World Meteorological Organization Explained

World Meteorological Organization
Type:	United Nations specialized agency
Abbreviation:	WMO
Leader Title:	Head
Leader Name:	President Abdulla Al Mandous, UAE (since 2023)^[1] Secretary-General Celeste Saulo, Argentina since 2024
Status:	Active
Headquarters:	Geneva, Switzerland
Parent Organization:	United Nations Economic and Social Council

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.^[2]

The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization, a nongovernmental organization founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research.^[3] Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the World Meteorological Organization.^[4] The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an intergovernmental organization within the UN system.

The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.^{[5] [6]} It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to environmental protection, climate change, resource management, and socioeconomic development.^[7]

Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.^[8]

Governance

The WMO was established by the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization, signed 11 October 1947 and ratified on 23 March 1950. The Convention serves as the constituent treaty of the WMO, setting forth its purposes, governance, and general framework.

The WMO hierarchy:

• The World Meteorological Congress, the supreme body of the Organization, determines policy. Each member state and territory is represented by a Permanent Representative with WMO when Congress meets every four years. Congress elects the President and vice-presidents of the Organization and members of the Executive Council; and appoints the Secretary-General.
• The Executive Council (EC) implements Congress decisions.
• The Secretariat is an eight-department organization with a staff of 200 headed by a Secretary-General, who can serve a maximum of two four-year terms.^[9]

The annually published WMO Statement on the status of the World Climate provides details of global, regional and national temperatures and extreme weather events. It also provides information on long-term climate change indicators including atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, sea level rise, and sea ice extent. The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.^[10]

As of August 2023, the WMO has a membership of 193 member states and territories.^[11]

List of secretaries-general

• 1952–1955 Gustav Swoboda ( Switzerland)^[12]
• 1956–1979 David Arthur Davies ( United Kingdom)
• 1980–1983 Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen ( Denmark)
• 1984–2003 Godwin Obasi ( Nigeria)
• 2004–2015 ( France)
• 2016–2023 Petteri Taalas^[13] ( Finland)
• 2024–present Celeste Saulo^[14] ( Argentina)

WMO Strategic Plan

• Disaster risk reduction
• The Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
• The WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS)
• Aviation meteorological services
• Polar and high mountain regions
• Capacity development
• Governance

Meteorological codes

In keeping with its mandate to promote the standardization of meteorological observations, the WMO maintains numerous code forms for the representation and exchange of meteorological, oceanographical, and hydrological data. The traditional code forms, such as SYNOP, CLIMAT and TEMP, are character-based and their coding is position-based. Newer WMO code forms are designed for portability, extensibility and universality. These are BUFR, CREX, and, for gridded geo-positioned data, GRIB.

Recognitions received

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a joint creation of the WMO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), received the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about anthropogenic (man-made) climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."^[15]

World Meteorological Day

The World Meteorological Day is held annually on 23 March.^[16]

Use of the International System of Units

WMO states that "the International System of Units (SI) should be used as the system of units for the evaluation of meteorological elements included in reports for international exchange."^[17] The following units, which include units which are not SI units, are recommended by the WMO for meteorological observations:

• Degrees Celsius (°C) for temperature, or alternatively Kelvin (K).
• Metres per second (m/s) for wind speed.
• Degrees clockwise from north (°) for wind direction, or alternatively on the scale 0–36, where 36 is the wind directly from north and 09 is the directly wind from east.
• Hectopascals (hPa) for atmospheric pressure.
• Percent (%) for relative humidity.
• Millimetres (mm) for precipitation (or the equivalent unit kilograms per square metre (kg/m²))
• Millimetres (mm) for evaporation.
• Millimetres per hour (mm/h) for precipitation intensity, or alternatively kilograms per square metre per second (kg m⁻² s⁻¹)
• Hours (h) for sunshine duration.
• Metres (m) for visibility.
• Metres (m) for cloud height.
• Standard geopotential metre (m') for geopotential height.
• Kilograms per square metre (kg/m²) for snow water equivalent.
• Watts per square metre (W/m²) for irradiance.
• Joules per square metre (J/m²) for radiant exposure.
• Oktas for cloud cover.

Main public outreach materials

• The World Meteorological Organization at a Glance
• WMO Public website
• WMO for Youth
• WMO Bulletin (twice annually)
• WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (annually)
• WMO Statements on the Status of the World Climate (annually)
• In September 2020 the WMO published a high-level brief compilation of the latest climate science information from the WMO, GCP, UNESCO-IOC, IPCC, UNEP and the Met Office. The United in Science 2020 Report is subdivided into 7 chapters, which each have a list of key messages.^{[18] [19]}

WMO awards and prizes

• International Meteorological Organization Prize^[20]
• Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Awards^[21]
• Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award (suspended in 2014)^[22]
• WMO Research Award for Young Scientists^[23]
• Professor Mariolopoulus Award^[24]

Membership

As of 2023, WMO Members include a total of 187 Member States and 6 Member Territories.^[25]

Ten United Nations member states are not members of WMO: Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and San Marino. Cook Islands and Niue are WMO Members but non-members of the United Nations. Vatican City and State of Palestine and the states with limited recognition are not members of either organization.

The six WMO Member Territories are the British Caribbean Territories (joint meteorological organization and membership), French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (joint meteorological service and membership) and New Caledonia. (List of all members with admission dates.)

Membership by regional associations

Regional Association I (Africa)

Region I consists of the states of Africa and a few former colonial powers. Region I has 57 member states and no member territories:^[26]

Non-member

• Equatorial Guinea

Regional Association II (Asia)

Region II has 33 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are:^[27]

The member territories are:

• Hong Kong
• Macau

Regional Association III (South America)

Region III consists of the states of South America, including France as French Guiana is an overseas region of France. It has a total of 13 member states and no member territories:^[28]

Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)

Region IV consists of the states of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, including three European states with dependencies within the region. It has a total of 25 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are:^[29]

Regional Association V (South-West Pacific)

Region V consists of 23 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are:^[30]

Regional Association VI (Europe)

Region VI consists consist of all the states in Europe as well as some Western Asia. It has 50 member states:^[31]

States with membership in more than one region

A total of ten member states have membership in more than one region. Two nations are members to four different regions, while eight are members of two regions. These nations, with their regions, are as follows:

See also

• Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
• Cloud atlas
• Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
• Global Climate Observing System
• International Cloud Atlas
• Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre

External links

• Web site: Public website . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081229/https://public-old.wmo.int/en . dead . 28 November 2023 . WMO .
• Web site: Severe World Weather website. WMO.
• (as of October 2018, this functions as a WMO Extranet for the WMO Community as an interim solution until a new WMO Community website can be launched)
• Web site: International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships . Pub 47 . 1999 . International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) . Including country codes .
• Web site: World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3). Aug 2009. WMO.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Executive Council opens with new office holders . public.wmo.int . 5 June 2023 . 28 August 2023.
2. Web site: 2 February 2016. History of WMO. https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo. dead. 7 December 2023. 14 October 2018. World Meteorological Organization.
3. Web site: 2 December 2015. Who we are. https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are. dead. 28 March 2016. 14 October 2018. World Meteorological Organization.
4. Web site: Basic Documents. 2023-09-23. library.wmo.int .
5. Web site: 2015-12-02. Who we are. https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are. dead. 28 March 2016. 2020-08-27. World Meteorological Organization. en.
6. Web site: The WMO Building / Conference Centre. https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre . dead . 15 December 2023 . 12 January 2016 . 28 August 2023 . public.wmo.int.
7. Web site: 2016-01-20 . What we do . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do . dead . 27 November 2023 . 2020-08-27 . World Meteorological Organization . en.
8. Web site: President . Al Mandous . Abdulla . 2023 . WMO . World Meteorological Organization . 3 July 2023.
9. Web site: WMO Strategic Plan . https://web.archive.org/web/20130610184400/https://www.wmo.int/pages/about/documents/1069_en.pdf . www.wmo.int . 10 June 2013.
10. Web site: Climate breaks multiple records in 2016, with global impacts . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218181353/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/climate-breaks-multiple-records-2016-global-impacts . dead . 18 December 2023 . public.wmo.int . 20 March 2017 . 28 August 2023.
11. Web site: Members . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members . dead . 15 December 2023 . public.wmo.int . 2022 . 28 August 2023.
12. Web site: 2015-12-08 . Former Secretaries-General of WMO . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218180116/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/secretariat/previous-secretary-generals-of-wmo . dead . 18 December 2023 . 2023-04-06 . public.wmo.int . en.
13. Web site: 2015-12-08 . The Secretariat . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221740/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/secretariat . dead . 15 December 2023 . 2023-05-03 . public.wmo.int . en.
14. Web site: The Secretariat . World Meteorological Organization . 6 January 2024 . en . 4 January 2023.
15. Web site: IPCC Nobel Peace Prize . 12 October 2007 . Nobel Prize Committee . 20 February 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100109120132/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/press.html . 9 January 2010 .
16. Web site: World Meteorological Day . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161017/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day . dead . 27 November 2023 . 5 February 2018 . World Meteorological Organization . 2019-03-20.
17. Web site: World Meteorological Organization – Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation – Preliminary seventh edition – WMO-No. 8 – Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland – 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151123054426/http://www.seedmech.com/documents_folder/wmo_no_8.pdf . 23 November 2015 .
18. News: UN report: Covid crisis does little to slow climate change . 9 October 2020 . BBC News . 9 September 2020.
19. Web site: United in Science 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221742/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/united_in_science . dead . 15 December 2023 . World Meteorological Organization . 9 October 2020 . en . 19 September 2019.
20. News: International Meteorological Organization (IMO) Prize . World Meteorological Organization. 2017-04-04. en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142101/https://wmo.int/international-meteorological-organization-imo-prize . Dec 3, 2023 .
21. News: Professor Dr Vilho Väisälä Awards . World Meteorological Organization. 2017-04-04. en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203001505/https://wmo.int/professor-dr-vilho-vaisala-awards . Dec 3, 2023 .
22. News: Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award. https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004110/https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/awards/norbert-gerbier-mumm-international-award. dead. 7 January 2017. 2015-12-09. World Meteorological Organization. 2017-04-04. en.
23. News: WMO Research Award for Young Scientists. 2015-12-09. World Meteorological Organization. 2017-04-04. en.
24. News: Professor Mariolopoulos Award. 2015-12-09. World Meteorological Organization. 2017-04-04. en.
25. Web site: WMO – Members. 30 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members. dead. 15 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 6 March 2019.
26. Web site: Members of Regional Association I (Africa). https://web.archive.org/web/20231218182140/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members?regions_tid=109. dead. 18 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. 6 March 2017.
27. Web site: Members of Regional Association II (Asia). https://web.archive.org/web/20231218182648/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members?regions_tid=110. dead. 18 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. 6 March 2017.
28. Web site: Members of Regional Association III (South America). https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183112/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members?regions_tid=111. dead. 18 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. 6 March 2017.
29. Web site: Members of Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean). https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183827/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members?regions_tid=112. dead. 18 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. 6 March 2017.
30. Web site: Members of Regional Association V (South-West Pacific). https://web.archive.org/web/20231218172935/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members?regions_tid=113. dead. 18 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. 18 May 2019.
31. Web site: Members of Regional Association IV (Europe). https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183900/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members?regions_tid=114. dead. 18 December 2023. World Meteorological Organization. 30 September 2015. 6 March 2017.