Rafael Díez de la Cortina explained

Rafael Díez de la Cortina
Birth Name:Rafael Díez de la Cortina y Olaeta
Birth Date:1859
Birth Place:Seville[1]
Death Date:24 July 1939
Death Place:Middletown, New York
Nationality:Spanish
Occupation:Linguist, publisher, entrepreneur
Party:Carlism
Spouse:Marguerite Díez de la Cortina (her death)
Marion L. M. Fletcher (1933-1939; his death)
Parents:José Díez de la Cortina y Cerrato, Marqués de la Cortina
Elena Olaeta Bouyon
Signature:Rafael Díez de la Cortina signature.png

Rafael Díez de la Cortina y Olaeta, 1st Count of Olaeta (1859 – 24 July 1939) was a Spanish-American linguist. Globally, he is recognized as the first person to introduce sound recording into the teaching of foreign languages; he used it when operating his New-York-based company, Cortina Academy of Languages, launched in the 1890s. In Spain he is also known as a Carlist political activist and soldier; he volunteered to legitimist troops during the Third Carlist War and advanced the Carlist cause as the claimant's representative in America.

Family and youth

The Díez de la Cortina[2] family originated from Cantabria and were related to Liébana; the first representative is noted in the 16th century.[3] As part of hidalguia, none of the family members grew into a public figure until in the mid-18th century one of its branches moved to the Andalusian Marchena;[4] they settled as arrendatarios in estates of Duque de Osuna.

Rafael's great-grandfather, José Antonio Díez de la Cortina Gutiérrez,[5] was born in the Cantabrian Potes[6] and upon his arrival in Marchena he built a house, which was later to become a family hub.[7] Rafael's grandfather, Juan Díez de la Cortina Layna Pernia (born 1782), as the oldest surviving son, became the family heir. In the 1830s, he was already one of the top local taxpayers.[8] In the 1840s, he formed part of the emerging "agrarian bourgeosie",[9] a group of local hidalgo families which grew into major proprietors as duque de Osuna was selling out his estates.[10] Although not comparable to grand Andalusian landholders,[11] they soon assumed a leading role in the local agricultural regime.[12] The eldest son of Juan and the father of Rafael, José Díez de la Cortina Cerrato (died 1874), owned some 400 ha and rented further 700 ha; he was the 6th largest arrendatario in Marchena.[13] At unspecified time he married Elena Olaeta Bouyon, a native of San Fernando, Cádiz;[14] none of the sources consulted provides detailed information on her parentage; she was descendant to two very distinguished Cádiz families of navy commanders and public servants; both the Olaetas[15] and the Bouyons[16] made their names in Spain and in the New World. José and Elena had three children, all of them sons, born between 1855 and 1859; Rafael was the youngest one.[17]

When in the United States he married twice: in 1897, to New York-born woman of Irish descent, Marguerite Canto Ingalis (1864-1933)[18] [19] Her father was reportedly named Timothy Canto and her mother was identified, variously, as Margaret Carr[20] and as "Margt T. Flynn".[21] Marguerite Díez de la Cortina was long engaged in local charity initiatives and set up Thimble Charity in Middletown, New York until her death in 1933. That year, Rafael married the Hartford, Connecticut-born[22] Marion L. M. Fletcher (b. 1872).[23] None of the sources consulted indicate he had any children and there were none mentioned as involved in property-related issues.[24] He lived at various locations in New York, including at 431 Riverside Drive, in Manhattan, but the dates of residency are unclear.[25] before moving to Middletown, New York.

In the early 1910s, his wife Marguerite was reported involved in local charity initiatives.[26] In the mid-1930s, he was explicitly reported as living in Middletown, New York.[27] On 24 July 1939, he died, reportedly from injuries sustained in an accident, at the Horton Hospital, Middletown, New York.[28] He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. In 2017, the cemetery's website made a reference to him. The same site referred to him as a pioneer of self-improvement.

His older brother, José, in the early 20th century became a Carlist political leader in Andalusia and member of the national party executive. A distant relative was José Gómez Acebo y Cortina, a conservative politician who held various ministerial jobs during final years of the Restoration. The Carlist title of Conde de Olaeta, conferred upon Rafael in 1876, was claimed by Mariano Ternero Caro in 2002,[29] but has not been recognized by the Madrid court so far. Some other relatives gained limited local recognition.[30]

Volunteer in Third Carlist War

There is no information on political preferences of the Díez de la Cortina until the mid-19th century;[31] in the 1860s various members of the family, including José Díez de la Cortina Cerrato, his wife and sons, started to appear as signatories of various open letters printed in Neo-Catholic and Traditionalist papers; they pledged loyalty to the Catholic Church and lambasted "corrupción de las ideas y de costumbres", especially in education.[32] Later his son recollected that it was the 1868 revolution and its aftermath which triggered Díez de la Cortina Cerrato's access to Carlism;[33] in 1870 he already declared his "completa adhesión al señor Duque de Madrid".[34] When the Carlist insurgency rocked Vasco-Navarrese provinces in 1872 he pondered upon joining the rebels, the idea which soon became his obsession.[35] In June 1873 the 17-year-old Rafael's brother José was dispatched North to agree the logistics and learn the war craft.[36]

Upon his return to Marchena in October 1873 Cortina Cerrato formed a family-based group, consisting of the father, Rafael and his two brothers, his cousin, few family associates including a chaplain and a lawyer, some servants and a handful of volunteers.[37] The 20-men unit, of which Rafael was the youngest member, headed North.[38] In two weeks they covered some 350 kilometers across the provinces of Córdoba, Jaén, Ciudad Real and Cáceres, finally joining the 300-men column[39] of general Vicente Sabariegos.[40] Surrounded by family members, starting November Cortina commenced combat during failed skirmishes at Retamosa; upon death of Sabariegos, command was assumed by general Villar y Perez. During late 1873 and early 1874 the group fought guerilla war across New Castile, Extremadura and La Mancha, engaged at Villar del Pedroso, Navahermosa, Montiel, Santa Cruz de los Cañamos, Talavera la Vieja (November), Torre del Campo (December), Puertollano,[41] Los Yébenes, Talarrubias (January), Alcoba, Garbayela, Artiñano, Agudo, (February), Moral de Calatrava and Luciana (March).[42] The campaign ended in April 1874 at Piedrabuena,[43] when during close engagement his father and the oldest brother Juan were killed in action.[44]

The two brothers who survived, José (who was wounded),[45] and Rafael (who had his horse shot)[46] made it to Portugal[47] and from Lisbon sailed to Bordeaux, in late spring of 1874 via Pau crossing to Carlist-controlled area in the North.[48] While his older brother joined the cavalry, Rafael was assigned to artillery; as teniente serving initially in central Navarre under command of coronel Prada,[49] later promoted to capitán he joined 2. Batería Montada of Atilano Fernández Negrete, forming part of the Vasco-Navarrese troops.[50] It is not clear whether he served in the same unit throughout 1875. In early 1876, during final months of the war, the claimant rewarded Rafael with condado de Olaeta.[51] At unspecified time he was promoted to comandante,[52] though some sources claim he ended the campaign as teniente coronel.[53] Reunited with his brother, they parted the claimant in Arneguy, the first French town on their way to exile.[54]

Carlist representative in America

Cortina's early whereabouts on exile are obscure; 1878 latest he settled in Paris.[55] In 1879 he "was sent" by his king to Mexico; no details are known.[56] In 1881, he sailed from Mexico to New York[57] and commenced teaching Spanish. Starting the 1880s he acted as representative of Carlos VII in North America.[58]

He remained on good terms with the claimant, who wrote a recommendation letter published in the 1889 Cortina's language textbook.[59] Naturalized in 1889,[60] he visited Spain every few years;[61] in 1895 Cortina extended his voyage to Venice,[62] where he meet his king personally.[63] Neither press of the era nor present-day historians explain exact nature of his activities prior to the late 1890s;[64] one author notes that no tangible results of his political mission in the US are known.[65]

Cortina was most active in 1896–98, during the run-up to the Spanish–American War. Busy in the Hispanic New York community[66] and contributing to a daily Las Novedades,[67] he tried to confront the anti-Spanish frenzy of American press and complained about lack of assistance on part of Madrid, the charges which thanks to Vázquez de Mella reached the Cortes and the government in 1896.[68] Following a visit to Spain,[69] starting 1897 Cortina changed the tone of his press endeavors; he switched to advertising the claims of Carlos VII. Thanks to his efforts few US periodicals, including New York Herald, published pieces on Carlism.[70]

Some quoted Cortina as stating that 100,000 volunteers were awaiting an order to rise and that by January 1, 1898, Don Carlos would assume the throne, though also that the claimant would do nothing which might impair international standing of his country.[71] In May 1898, amid a virulent anti-Spanish press campaign, a number of papers quoted interviews with Cortina and discussed Carlist claims as proof that the Madrid government might fall any minute. Newspaper headlines[72] and narration[73] helped mobilize American public opinion, although this was not Cortina's intention.[74] In May 1898, he transferred the realization of his prediction to June 1, 1898,[75] called the Carlists of America to join the claimant and declared he would travel to Europe shortly.[76]

It is unclear whether he did. One source claims vaguely that he "took part in the 1898-1899 conspiracy."[77] He might have been involved in shipment of arms to Carlist conspirators, though nature of his engagement is highly unclear. In 1901, a Spanish military attaché in Washington reported to Madrid that Cortina helped him identify a cargo of 5,000 rifles, sent from New York to Lisbon and intended for a Carlist depot in Badajoz.[78] It is not clear whether Cortina changed sides or he worked for the Carlists and for the Madrid government at the same time. During the 20th century, Cortina frequently visited Spain, at least in 1905, 1908, 1910, 1913, 1929, 1930, 1934, and 1935. While there, he used to give lectures on languages[79] and was hardly reported as engaged in Carlist activities[80] being focused on promoting his linguistic business.[81] During a resurgence of Carlism in the 1930s he was not mentioned in party propaganda.[82]

Linguist and businessman

Nothing certain is known about Rafael's education[83] but, in the early 1880s, he began teaching Spanish. His own marketing[84] and independent reviews alike[85] claimed that Cortina Institute of Languages was set up in 1882. Throughout the 1880s, he was rather noted as giving lessons offered by other institutions, e.g. in 1887 by Brooklyn Library[86] or in 1889 by Brooklyn YMCA.[87] The breakthrough work which helped him launch own business was the 1889 publication titled The Cortina Method to Learn Spanish in Twenty Lessons.[88]

Instead of systematically mastering linguistic structures, deemed laborious and inefficient,[89] Cortina - claiming to be M.A. graduate of University of Madrid[90] - focused on practical skills. In 1891 he was already boasting a program based on "the Cortina method",[91] and in 1892 the Cortina School of Languages started to advertise.[92] At the time he was running an established business already. Set in two locations in Brooklyn and Manhattan, the school offered 9 languages,[93] taught in 20 lessons by native instructors.[94]

It is not clear whether from the onset "the Cortina method" entailed mechanically-aided learning. Some claim that already in the mid-1880s Cortina experimented with phonograph recordings, possibly in co-operation with Thomas Edison.[95] It was in 1893 that his method was reported in The Phonogram, an academic journal,[96] and he became the first person to use phonograph for foreign language instruction.[97] It soon became a second leg of his business, as on-site learning was paired with development of self-learning correspondence courses and production of related aid materials. They consisted of two types. One was own textbooks; they contained excerpts from literary works,[98] though also phrases tailored for daily usage.[99] Another one was recordings. Initially phonograph-intended cylinders were used;[100] first branded by Cortina, after 1896 they were made by Edison's National Phonographic Company.[101]

In 1908, he registered the trademark of Cortinaphone, selling own brand of phonograph, and since 1913 his company started to issue flat round recordings.[102] The Cortina school kept using English for instruction until 1920, when they switched to target language only.[103] Around 1920 he was marketing "Cortina phonograph outfit", advertised as more efficient than teaching by instructors.[104] Cortina's language business gained acknowledgement.[105] His method of teaching was awarded corporate prizes;[106] the school – since 1899 named Cortina Academy of Languages[107] - made arrangements with prestigious New York colleges[108] and had to rent bigger and bigger premises at prestigious downtown locations;[109] other teaching institutions advertised themselves as adhering to his methodology;[110] the publishing house he set up kept re-printing textbooks and manuals in endless editions while audio materials were published jointly with Columbia Records.[111] Correspondence courses of English proved successful in South America and Mexico.[112]

Cortina also developed business contacts in Spain and remained on good terms with education officials.[113] His teaching method enjoyed largely positive reception among academics of that time;[114] also contemporary scholars note that it "marks a great advance in language teaching".[115] The language school he created was later renamed to Cortina Institute of Languages and was operational until June 2015.[116] [117]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. According to some authors he was born in Marchena, see Susana Diez de la Cortina Montemayor, La influencia de Diez de la Cortina en la evolución de la enseñanza a distancia del español como lengua extranjera, [in:] La Voz de Marchena, 27 November 2015, available here. According to his own statements made before US authorities, e.g. when applying for a passport, he was born in Seville.
  2. The name appeared in contemporary press in a variety of spelling versions: "Díez de la Cortina", "Díez de la Cortina", "Díez de Cortina", "Díez de Cortina", "Diaz de la Cortina", "Díaz de la Cortina", "Diaz de Cortina", "Díaz de Cortina" or "D. de la Cortina"
  3. Ramón Luis Retamero Díez de la Cortina, Raíz de los Díez de la Cortina procedentes de Marchena, s.l. 2013, p. 5
  4. Retamero 2013, p. 5
  5. full name José Antonio Díez de la Cortina Gutiérrez de Caviedes
  6. Retamero 2013, p. 26
  7. in the 1990s the building was declared part of local historical patrimony and covered with appropriate regional protection scheme, see Marchena. Plan espacial de protección del conjunto histórico, Ficha No. 16: Casa palacio de José Díez de la Cortina, available here. However, the building kept dilapidating; currently there are only few walls standing, compare google.maps service, available here
  8. José Fernando Alcaide Aguilar, Marchena durante la regencia de María Cristina. Aspectos políticos, sociales y económicos, [in:] Actas de las IV Jornadas sobre Historia de Marchena, Marchena 1999, pp. 31, 38
  9. Alcaíde 1999, p. 54
  10. Adrian Shubert, José Luis Gil Aristu, Historia social de España (1800-1990), Madrid (1991);, p. 110, Rafael Mata Olmo, Pequeña y gran propiedad en la depresión del Guadalquivir, Madrid (1987);, pp. 110-112.
  11. few of them owned an estate larger than 1,000 ha while Duque de Osuna, a typical case of grand Andalusian landowner, possessed some 8,000 ha, Mata 1987, p. 108
  12. Marchena was a rather exceptional county; in most of Andalusian counties it was the grand properties which prevailed: "la gran propiedad de Marchena en 1860 constituye, frente al caso cordobés analizado, un buen exponente de latifundio más evolucionado y próximo al capitalismo agrario pleno", Mata 1987, p. 105, general discussion, pp. 105–125
  13. Mata 1987, p. 117
  14. Libros del registro civil de Sevilla (/1836/1841-1882). Libros de partes parroquiales (1842-1880), [in:] Archivo Municipal de Sevilla
  15. compare e.g. El Comercio 11.03.50, available here
  16. Guillermo C. R. G. Perez, Honorato Bouyon Serze, [in:] Contando Historias Antiguas blog, 23 December 1914, available here
  17. Ramón Luis Retamero Díez de la Cortina?
  18. National Archives and Records Administration [furtherly referred as NARA] 2002, roll T626, available online here
  19. NARA rolls M1490 and M1372, available online here, NARA roll T715, available online here.
  20. New York Municipal Archives, FHL microfilm 2,070,584, available online here
  21. New York City Municipal Archives, FHL microfilm 1,487,674, available online here
  22. NARA T715 roll, available online here.
  23. Marion L. M. Fletcher was either a widow or a divorcee, the daughter of Fred P. Mahl and Marion Hamilton, as per New York City Municipal Archives, FHL microfilm 1,684,806, available online here; see also NARA T715 roll, available online at here.
  24. see e.g. discussion on mortgage obligations resulting from death of his first wife, Middletown Times Herald, 27 July 1933.
  25. Saunders 2004
  26. Annual Report to the State Board of Charities and Nineteenth Annual Report to the State Commission in Lunacy, New York 1911, p. 27
  27. Middletown Times Herald, 24 July 1939, available here.
  28. Middletown Times Herald, 24 July 1939, available here.
  29. Revista Hidalguía 296 (2003), p. 7
  30. the Torres Díez de la Cortina relatives gained some acknowledgement in the late 19th century as local bull-breaders in Western Andalusia. Their ganaderia was sold in the late 19th century, see García Jiménez, Hermanos entry, [in:] ganaderias.toroslidia service, available here
  31. during the First Carlist War Marchena was briefly taken by the Carlists but there is no note of any Díez de la Cortina involved; later on the alcalde claimed in report to higher authorities that there were no Carlist supporters in the area, Alcaide 1999, pp. 46-47
  32. El Pensamiento Español 13.07.64, available here
  33. José Díez de la Cortina, El fracaso de un plan, [in:] Tradición 16 (1933), p. 387
  34. La Regeneración, 25 May 1870, available here
  35. Díez de la Cortina 1933, p. 387
  36. Díez de la Cortina 1933, pp. 387-388
  37. B. de Artagan [Reinaldo Brea], Principe heroíco y su soldados leales, Barcelona 1912, p. 118
  38. Díez de la Cortina 1933, p. 388, Ferrer 1955, p. 175
  39. almost all of them cavalry, Ferrer 1955, p. 168
  40. Díez de la Cortina 1933, p. 389
  41. where they broke up a local prison and set the prisoners free, Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 26, Sevilla 1955, p. 234
  42. Díez de la Cortina 1933, pp. 389-390; slightly different sequence in Ferrer 1955 (26), pp. 234-242, 273
  43. detailed account in Ferrer 1955 (26), pp. 241-245. A very picturesque and dramatic account of Piedrabuena episode in Diario de Valencia 05.05.12, available here
  44. Díez de la Cortina 1933, pp. 390-391
  45. Ferrer 1955 (25), p. 175
  46. El Estandarte Real July 1889, available here
  47. he joined troops of Coronel Villar. Then in Ciudad Real he joined another Carlist unit, within its ranks withdrawing to Portugal, Brea 1912, pp. 122, 125
  48. El Estandarte Real July 1889
  49. El Estandarte Real November 1889, available here
  50. Brea 1912, p. 125
  51. Ferrer 1955 (26), p. 325
  52. [Francisco Oller Simón|Francisco de Paula Oller]
  53. Ferrer 1955 (25), p. 175
  54. El Estandarte Real July 1889
  55. Brea 1912, p. 125
  56. "el año de 1879 fué enviado por Don Carlos de Borbón y de Austria-Este á Méjico", Brea 1912, p. 125
  57. NARA M237 roll, available online here; in his later passport applications he made conflicting claims that he arrived in the US in 1882 either from Le Havre – NARA rolls M1490 and M1372, available online here - or from La Habana, NARA 1490 and M1372 rolls available online here or from Vera Cruz, NARA 1490 and M1372 rolls available online at here
  58. Ferrer 1955 (25), p. 175, Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000,, p. 237, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, p. 182. According to some he was the Carlist representative in the US only, Brea 1912, p. 125
  59. for original handwritten note see reproduction at Archive.org service, available online here
  60. NARA 1490 and M1372 rolls available online here
  61. first identified trip took place in 1889, NARA 1490 and M1372 rolls available online at here; he also travelled to Spain in 1891, El Heraldo de Madrid 05.09.1891, available here
  62. El Baluarte 19.05.1895, available here
  63. El Baluarte 02.06.1895, available here
  64. it is known that he served as first point of contact for Carlist-recommenced guests in New York, Francisco Melgar, Veinte años con Don Carlos. Memorias de su secretario, Madrid 1940, pp. 62–63
  65. "no conocemos resultados tangibles de su actividad", Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 28/1, Sevilla 1959, p. 231
  66. Some authors claim he contributed to development of Hispanic theatre in the United States; two plays issued by his publishing house as auxiliary materials to learn Spanish, Después la lluvia el sol (1879) and El indiano (1893) are attributed to him with a reservation that there is no indication any of them has ever been staged, Nicolás Kanellos, A History of Hispanic Theatre in the United States: Origins to 1940, Austin 1990;, pp. 104-105, 215
  67. Full title: Las Novedades. España y los Pueblos Hispano-Americanos, a review issued between 1877 and 1905. For detailed discussion of this and other Hispanic papers in New York see Vernon A. Chamberlin, Ivan A. Schulman, La Revista Ilustrada de Nueva York, New York 1976
  68. El Correo Español, 18 August 1896, available here
  69. he returned to New York in September 1896, NARA rolls T715 and M237, available online here
  70. see To crown Carlos, New York Herald, 19 September 1897, referred after El Regional, 15 May 1897, available here.
  71. see e.g. Kansas City Journal 03.10.1897, available here
  72. Such as "For Thirty Years He and His Followers Have Been Striving to Take Advantage of Just Such a Crisis in Spanish Affairs", The San Francisco Call, 8 May 1898, available here.
  73. Such as, "it is believed there is a plot to overthrow the Spanish dynasty at once", The Brownsville Daily Harald, 7 May 1898, available here
  74. In 1889, upon his first passport application, he signed a standard declaration that "I will support, protect and defend the Constitution and Government of the United States against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign; and that I will bear true faith, allegiance and loyalty to the same, any ordinance, resolution or law of any State, Convention or Legislature to the contrary notwithstanding", NARA rolls M1490 and M1372, available online here
  75. The San Francisco Call, 8 May 1898.
  76. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020613/1898-05-07/ed-1/seq-1/ "Don Carlos Manifesto"
  77. and was even promoted to "coronel en la conspiración de 1898-1899", Ferrer 1955 (25), p. 175
  78. "En III/IV-1901, el agregado militar de la embajada española en Washington, Federico de Monteverde, localizó a través del confidente Rafael Díaz [note different spelling, which is probably irrelevant anyway] de la Cortina un presunto alijo de 5.000 fusiles Remington que eran enviados desde enero con destino a Lisboa y Badajoz (cartas de Monteverde al Ministerio de Guerra, 30-III y 9, 12 y 19-IV-1901, en SHM, Archivo General Militar, 2a Sección, 4a División, leg. 125: Orden público: Movimiento carlista, 1837-1906 y carta del embajador en Washington, 20-IV-1901, en AMAE, Política Interior, leg. H 2846: Carlistas, 1900", Eduardo González Calleja, La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y violencia política en la España de la Restauración (1875-1917), Madrid 1998;, p. 337
  79. Compare Nuevo Diario de Badajoz, 25 January 1905, available here.
  80. The thread identified was his engagement in building a monument to Juan Vazqyez de Mella. In 1930, he donated money, see La Epoca, 1 January 1930, available here, and, in 1934, he was present in Cangas de Oniz attending a feast related to unveiling of the bust, El Siglo Futuro, 24 August 1934, available here
  81. Although until his death he publicly used the "Count of Olaeta" title, at least in the United States, and this is how he was also referred to in the press, see e.g. Middletown Times Herald 24 June 1939, available here
  82. e.g. a luxury 1933 publication celebrating a centenary of Carlism published a brief note on his father, his brother and his cousin, but contained no mention of Rafael, see [Juan María Roma], Album historico del Carlismo, Barcelona (1933).
  83. In 1890, in the United States, he claimed to have been the M.A. graduate of University of Madrid, see The Evening Post, 18 October 1890, available here
  84. The Evening Post, 30 September 1893, available here
  85. Cortina Looks Towards Racks, [in:] Billboard, 25 April 1864, p. 6, available here
  86. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 30.10.1887, available here
  87. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 14.10.1889, available here
  88. Carl G. Franzén, Foreign Language in the Curriculum, Bulletin of the School of Education Indiana University 34 (1958), p. 17, referred after Patricia Sue Bryant, A Study of the Development of Secondary School Modern Language Programs in the United States [MA thesis Kansas State University], Manhattan 1965, p. 23
  89. he wrote: "It is a well-known fact that, by the old methods of study, only a few students obtain any degree of fluency in speaking a language that is foreign to them. It is true that many of them can, after a number of years spent in study, conjugate, decline, analyze, and translate a sentence into English, but they are seldom able to put an English sentence into an idiomatic foreign one. Such learning, although laboriously acquired, is of little practical value, end the tourist or commercial traveller finds himself in an awkward dilemma when forced to ask for even the everyday necessaries of life in a foreign tongue", quoted after Bryant 1965, p. 24
  90. The Evening Post, 18 October 1890, available here
  91. The Evening Post 10.10.1891, available here
  92. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 9 October 1892 available here
  93. not only Spanish but also English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Latin and Greek
  94. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 9 October 1892, available here.
  95. Kenji Kitao, The History of Language Laboratories. Origin and Establishment [working paper of Doshisha University], Kyoto 1995, p. 5
  96. Kitao 1995, p. 6
  97. Kitao 1995, pp. 6-7
  98. The first named are two plays he fathered himself: Después de la lluvia el sol (comedy in 1 act) and El Indiano (comedy in 3 acts inspired by Ricardo García de la Vega). The remaining ones are novels (Amparo by Enrique Pérez Escrich), collections of stories (El Final de Norma by Alarcón, Temprano y con sol, forwarded by Emilia Pardo Bazán, El Molinerillo) or brief accounts of historical events from Spanish history (Episodios en español y anotados en inglés). They were edited in Spanish and English on opposing pages, most of them published by his own publishing house, R. D. Cortina Company
  99. most are styled after his first highly successful Spanish in Twenty Lessons: Inglés en Veinte Lecciones, French in Twenty Lessons, Francés en Veinte Lecciones, Español en Español, English in English, Francais en Francais, Deutsch auf Deutsch, Italiano in Italiano, English in English with Key in Portuguese. Another category were dictionaries, like Verbos españoles: diccionario de la conjugación castellana, Cortina’s Spanish-English and English-Spanish Vest Pocket Dictionary and Instructor.

    Finally, he published letter-writing guides, best known Modelo para cartas en español (with prologue by Vázquez de Mella). He reacted to ongoing events quickly and demonstrated lots of flexibility. When the American troops landed on European shores in 1917, he had already published Cortina French-English Military Manual, Cortina French-English Military Dictionary, Cortina French-English Red Cross Instructor and Cortina Soldier’s Map of the French Front and Handy War Guide for My Company, compare Jean A. Picard, Cortina French-English Military Manual, New York 1917, p. 278

  100. Kitao 1995, p. 6
  101. Kitao 1995, pp. 6-7
  102. Kitao 1995, p. 6
  103. Kitao 1995, pp. 6-7
  104. Picard 1917, p. 276
  105. By the late 1890s, Cortina was by no means the sole company offering recording-aided correspondence courses on the US market. Similar business was developed by Richard S. Rosenthal as The Meisterschaft System (later dubbed also Rosenthal Method and Language Phone Method) and by Thomas J. Forster, known as International Correspondence School of Scranton, Kitao 1995, p. 9
  106. 1893 he was awarded prize by Dept of Liberal Arts at Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1901 at Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, Picard 1917, p. 277
  107. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 6 October 1899, available here
  108. e.g. the Long Island Business College, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 9 September 1900, available here.
  109. in 1912, he claimed that due to "tremendous success" Cortina's offices were moved to a new, more spacious and more prestigious location in central Manhattan, The Sun, 10 March 1912, available here
  110. The Sun, 13 January 1918, available here
  111. The Evening World, 23 August 1918, available here
  112. Kitao 1995, p. 6. The students were also in position to record their spoken language and send cylinders to New York Cortina's office for evaluation of their progress
  113. In 1899, Cortina's textbooks obtained official recommendation of Ministerio de Ultramar. An anonymous author appearing as "El buscador de historias" claims also he obtained official recommendation of "el rey", a reference which against general backgroung of the article seems to point to Alfonso XIII (and not Carlos VII, who indeed provided such a recommendation), see La academia de idiomas „Made in Spain” que se anticipó 100 años a los métodos a distancia, Memoria de Marchena service, available here
  114. see letters published in Picard 1917, pp. 277-279
  115. Frenzen 1958, pp. 17-18, Bryant 1965, p. 24
  116. see the official website of Cortina Institute of Languages, available here
  117. Legacy of Famous Schools lives on in Rockwell Museum, available here.

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