RAC2 explained

Rac2 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (to be specific, a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases.^[1] It is encoded by the gene RAC2.^[2]

Members of Rho family of GTPases appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.^[2]

Interactions

Rac2 has been shown to interact with ARHGDIA^{[3] [4]} and Nitric oxide synthase 2A.^[5]

See also

• NADPH oxidase

Further reading

• Mizuno T, Kaibuchi K, Ando S, Musha T, Hiraoka K, Takaishi K, Asada M, Nunoi H, Matsuda I, Takai Y . Regulation of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase by a small GTP-binding protein and its stimulatory and inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange proteins . J. Biol. Chem. . 267 . 15 . 10215–8 . 1992 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50005-9 . 1316893 . free .
• Reibel L, Dorseuil O, Stancou R, Bertoglio J, Gacon G . A hemopoietic specific gene encoding a small GTP binding protein is overexpressed during T cell activation . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 175 . 2 . 451–8 . 1991 . 1902092 . 10.1016/0006-291X(91)91585-Z .
• Kinsella BT, Erdman RA, Maltese WA . Carboxyl-terminal isoprenylation of ras-related GTP-binding proteins encoded by rac1, rac2, and ralA . J. Biol. Chem. . 266 . 15 . 9786–94 . 1991 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)92889-9 . 1903399 . free .
• Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R . rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum toxin substrates . J. Biol. Chem. . 264 . 28 . 16378–82 . 1989 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84716-6 . 2674130 . free .
• Kwong CH, Malech HL, Rotrosen D, Leto TL . Regulation of the human neutrophil NADPH oxidase by rho-related G-proteins . Biochemistry . 32 . 21 . 5711–7 . 1993 . 8504089 . 10.1021/bi00072a029 .
• Courjal F, Chuchana P, Theillet C, Fort P . Structure and chromosomal assignment to 22q12 and 17qter of the ras-related Rac2 and Rac3 human genes . Genomics . 44 . 2 . 242–6 . 1997 . 9299243 . 10.1006/geno.1997.4871 .
• Gorvel JP, Chang TC, Boretto J, Azuma T, Chavrier P . Differential properties of D4/LyGDI versus RhoGDI: phosphorylation and rho GTPase selectivity . FEBS Lett. . 422 . 2 . 269–73 . 1998 . 9490022 . 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00020-9 . 10817327 .
• Dai Q, Choy E, Chiu V, Romano J, Slivka SR, Steitz SA, Michaelis S, Philips MR . Mammalian prenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase is in the endoplasmic reticulum . J. Biol. Chem. . 273 . 24 . 15030–4 . 1998 . 9614111 . 10.1074/jbc.273.24.15030 . free .
• Ahmed S, Prigmore E, Govind S, Veryard C, Kozma R, Wientjes FB, Segal AW, Lim L . Cryptic Rac-binding and p21(Cdc42Hs/Rac)-activated kinase phosphorylation sites of NADPH oxidase component p67(phox) . J. Biol. Chem. . 273 . 25 . 15693–701 . 1998 . 9624165 . 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15693 . free .
• Faris SL, Rinckel LA, Huang J, Hong YR, Kleinberg ME . Phagocyte NADPH oxidase p67-phox possesses a novel carboxylterminal binding site for the GTPases Rac2 and Cdc42 . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 247 . 2 . 271–6 . 1998 . 9642115 . 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8775 .
• Zhang B, Zheng Y . Negative regulation of Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and Rac2 by homodimer formation . J. Biol. Chem. . 273 . 40 . 25728–33 . 1998 . 9748241 . 10.1074/jbc.273.40.25728 . free .
• Nishihara H, Kobayashi S, Hashimoto Y, Ohba F, Mochizuki N, Kurata T, Nagashima K, Matsuda M . Non-adherent cell-specific expression of DOCK2, a member of the human CDM-family proteins . Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1452 . 2 . 179–87 . 1999 . 10559471 . 10.1016/S0167-4889(99)00133-0 . free .
• Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP . The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22 . Nature . 402 . 6761 . 489–95 . 1999 . 10591208 . 10.1038/990031 . 1999Natur.402..489D . free .
• Scheffzek K, Stephan I, Jensen ON, Illenberger D, Gierschik P . The Rac-RhoGDI complex and the structural basis for the regulation of Rho proteins by RhoGDI . Nat. Struct. Biol. . 7 . 2 . 122–6 . 2000 . 10655614 . 10.1038/72392 . 6759163 .
• Ambruso DR, Knall C, Abell AN, Panepinto J, Kurkchubasche A, Thurman G, Gonzalez-Aller C, Hiester A, deBoer M, Harbeck RJ, Oyer R, Johnson GL, Roos D . Human neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with an inhibitory Rac2 mutation . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 97 . 9 . 4654–9 . 2000 . 10758162 . 18288 . 10.1073/pnas.080074897 . 2000PNAS...97.4654A . free .
• Williams DA, Tao W, Yang F, Kim C, Gu Y, Mansfield P, Levine JE, Petryniak B, Derrow CW, Harris C, Jia B, Zheng Y, Ambruso DR, Lowe JB, Atkinson SJ, Dinauer MC, Boxer L . Dominant negative mutation of the hematopoietic-specific Rho GTPase, Rac2, is associated with a human phagocyte immunodeficiency . Blood . 96 . 5 . 1646–54 . 2000 . 10961859 .
• Tamura M, Kai T, Tsunawaki S, Lambeth JD, Kameda K . Direct interaction of actin with p47(phox) of neutrophil NADPH oxidase . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 276 . 3 . 1186–90 . 2000 . 11027608 . 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3598 .
• Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, Ren SX, Zhao M, Zhao CJ, Fu G, Shen Y, Fan HY, Lu G, Zhong M, Xu XR, Han ZG, Zhang JW, Tao J, Huang QH, Zhou J, Hu GX, Gu J, Chen SJ, Chen Z . Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells . Genome Res. . 10 . 10 . 1546–60 . 2000 . 11042152 . 310934 . 10.1101/gr.140200 .
• Lapouge K, Smith SJ, Walker PA, Gamblin SJ, Smerdon SJ, Rittinger K . Structure of the TPR domain of p67phox in complex with Rac.GTP . Mol. Cell . 6 . 4 . 899–907 . 2000 . 11090627 . 10.1016/S1097-2765(05)00091-2 . free .
• Tarricone C, Xiao B, Justin N, Walker PA, Rittinger K, Gamblin SJ, Smerdon SJ . The structural basis of Arfaptin-mediated cross-talk between Rac and Arf signalling pathways . Nature . 411 . 6834 . 215–9 . 2001 . 11346801 . 10.1038/35075620 . 4324211 .

External links

• RAC2 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway

Notes and References

1. Ridley AJ . Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking . Trends Cell Biol. . 16 . 10 . 522–9 . 2006 . 16949823 . 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: RAC2 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac2).
3. Gorvel JP, Chang TC, Boretto J, Azuma T, Chavrier P . Differential properties of D4/LyGDI versus RhoGDI: phosphorylation and rho GTPase selectivity . FEBS Lett. . 422 . 2 . 269–73 . January 1998 . 9490022 . 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00020-9 . 10817327 .
4. Fauré J, Dagher MC . Interactions between Rho GTPases and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rho-GDI) . Biochimie . 83 . 5 . 409–14 . May 2001 . 11368848 . 10.1016/S0300-9084(01)01263-9 .
5. Kuncewicz T, Balakrishnan P, Snuggs MB, Kone BC . Specific association of nitric oxide synthase-2 with Rac isoforms in activated murine macrophages . Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. . 281 . 2 . F326-36 . August 2001 . 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.281.2.F326 . 11457725 . 15719851 .