Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer explained

Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (RIPA buffer) is a lysis buffer used to lyse cells and tissue for the radio immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA).^{[1] [2]} This buffer is more denaturing than NP-40 or Triton X-100 because it contains the ionic detergents SDS and sodium deoxycholate as active constituents and is particularly useful for disruption of nuclear membranes in the preparation of nuclear extracts. The stronger detergents in RIPA buffer (such as SDS) cause greater protein denaturation and decrease protein-protein interactions.

Recipe

RIPA buffer recipes vary slightly between authors and may include:

• 10-50 mM Tris-HCl (10 mM sodium phosphate may be used instead), pH 7–8
• 150 mM NaCl to keep the osmotic pressure near physiological
• nonionic detergents (1% Triton X-100 or NP-40) to prevent non-specific interactions between proteins or with the tube
• anionic detergents (0.1-0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1-0.5% SDS).

The following ingredients are optional and included as needed:

• Protease inhibitors (1 mM PMSF (fresh from 1 M stock in i-propanol), 1 μg/mL each leupeptin, aprotinin, pepstatin, 1-5 mM EDTA, 0.5-1 mM EGTA, 5 mM aminocaproic acid) or commercial protease inhibitor cocktail (use according to the manufacturer's instruction)
• 1 mM each Na₃VO₄ and Na₄P₂O₇ as phosphatase inhibitor (if phosphorylation status is important)
• 1 mM NaF as preservative
• 5-10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) or β-mercaptoethanol as a reducing agent.

Notes and References

1. Alcaraz C, De Diego M, Pastor MJ, Escribano JM . Comparison of a radioimmunoprecipitation assay to immunoblotting and ELISA for detection of antibody to African swine fever virus . J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. . 2 . 3 . 191–6 . July 1990 . 2094444 . 10.1177/104063879000200307. free .
2. Ngoka LC . Sample prep for proteomics of breast cancer: proteomics and gene ontology reveal dramatic differences in protein solubilization preferences of radioimmunoprecipitation assay and urea lysis buffers . Proteome Sci . 6 . 1 . 30 . October 2008 . 18950484 . 10.1186/1477-5956-6-30 . 2600628 . free .