The Order of Christian Initiation of Adults (Latin: Ordo initiationis christianae adultorum), or OCIA, is a process developed by the Catholic Church for its catechumenate for prospective converts to the Catholic faith above the age of infant baptism. Candidates are gradually introduced to aspects of Catholic beliefs and practices. The basic process applies to adults and children who have reached catechetical age.[1] In many English speaking countries, it is called Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA). In the United States, the name was changed to the OCIA in 2021 to reflect greater fidelity to the original Latin, although this change has yet to be officially approved by the Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments.[2]
Some Catholic movements, like the Polish Light-Life and the Spanish Neocatechumenal Way, promote post-baptismal formation based on the OCIA.[3] [4] Similarly, the Knights of Columbus provides a free correspondence course under the Catholic Information Services (CIS) program.[5]
The ideal is for there to be an OCIA process available in every Roman Catholic parish. Those who want to join an OCIA group should aim to attend one in the parish where they live.
For those who wish to join, the OCIA process is a period of reflection, prayer, instruction, discernment, and formation. There is no set timetable, and those who join the process are encouraged to go at their own pace and to take as much time as they need.
US bishops have said that the process "should extend for at least one year for formation, instruction, and probation" for those who have had no previous experience with living a Christian life.[6] However, "nothing ... can be settled a priori. The time spent in the catechumenate should be long enough—several years if necessary—for the conversion and faith of the catechumens to become strong."[7] For those who have some experience leading a Christian life, the process should be much shorter, "according to the individual case."[8]
Those who enter the process are expected to begin attending Mass on Sundays, participate in regular faith formation activities, and to become increasingly involved in the activities of their local parish.
Priests "have the responsibility of attending to the pastoral and personal care of the catechumens." Throughout the process, they are assisted in this by deacons and catechists.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
This outline is based upon the Order of Christian Initiation of Adults (OCIA) approved for use in the dioceses of the United States which includes additional rites for various circumstances and combinations.[14] The numbers shown in the article headings and elsewhere relate to the relevant sections of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops approved rite.
"This is a time, of no fixed duration or structure, for inquiry and introduction to Gospel values."[15] The church is offering here an invitation to initial conversion. There is no obligation involved during this period. "It is a time of evangelization: faithfully and constantly the living God is proclaimed and Jesus Christ who he has sent for the salvation of all."[16] At this stage, seekers are known as Inquirers.
Inquirers who wish continue on to the period of the catechumenate celebrate the rite of Acceptance into the Order of Catechumens.
The rite of Acceptance into the Order of Catechumens may take place throughout the year. "A sponsor accompanies any candidate seeking admission as a catechumen."[17] Ideally, the sponsor is provided to the candidate by the parish.[18] The duties of a sponsor are to journey with the catechumens through the process and provide a compelling witness in matters of faith.
This is a very significant step, so much so that for catechumens (unbaptized): "One who dies during the Catechumenate receives a Christian burial."[47]
The outline of this Rite is as follows [Paragraphs 48 - 68]:
Receiving the Candidates
"The candidates and their sponsors, and a group of the faithful gather outside the church."[19]
The mass then goes on as usually normal with: Liturgy of the Word
At this point a new portion is added
From this point until their baptisms, catechumens are dismissed after the liturgy of the word when they attend Mass. This is to make the process feel more like it was in the early church, when catechumens were dismissed before communion before their baptism, which might have taken years to prepare for, to make the communion more meaningful.
Inquirers who have already been validly baptized in a non-Catholic ecclesial community, or baptized Catholic but not catechized as a child (have not received first Eucharist), are welcomed to this next stage via the Rite of Welcoming the Candidates. They enter this rite known as "candidates", and they are known by this title from now on. Their rite of welcoming the candidates often does not take place at the same time as the catechumen's rite of acceptance.
The outline of this rite is as follows [416 - 433]:
Receiving the Candidates
The Mass then continues as normal: Liturgy of the Word
(At this point there is a special prayer over the candidates)
Liturgy of the Eucharist
Candidates are sometimes dismissed during the Mass.
Where there are both unbaptized and baptized inquirers in a parish there is the option of a combined rite at this stage. This rite is formally known as "The (Combined) Celebration of the Rite of Acceptance into the Order of Catechumens and the Rite of Welcoming Baptized but Previously Uncatechized Adults Who are Preparing for Confirmation and/or Eucharist or Reception into the Full Communion of the Catholic Church".
The outline of this rite is as follows [507 - 529]:
Receiving the Candidates
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
These rites delineate the transition between the Period of Inquiry into the Period of the Catechumenate. The rites take place when the members of the local church are gathered together for the Eucharistic celebration.
A catechumen (from Latin catechumenus, Greek κατηχουμενος, instructed) is one receiving instruction in the principles of the Christian religion with a view to baptism. It is for this reason that those who are already validly baptized in another Christian Faith are not known as catechumens, but rather candidates.
The Catechumenate is an extended period during which the candidates are given suitable pastoral formation and guidance, aimed at training them in the Christian life. [75]
This is achieved in four ways :
From the Order of Christian Initiation of Adults
The period of the Catechumenate is a time for:
More importantly, it is a time for:
Various rites pertain to this period of instruction for those who are unbaptized (catechumens):
An optional rite also pertains to this period for those who are baptized (candidates):
There is also a combined optional rite if there are both catechumens and candidates in a parish:
The conclusion of this period leads onto the Rite of Election or Enrollment of Names for those who are unbaptized and the Rite of Calling the Candidates to Continuing Conversion for those who are baptized. This is a very significant and important step in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults. It is usually celebrated on the first Sunday of Lent at the local diocesan cathedral, led by the local bishop. All of the Catechumens and Candidates, their Godparents (for Catechumens), and Sponsors (for Catechumens and Candidates) gather together on this day, which may involve hundreds of people. The Church formally ratifies the Catechumens' readiness for the Sacraments of Initiation and the Candidates' readiness to be received into full Communion with the Catholic Church. In turn the Catechumens – from now on known as the Elect – publicly acknowledge their desire to receive the Sacraments of Initiation, and the Candidates their desire to be received into full Communion with the Catholic Church.
The outline of this Rite is as follows [129 - 137]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
This rite does not have to be a full Mass. In this case, there is no liturgy of the Eucharist, and thus no dismissal of the elect.
The outline of this rite is as follows [450 - 458]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
Where there are both catechumens (unbaptized) and candidates (baptized) in a diocese there is the option of a combined rite at this stage. This rite is formally known as The (Combined) Celebration of the Rite of Election of Catechumens and the Call to Continuing Conversion of Candidates Who are Preparing for Confirmation and/or Eucharist or Reception into the Full Communion of the Catholic Church.
The outline of this rite is as follows [550 - 561]:
Celebration of Election
Celebration of the Call to Continuing Conversion
Liturgy of the Eucharist
This period tends to correspond with Lent and is intended to be a period of increased discernment and coming closer to God. The aim of this period is to eliminate what is weak and sinful, and affirm what is holy. During this period the Elect undertake a number of Rites, including the Scrutinies and Presentations:
The outlines of these rites are as follows:
» First Scrutiny (3rd Sunday of Lent) [150 - 156]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
» The Presentation of the Creed (3rd Week of Lent) [157 - 163]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
» Second Scrutiny (4th Sunday of Lent) [164 - 170]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
» Third Scrutiny (5th Sunday of Lent) [171 - 177]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
» The Presentation of the Lord's Prayer (ideally the fifth Week of Lent) [178 - 184]:
Liturgy of the Word
Liturgy of the Eucharist
» Preparation Rites on Holy Saturday [185 - 192]:
The Candidates meanwhile prepare for the Sacrament of Reconciliation with an optional Penitential Rite Scrutiny [459 – 472]. This takes place on the second Sunday of Lent.
At the Easter Vigil the celebration of the sacraments of initiation takes place, Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Communion; according to the latest USCCB guidelines, this ceremony is to be reserved for Catechumens, so that no confusion will arise among the congregation about who is becoming a Christian (Catechumens) and who is merely being confirmed as a Catholic (Candidates). The guidelines also state that the formation process for Candidates—including its length—should be decided on a case-by-case basis and ideally conclude with a Confirmation at a regular Sunday Mass other than (and typically well before) Easter Vigil. At such a Mass, Candidates (having already been baptized) need only celebrate Confirmation and the Eucharist.
At the Easter Vigil, the Elect celebrate all of the sacraments of initiation; they are thereafter called Neophytes and they are considered to be full members of the Christian faithful. The Rites used to confer these Sacraments are outlined below. At some college campuses that have spring breaks during Holy Week, initiation for both the baptized and the unbaptized is often done during the weeks after Easter, so more of the community can be present.
The Celebration of the Sacraments of Initiation is the Rite undertaken by the Elect (unbaptized).
The outline of this Rite is as follows [218 - 243]:
Liturgy of the Word
Celebration of Baptism
- Renunciation of Sin
- Profession of the Catholic Faith by the Catechumens and Candidates
Celebration of Confirmation
The confirmation can take place at the same time as the baptism, by anointing with the oil immediately after the pouring of the water.
Renewal of Baptismal Promises (at the Easter Vigil) for the congregation
Liturgy of the Eucharist
The Rite of Reception of Baptized Christians into the full Communion of the Catholic Church is the Rite undertaken by the Candidates (baptized).
The outline of this Rite (within Mass) is as follows [487 - 498]:
Liturgy of the Word
Celebration of Reception
- omitted if the Candidate has already been Confirmed
Liturgy of the Eucharist
Where there are both Elect (unbaptized) and Candidates (baptized) in a Parish there is the option of a combined Rite at this stage. This Rite is formally known as The (Combined) Celebration at the Easter Vigil of the Sacraments of Initiation and of the Rite of Reception into the Full Communion of the Catholic Church.
The outline of this rite is as follows [566 - 594]:
Service of Light
Liturgy of the Word
Celebration of Baptism
Renewal of Baptismal Promises
Celebration of Reception
Celebration of Confirmation
Liturgy of the Eucharist