Rail transportation in the Philippines explained

Philippines
Majoroperators:DOTr (PNR, LRTA)
Ridership:795,072 (2022)
Length:533.15sp=usNaNsp=us
Operational: 266.75km (165.75miles)
Doublelength:59.23km (36.8miles)
Ellength:54.15km (33.65miles)
Gauge1length:403.3km (250.6miles)
Gauge2length:54.15km (33.65miles)
El1:750 V DC
El1length:36.55km (22.71miles)
El2length:17.6km (10.9miles)
Nostations:56 (operational)
Highelevation:208.6m (684.4feet)
Highelat:Camalig, Albay[1]

Rail transportation in the Philippines is currently used mostly to transport passengers within Metro Manila and provinces of Laguna and Quezon, as well as a commuter service in the Bicol Region. Freight transport services once operated in the country, but these services were halted. However, there are plans to restore old freight services and build new lines.[2] [3] From a peak of 1100sp=usNaNsp=us,[4] the country currently has a railway footprint of 533.14sp=usNaNsp=us, of which only 129.85sp=usNaNsp=us are operational as of, including all the urban rail lines. World War II, natural calamities, underspending, and neglect have all contributed to the decline of the Philippine railway network.[5] In the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report, the Philippines has the lowest efficiency score among other Asian countries in terms of efficiency of train services, receiving a score of 2.4, and ranking 86th out of 101 countries globally.[6] The government is currently expanding the railway network up to 1900sp=usNaNsp=us by 2022 through numerous projects.[7] [8]

The Philippine railway network consists of two commuter lines provided by the Philippine National Railways (PNR) and three urban mass transit lines operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority and Metro Rail Transit Corporation, all of which are located in Luzon. Within the last century, there were operating intercity rail lines extending from Manila both north and south operated by PNR. There were also lines on the Panay and Cebu islands, operated by Panay Railways, which currently does not own rolling stock or rail, only property. There were also short industrial railways in Negros Island operated by sugar mills such as the Hawaiian-Philippines Company.[9]

History

Luzon

There has been rail transport in the Philippines for over 120 years.[10] On June 25, 1875, King Alfonso XII of Spain promulgated a Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan for railroads on Luzon.[11] The plan, which was submitted five months later by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, was entitled Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón, and was promptly approved. A concession for the construction of a railway line from Manila to Dagupan was granted to Don Edmundo Sykes of the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan on June 1, 1887.[12] The construction and running of the railway was done by Manila Railway Company Ltd that was a British owned company.[13] The first rail tracks were laid in 1891 and its first commercial run was in 1892.[12]

With the American takeover of the Philippines, the Philippine Commission allowed the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (Meralco) to take over the properties of the Compañia de los Tranvias de Filipinas,[14] with the first of twelve mandated electric tranvia (tram) lines operated by Meralco opening in Manila in 1905.[15] At the end of the first year around 63 kilometers (39 mi) of track had been laid.[16] A five-year reconstruction program was initiated in 1920, and by 1924, 170 cars serviced many parts of the city and its outskirts.[16] Although it was an efficient system for the city's 220,000 inhabitants, by the 1930s the streetcar network had stopped expanding.[16] [17]

At the Tutuban Central Terminal in a bustling district of old Manila was the terminal of the Philippine National Railways for two lines, to the north and to the south. From the center of Manila towards Baguio in the north, the line ended in San Fernando, La Union while the south line stopped in Legazpi in the Bicol region. To and from these points it carried people and their goods, their trade and livelihood.

In 1936, the first standard-gauge railway was introduced to the Philippines in the form of two Climax locomotives for the Dahican Lumber Company (DALCO). These were originally built in 1917 for the San Joaquin and Eastern Railroad in California and were sold after their closure in 1933.[18] In July 1941, a 3T type Shay locomotive was also acquired from the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company. The status of this short-line railroad after the war remains unknown.[19]

Most of the improvements on the rail network were destroyed during Japanese invasion of the Philippines during the World War II. Of the more than a thousand route-kilometers before the war, only 452 were operational after it. For several years after the war, work was undertaken on what could be salvaged of the railroad system.[20] By the war's end, the tram network was also damaged beyond repair amid a city that lay in ruins. It was dismantled and jeepneys became the city's primary form of transportation, plying the routes once served by the tram lines. With the return of buses and cars to the streets, traffic congestion became a problem.

Decline and closure

Due to natural disasters and a lack of government support, railways began to decline in the post-war period. The funding during the 1970s was shifted to road-based infrastructure, such as the Philippine highway network. The PNR later became the attached agency of the then-Ministry of Transportation and Communications (now DOTr).

Some services began to close in 1984, with the North Main Line being cut short to Paniqui, Tarlac. It was again shortened to Meycauayan in 1988. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo would result in the closure of the entire line in 1991. The commuter services started in 1990, with a short extension to Malolos, but they were shut down in 1997. The South Main Line was also closed due to natural disasters, including the eruption of Mayon Volcano in 1993 and Typhoons Milenyo and Reming in 2006. This was also closed in October 2012 due to a derailment incident in Sariaya, Quezon and the ongoing disrepair of typhoon-damaged bridges. This would later close again in 2014, then in 2017.

Since then, the train system has been underinvested and the country has spent much more on road projects.[21] [22] While road-based transportation became dominant after the closure of the railways in the late 1980s, other modes of transportation, such as buses, have played a major role in routes leading to the provinces. Long, winding roads were made from these abandoned railways.[23]

Introduction of rapid transit

In 1966, the Philippine government granted a franchise to Philippine Monorail Transport Systems (PMTS) for the operation of an inner-city monorail.[24] The monorail's feasibility was still being evaluated when the government asked the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to conduct a separate transport study. Prepared between 1971 and 1973, the JICA study proposed a series of circumferential and radial roads, an inner-city rapid transit system, a commuter railway, and an expressway with three branches. The master plan would be known as the Urban Transport Study for the Manila Metropolitan Area (UTSMMA). After further examination, many recommendations were adopted; however, none of them involved rapid transit and the monorail was never built. PMTS' franchise subsequently expired in 1974.[25] Another study was performed between 1976 and 1977, this time by Freeman Fox and Associates and funded by the World Bank. It originally suggested a street-level railway, but its recommendations were revised by the newly formed Ministry of Transportation and Communications (now the DOTr). The ministry instead called for an elevated system because of the city's many intersections.

MMETROPLAN disagreed with several of the assumptions and proposals of UTSMMA. For one, Freeman, Fox—and the World Bank—did not feel that the heavy rail transit advocated by the Japanese was suitable to Manila’s conditions. “It would be hopelessly uneconomic,” they concluded, arguing against any form of segregated mass transit system.[26] The report also says "These results are conclusive, and are unlikely to be changed by any circumstances or reasonable assumptions…it is clear that any other fully segregated public transport system, whether light rail or busway, would also be uneconomic. As such systems would require the appropriation of most, if not all, of the available funds for all transport (including highways) in Metro Manila for the foreseeable future, and as there is not other rationale for their implementation, they have been rejected from further consideration.”[27]

President Marcos created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) in 1980. The first lady Imelda Marcos, then governor of Metro Manila and minister of human settlements, became its first chairman. Construction of LRT Line 1 started in September 1981, test-run in March 1984, and the first half of the line from Baclaran to Central Terminal opened on December 1, 1984. The second half, from Central Terminal to Monumento, opened on May 12, 1985. Overcrowding and poor maintenance took its toll a few years after opening. With Japan's ODA amounting to 75 billion yen in total, the construction of LRT Line 2 began in 1997, and the first section of the line, from Santolan to Araneta Center-Cubao, was opened on April 5, 2003.[28] The second section, from Araneta Center-Cubao to Legarda, was opened exactly a year later, with the entire line being fully operational by October 2004.[29] During that time Line 1 was modernized. Automated fare collection systems using magnetic stripe plastic tickets were installed; air-conditioned trains added; pedestrian walkways between Lines 1, 2, and the privately operated 3 were completed.[30] In 2005, the LRTA made a profit of ₱68 million, the first time the agency made a profit since the Line 1 became operational in 1984.[31]

Rehabilitation

In the early 2000s, the government worked to rehabilitate rail transportation in the country, including the Philippine National Railways, through various investments and projects.[32] Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process. Much of those plans such as the Northrail Project were controversial and were never completed, due to allegations of being overpriced and anomalous.[33]

MRT Line 3, which deteriorated since 2014 due to poor maintenance,[34] underwent a total rehabilitation from 2019 to 2021, which is intended to restore it to its original state.[35] [36]

Expansion

As part of the government's recent investments in transportation in the country, numerous projects are ongoing to expand and rehabilitate the railways in Luzon. Projects include the North–South Commuter Railway, a 180sp=usNaNsp=us line from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna,[37] [38] the Metro Manila Subway, a 36km (22miles) underground rapid transit line from Quezon City to Taguig and NAIA Terminal 3,[39] [40] the LRT Line 1 Cavite Extension, which would extend the existing line from Baclaran to Niog, the MRT-7 would connect North Avenue to San Jose Del Monte, the MRT-4 would connect Ortigas Center to Taytay, the Subic–Clark Railway, a freight line from Subic to Clark,[41] the PNR Batangas Railway, a new branch line serving commuters to and from Batangas, and the PNR South Long Haul, a total reconstruction and expansion of South Main Line from Manila to Matnog.

The current PNR service is also being expanded, with the PNR Metro Commuter now servicing Caloocan and Malabon.[42] [43] PNR is also planning to reintroduce services to the Carmona branch line.[44] New rolling stock was also acquired from PT INKA in Indonesia.[45]

Panay

From the beginning of the American colonial period of the Philippines, the new American colonial Insular Government was committed to building new railways. The Philippine Railway Company, predecessor of the current Panay Railways, was incorporated in Connecticut on March 5, 1906.[46] It was part of a "Manila syndicate", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company, incorporated in New Jersey, the Manila Construction Company, and the Manila Suburban Railways Company.[47] Later the Philippines Railways Construction Company was added. Cornelius Vanderbilt and William Salomon, among other leading American railwaymen sat on the board.

On May 28, 1906, the Philippine Commission granted to the Philippine Railway Corporation a concession to construct railways on the islands of Panay, Negros and Cebu.[48] Construction began on a railroad from Iloilo City to Roxas City in Capiz with crews working from both cities and meeting in the middle in 1907. Operations began immediately upon completion. In 1985, passenger operations ceased while in 1989 freight operations ceased.[49]

Cebu

The Philippine Railway Company, along with operating the Panay line, operated a line in Cebu from 1911 to 1942, when operations ceased because of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II.[50] The line ran from Danao south through Cebu City to Argao.[51] The line was built by the related Philippine Railways Construction Company.[52]

Services

Commuter rail

The Philippines currently has three operational commuter lines: the PNR Metro Commuter Line, located in Metro Manila, the PNR Inter-Provincial Commuter between Laguna and Quezon, and the PNR Bicol Commuter Line, located in the Bicol Region. All of these lines are operated by Philippine National Railways.

PNR Metro Commuter Line

See main article: PNR Metro Commuter Line. The PNR Metro Commuter line stretches from Tondo, Manila to the southern and northern edge of Metro Manila. It links the cities of Manila, Caloocan, Malabon, Makati, Taguig, Parañaque and Muntinlupa and the province of Laguna.[53] Currently, there are 31 railway stations, with more stations planned to be reopened in the future.[44] The current line is colored orange on most maps.

The line ceased operations in March 2024 to make way for the North-South Commuter Railway upon its completion.

PNR Inter-Provincial Commuter

The Inter-Provincial Commuter is a 44-kilometer (27 mi) commuter and regional rail service between San Pablo, Laguna and Lucena, Quezon. It has been proposed as part of the PNR South Long Haul project in 2019. The service had its first trial run on February 14, 2022, and was reopened on June 26.[54]

Bicol Commuter

The Bicol Commuter service is a commuter rail service in the Bicol Region, between stations in Tagkawayan, Quezon, and Legazpi, Albay, with Naga in Camarines Sur acting as a central terminal. It has three services: Tagkawayan-Naga (suspended), Sipocot-Naga (operational), and Naga-Legazpi (operational)

The service was first launched on September 16, 2009 as Tagkawayan-Naga and Naga-Ligao.[55] The trains were planned to make seven trips a day, alternating between Tagkawayan, Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi. All services used KiHa 52 in revised blue livery.

However after further reductions, only the service between Sipocot and Naga was operating by December 2013.[56] Service resumed between Naga and Legazpi on September 18, 2015, with one train a day.[57] However, services were again cut in April 2017 due to an absence of rolling stock, which was worsened by a succession of typhoons that damaged railroads in the Bicol region.[58]

Definitive plans to restore the entire route from Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi were bared with an inspection trip from Tutuban on September 20, 2019, with a rerailment crew, including certain areas of Quezon Province, in preparation of the restoration of more routes previously suspended.[59] First to be restored was the operation of the Naga-Sipocot segment of the Bicol Commuter service in 2022. On the 31th of July 2022, the PNR resumed operations between Ligao and Naga, with two daily trips in service. The Naga–Legazpi route was reopened on December 27, 2023, six years after its suspension in April 2017 due to insufficient trains.[60]

, the train used for the Naga-Legazpi Route is the 8300 class coaches pulled by a INKA CC300 locomotive. While the 8000 class DMU is used in the Naga - Sipocot Line.

Rapid transit

There are two rapid transit systems operating in the country: the Manila Light Rail Transit System, and the Manila Metro Rail System, both serving passengers in Metro Manila. Many passengers who ride the systems also take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses, to and from a station to reach their intended destination.[61] Beep, a contactless smart card, is used to pay fares for the lines.

Manila Light Rail Transit System

See main article: Manila Light Rail Transit System. The Manila Light Rail Transit System is one of the two rapid transit systems serving the Metro Manila area of the Philippines. There are two lines to the system: Line 1 and Line 2 The system is under the jurisdiction of the Light Rail Transit Authority, although the Light Rail Manila Corporation is responsible for the operations and maintenance of Line 1.

Although the system is referred to as a "light rail" system, arguably because the network is mostly elevated, the system is more akin to a rapid transit (metro) system in European-North American terms. The Manila LRT system is the first metro system in Southeast Asia, earlier than the Singapore MRT by three years.[62]

Its 33 stations along over 37.24sp=usNaNsp=us of mostly elevated track form two lines. LRT Line 1, opened in 1984, travels a north–south route. LRT Line 2, opened in 2003, travels along an east–west route. All of the stations of LRT lines 1 and 2 are elevated, except for the Katipunan station (which is underground).[63]

The system is not related to the MRT, or the Yellow Line, which forms a completely different but linked system.

Manila Metro Rail Transit System

See main article: Manila Metro Rail Transit System. The Metro Rail Transit (MRT) is the second rapid transit system serving Metro Manila in the Philippines. It originally began as a single line (MRT Line 3) that was first opened in 1999 and became fully operational by the year 2000. The MRT branding is currently associated with rapid transit lines in Metro Manila not under the jurisdiction of the LRTA, including lines 7 and 9, although the three lines will have different operators.

The system currently has 13 stations along 16.9sp=usNaNsp=us of mostly elevated track in an orbital north–south route. MRT Line 3, the first line in the system, opened in 1999.

Operators

Philippine National Railways

See main article: Philippine National Railways. The Philippine National Railways (PNR) is a state-owned railway company. As of 2016, it operates one commuter rail service in Metro Manila and local services between Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi City in the Bicol Region.[64] PNR began operations on November 24, 1892, as the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan, during the Spanish colonial period, and later becoming the Manila Railroad Company (MRR) during the American colonial period.[65] It became the Philippine National Railways on June 20, 1964, by virtue of Republic Act No. 4156. The PNR is an agency of the Department of Transportation.

Light Rail Transit Authority

See main article: Light Rail Transit Authority. The Light Rail Transit Authority, founded in 1981,[66] is the owner of the Manila LRT system. It was the operator of LRT Line 1 and the current operator of LRT Line 2.[67]

Light Rail Manila Corporation

See main article: Light Rail Manila Corporation. Light Rail Manila Corporation is a rail service company formed in 2014. It is the current operator of Line 1.[68] [69]

Metro Rail Transit Corporation

See main article: Metro Rail Transit Corporation. A private consortium of seven companies, Metro Rail Transit Corporation is owner and operator of Line 3 under a Build–operate–transfer agreement with the Department of Transportation. It was formed in 1995.[70]

Other

Railways under construction

Commuter rail

North–South Commuter Railway

See main article: North–South Commuter Railway. The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), is a 147km (91miles) railway being constructed in Luzon.[72] [73] [74] Partial operations will begin by 2026,[75] and full operations is expected to begin by 2029.[76]

Rapid transit

Line extensions

MRT Line 7

See main article: MRT Line 7. The Metro Rail Transit Line 7 (MRT Line 7) is a rapid transit line under construction.[81] When completed, the line will be 22.8 kilometers long serviced by 14 stations. The line runs in a northeast–southwest direction, beginning at San Jose del Monte, Bulacan up to the under construction North Avenue Grand Central station located in North Avenue, Quezon City.

Metro Manila Subway

See main article: Metro Manila Subway. The Metro Manila Subway (MMS)[82] is an underground rapid transit line currently under construction in Metro Manila, Philippines. The 36sp=us0sp=us line, which will run north–south between Valenzuela City, Quezon City, Pasig, Makati, Taguig, and Pasay, consists of 15 stations between the Quirino Highway and FTI stations.

Makati Intra-city Subway

See main article: Makati Intra-city Subway. The Makati Intra-city Subway is an 11-kilometer (6.8 mi)[83] under-construction underground rapid transit line to be located in Makati, Metro Manila, that will link establishments across the city's business district. It will be built under a public-private partnership program between the Makati city government and a private consortium, led by Philippine Infradev Holdings. The subway was expected to begin construction by December 2020, and Makati Mayor Abigail Binay projects completion by the year 2025.[84] On June 20, 2018, IRC Properties Inc. and its Chinese partners secured an ‘original proponent status’ from the city government of Makati for the proposed $3.7-billion Makati intra-city rail transport system.[85] [86] The subway will cost $3.7 billion (or ₱192 billion) and is expected to accommodate 700,000 passengers daily.[87] [88] It will also have ten stations, with connections to the existing Line 3, the Pasig River Ferry Service, and the approved Line 9 (Metro Manila Subway).

Planned or proposed

Rapid transit

Automated Guideway Transit System

See main article: Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines).

The Department of Science and Technology has commenced a project to develop a locally designed and manufactured Automated Guideway Transit System.

Monorail

Light rail

Heavy rail

Commuter rail

Intercity rail

Freight rail

See also

Sources

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Alignment and profile. Main Line South. Manila Railroad Company. March 12, 1949. March 14, 2022.
  2. News: DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project. Manila Standard. October 12, 2018. en. October 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214527/http://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html. live.
  3. Web site: Subic-Clark railway construction begins 2019. Valdez. Denise. bwonline.com. June 3, 2018 . February 11, 2019. February 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011324/https://www.bworldonline.com/subic-clark-railway-construction-begins-2019/. live.
  4. Web site: Is it full steam ahead for the Philippine railway system?. Mercurio. Richmond. philstar.com. April 2, 2020. January 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200105232225/https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/12/30/1980630/it-full-steam-ahead-philippine-railway-system. live.
  5. Web site: Waiting for trains. Fajarito. James M.. opinion.inquirer.net. en. April 2, 2020. May 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190521231146/https://opinion.inquirer.net/121496/waiting-for-trains. live.
  6. News: Efficiency of Train Services in Asia. Landgeist. September 21, 2021. January 22, 2022. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210928211148/https://landgeist.com/2021/09/21/efficiency-of-train-services-in-asia/. September 28, 2021.
  7. Web site: Heavy traffic expected with MRT-7 construction. Galvez, James Konstantin. January 20, 2018. The Manila Times. January 23, 2018. January 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190659/http://www.manilatimes.net/heavy-traffic-expected-mrt-7-construction/375396/. live.
  8. News: Clearing ops for Tutuban-Malolos railway start. Manila Standard. June 22, 2018. en. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622164902/http://manilastandard.net/news/national/255590/clearing-operations-for-tutuban-malolos-railway-start.html. live.
  9. Web site: Ang kasaysayan ng Panay Railways Incorporated. June 5, 2012. Department of Trade and Communication via the Philippine Railways Blog (an advocacy website). May 12, 2014. May 12, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225643/http://philippinerailways.blogspot.com/2012/06/ang-kasaysayan-ng-panay-railways.html. live.
  10. Web site: PNR in Philippine History . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221008170544/https://pnr.gov.ph/about-contact-us/who-we-are/pnr-in-philippine-history/pnr-in-philippine-history.html . October 8, 2022 . January 24, 2023 . pnr.gov.ph . en.
  11. Web site: PNR Historical Highlights. www.pnr.gov.ph. en. November 4, 2018. September 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902032657/http://www.pnr.gov.ph/about-contact-us/who-we-are/pnr-in-philippine-history/2014-12-12-03-16-34. live.
  12. Web site: History. Philippine National Railways. https://web.archive.org/web/20150219043906/http://www.pnr.gov.ph/history.htm. February 19, 2015. dead.
  13. News: Philippines First Railway was built by the British. August 29, 2018. Brits in the Philippines. November 4, 2018. en-GB. September 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200926220702/https://britsinthephilippines.top/philippines-first-railway-was-built-by-the-british/. live.
  14. Book: The Philippines' Oldest Business House . 1984 . Filipinas Foundation . Makati . 68–70.
  15. Satre, Gary L. . The Metro Manila LRT System—A Historical Perspective . Japan Railway and Transport Review . 16 . 33–37 . June 1998 . May 8, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060505060037/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr16/pdf/f33_satre.pdf . May 5, 2006 . dead .
  16. Web site: History of Meralco . Manila Electric Company (Meralco). . November 10, 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090918153259/http://www.meralco.com.ph/Corporate/about/mh_100_years2.htm . September 18, 2009 . January 18, 2010. Meralco company website.
  17. Web site: Light Rail Transit Authority Company History . . October 7, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120825023912/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/lrt_history.htm . August 25, 2012 .
  18. SL 105 and 106. Karl Dyangco. Facebook. 1936. January 4, 2022.
  19. Web site: Finkbine Lumber Co.. Mississippi Rails. January 4, 2022.
  20. Web site: History highlights. Philippine National Railways. https://web.archive.org/web/20130430064307/http://www.pnr.gov.ph/history_highlights.htm. April 30, 2013. dead.
  21. Web site: "Under-invested 'yung train system natin, eh. We spend so much on roads, we don't spend on trains." We need to go back to those existing train services and say, "We need to up it and reinvest. We need to go build more and then, we also need to invest in the other modes - bus, jeeps and everything else, hindi lang cars." Urban planner Benjamin de la Peña On the country's train system being under-invested. . 2024-08-03 . Facebook.
  22. Web site: January 23, 2023 . Train system in the Philippines ‘underinvested,’ urban transport expert says . GMA Integrated News.
  23. Web site: The Philippines Once Had an Extensive Railway System; Why Wasn’t it Rebuilt? . April 30, 2024.
  24. Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: June 14, 1966). Republic Act No. 4652 – An Act Granting the Philippine Monorail Transit System, Incorporated a Franchise to Establish, Maintain and Operate a Monorail Transportation Service in the City of Manila and Suburbs and Cebu City and Province . Retrieved December 13, 2009, from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
  25. Republic of the Philippines. (Enacted: October 4, 1971). Republic Act No. 6417 – An Act Amending Sections Three And Seven Of Republic Act Numbered Forty-Six Hundred Fifty-Two, Entitled "An Act Granting the Philippine Monorail Transit System, Incorporated a Franchise to Establish, Maintain and Operate a Monorail Transportation Service in the City Of Manila and Suburbs and Cebu City and Province" . Retrieved December 13, 2009, from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
  26. Web site: Ranchez . Kharla . Train Transportation in the Philippines: The Struggle on the Development of Train System and the Action of the Government A Research I Background of the Study . April 30, 2024.
  27. Web site: October 13, 2019 . Metro Manila Transport, Land Use and Development Planning Project (MMETROPLAN, 1977) . April 30, 2024 . Caught (up) in traffic.
  28. Web site: Japan International Cooperation Agency. Metro Manila Strategic Mass Rail Transit Development. JICA Official Page. February 27, 2019. July 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210713092650/https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/index.html. live.
  29. News: Bergonia, Allan. . Line 2 Recto Station Opens . . October 28, 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050308020226/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/news/news_item_102804_RectoStationsOpens.htm . March 8, 2005 . May 11, 2006 . lrta.gov.ph.
  30. Web site: The Missing Links: Now a Reality . https://web.archive.org/web/20060924004545/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/system_links.htm . September 24, 2006 . 2006 . . April 7, 2006 . dead.
  31. News: LRTA posts profit, pays P23M in income taxes . April 24, 2006 . . May 6, 2006 . lrta.gov.ph . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060907083948/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/news/news_item_060424_LRTAPostsProfit.htm . September 7, 2006 .
  32. News: PNR rail rehabilitation to start September. Olchondra. Riza T.. April 22, 2007. Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 28, 2010. Manila. The Philippine National Railways (PNR) will start repairing and improving its North and South railways by September, PNR General Manager Jose Ma. Sarasola II said Friday..
  33. Web site: U.P. study finds North Rail contract illegal, disadvantageous to government. September 9, 2005. The PCIJ Blog. July 29, 2014. August 12, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191628/http://pcij.org/blog/2005/09/29/up-study-finds-north-rail-contract-illegal-diadvantageous-to-government. dead.
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