |
| Dover Marine War Memorial | South Eastern and Chatham Railway | Dover | 28 October 1922 | Statue | Sculptor: W. C. H. King Unveiled by: Cosmo Bonsor | |
| Great Western Railway War Memorial | Great Western Railway | London Paddington | 11 November 1922 | Statue | Architect: Thomas S. Tait Sculptor: Charles Sargeant Jagger Unveiled by: Viscount Churchill | |
| North Eastern Railway War Memorial | North Eastern Railway | York | 14 June 1924 | Monument | Architect: Edwin Lutyens Unveiled by: Herbert Plumer | |
| Underground Electric Railways Company of London War Memorial | Underground Electric Railways Company of London | not on public display image after unveiling | Westminster | 10 June 1925 | Statue and panels | Unveiled by: William Robertson |
As well as the erection of memorials, a service of remembrance to railwaymen killed in the war, attended by King George V and over 7,000 people, was held on 14 May 1919 in St Paul's Cathedral.[9] A centenary memorial service was held in Southwark Cathedral on 6 November 2019.[10]
Far fewer memorials were built after the Second World War. By that time, most railway companies had been amalgamated into the Big Four in 1923. The railway network suffered greatly from over-use and under-investment during the Second World War and the Big Four were nationalised to form British Railways in 1948. In many cases, the names of the dead from the Second World War were added to the memorials for the first.[11]