40S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 1 explained

40S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS4Y1 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Cytoplasmic ribosomes, organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes ribosomal protein S4, a component of the 40S subunit. Ribosomal protein S4 is the only ribosomal protein known to be encoded by more than one gene, namely this gene, RPS4Y2 and the ribosomal protein S4, X-linked (RPS4X). The 3 isoforms encoded by these genes are not identical, but appear to be functionally equivalent.^[4] Ribosomal protein S4 belongs to the S4E family of ribosomal proteins. It has been suggested that haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein S4 genes plays a role in Turner syndrome; however, this hypothesis is controversial.

See also

• S4 protein domain

Further reading

• Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A . Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins. . Biochem. Cell Biol. . 73 . 11–12 . 933–47 . 1996 . 8722009 . 10.1139/o95-101 .
• Fisher EM, Beer-Romero P, Brown LG, etal . Homologous ribosomal protein genes on the human X and Y chromosomes: escape from X inactivation and possible implications for Turner syndrome. . Cell . 63 . 6 . 1205–18 . 1991 . 2124517 . 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90416-C . 16060228 .
• Weller PA, Critcher R, Goodfellow PN, etal . The human Y chromosome homologue of XG: transcription of a naturally truncated gene. . Hum. Mol. Genet. . 4 . 5 . 859–68 . 1995 . 7633446 . 10.1093/hmg/4.5.859 .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Zinn AR, Alagappan RK, Brown LG, etal . Structure and function of ribosomal protein S4 genes on the human and mouse sex chromosomes. . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 14 . 4 . 2485–92 . 1994 . 8139551 . 10.1128/mcb.14.4.2485. 358616 .
• Watanabe M, Zinn AR, Page DC, Nishimoto T . Functional equivalence of human X- and Y-encoded isoforms of ribosomal protein S4 consistent with a role in Turner syndrome. . Nat. Genet. . 4 . 3 . 268–71 . 1993 . 8358435 . 10.1038/ng0793-268 . 11495083 .
• Vladimirov SN, Ivanov AV, Karpova GG, etal . Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry. . Eur. J. Biochem. . 239 . 1 . 144–9 . 1996 . 8706699 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x . free .
• Omoe K, Endo A . Relationship between the monosomy X phenotype and Y-linked ribosomal protein S4 (Rps4) in several species of mammals: a molecular evolutionary analysis of Rps4 homologs. . Genomics . 31 . 1 . 44–50 . 1996 . 8808278 . 10.1006/geno.1996.0007 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, etal . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Kenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, etal . A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes. . Genome Res. . 8 . 5 . 509–23 . 1998 . 9582194 . 10.1101/gr.8.5.509. free .
• Uechi T, Tanaka T, Kenmochi N . A complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: assignment of 80 genes to the cytogenetic map and implications for human disorders. . Genomics . 72 . 3 . 223–30 . 2001 . 11401437 . 10.1006/geno.2000.6470 .
• Bakay M, Zhao P, Chen J, Hoffman EP . A web-accessible complete transcriptome of normal human and DMD muscle. . 12 . Neuromuscul. Disord. . Suppl 1 . S125–41 . 2002 . 12206807 . 10.1016/S0960-8966(02)00093-7 . 28217741 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Skaletsky H, Kuroda-Kawaguchi T, Minx PJ, etal . The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes. . Nature . 423 . 6942 . 825–37 . 2003 . 12815422 . 10.1038/nature01722 . 2003Natur.423..825S . free .
• Vawter MP, Evans S, Choudary P, etal . Gender-specific gene expression in post-mortem human brain: localization to sex chromosomes. . Neuropsychopharmacology . 29 . 2 . 373–84 . 2004 . 14583743 . 10.1038/sj.npp.1300337 . 3130534.
• Agate RJ, Choe M, Arnold AP . Sex differences in structure and expression of the sex chromosome genes CHD1Z and CHD1W in zebra finches. . Mol. Biol. Evol. . 21 . 2 . 384–96 . 2004 . 14660691 . 10.1093/molbev/msh027 . free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal . The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: RPS4Y1 ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 1.
2. Fisher EM, Beer-Romero P, Brown LG, Ridley A, McNeil JA, Lawrence JB, Willard HF, Bieber FR, Page DC . Homologous ribosomal protein genes on the human X and Y chromosomes: escape from X inactivation and possible implications for Turner syndrome . Cell . 63 . 6 . 1205–18 . December 1990 . 2124517 . 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90416-C . 16060228 .
3. Kenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, Davis E, Goodman N, Hudson TJ, Tanaka T, Page DC . A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes . Genome Res. . 8 . 5 . 509–23 . May 1998 . 9582194 . 10.1101/gr.8.5.509 . free .
4. Andrés O, Kellermann T, López-Giráldez F, Rozas J, Domingo-Roura X, Bosch M . RPS4Y gene family evolution in primates . BMC Evol. Biol. . 8. 142 . 2008 . 1 . 18477388 . 2397393 . 10.1186/1471-2148-8-142 . free . 2008BMCEE...8..142A .