Ravn virus explained

Ravn virus (; RAVV) is a close relative of Marburg virus (MARV). RAVV causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever.[1] RAVV is a Select agent,[2] World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment),[3] National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen,[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent,[5] and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.[6]

Use of term

Ravn virus (today abbreviated RAVV, but then considered identical to Marburg virus) was first described in 1987 and is named after a 15-year old Danish boy who fell ill and died from it.[7] Today, the virus is classified as one of two members of the species Marburg marburgvirus, which is included into the genus Marburgvirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The name Ravn virus is derived from Ravn (the name of the Danish patient from whom this virus was first isolated) and the taxonomic suffix virus.[8]

Previous designations

Ravn virus was first introduced as a new subtype of Marburg virus in 1996.[7] In 2006, a whole-genome analysis of all marburgviruses revealed the existence of five distinct genetic lineages. The genomes of representative isolates of four of those lineages differed from each other by only 0-7.8% on the nucleotide level, whereas representatives of the fifth lineage, including the new "subtype", differed from those of the other lineages by up to 21.3%.[9] Consequently, the fifth genetic lineage was reclassified as a virus, Ravn virus (RAVV), distinct from the virus represented by the four more closely related lineages, Marburg virus (MARV).[8]

Virus inclusion criteria

A virus that fulfills the criteria for being a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus is a Ravn virus if it has the properties of Marburg marburgviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Marburg marburgvirus, Marburg virus variant Musoke (MARV/Mus), by ≥10% but from that of the prototype Ravn virus (variant Ravn) by <10% at the nucleotide level.[8]

Disease

See main article: Marburg virus disease. RAVV is one of two marburgviruses that causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Marburg hemorrhagic fever, MHF). MVD due to RAVV infection cannot be differentiated from MVD caused by MARV by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all marburgviruses is presented together on a separate page (see Marburg virus disease (MVD)). In the past, RAVV has caused the following MVD outbreaks:

Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreaks due to Ravn virus (RAVV) infection
YearGeographic locationHuman cases/deaths (case-fatality rate)
1987Kenya1/1 (100%)
1998–2000Durba and Watsa, Democratic Republic of the Congo? (A total of 154 cases and 128 deaths of marburgvirus infection were recorded during this outbreak. The case fatality was 83%. Two different marburgviruses, RAVV and Marburg virus (MARV), cocirculated and caused disease. It has never been published how many cases and deaths were due to RAVV or MARV infection)[10] [11] [12]
2007Uganda0/1 (0%)[13]

Ecology

In 2009, the successful isolation of infectious RAVV was reported from caught healthy Egyptian rousettes (Rousettus aegyptiacus).[14] This isolation, together with the isolation of infectious MARV, strongly suggests that Old World fruit bats are involved in the natural maintenance of marburgviruses.[14]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Spickler. Anna. Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections.
  2. Web site: National Select Agent Registry (NSAR). 2011-10-16. US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  3. Web site: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition. 2011-10-16. US Department of Health and Human Services.
  4. Web site: Biodefense - NIAID Category A, B, and C Priority Pathogens. 2011-10-16. US National Institutes of Health (NIH), US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
  5. Web site: Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases. 2011-10-16. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140722181901/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp. 2014-07-22.
  6. Web site: List of Biological Agents for Export Control. 2011-10-16. The Australia Group. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110806112546/http://www.australiagroup.net/en/biological_agents.html. 2011-08-06.
  7. Book: Johnson . E. D. . Johnson . B. K. . Silverstein . D. . Tukei . P. . Geisbert . T. W. . Sanchez . A. N. . Jahrling . P. B. . Imported Virus Infections . Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya . Archives of Virology. Supplementum . 11 . 101–114 . 1996 . 8800792. 10.1007/978-3-7091-7482-1_10 . 978-3-211-82829-8 .
  8. Kuhn . J. H. . Becker . S. . Ebihara . H. . Geisbert . T. W. . Johnson . K. M. . Kawaoka . Y. . Lipkin . W. I. . Negredo . A. I. . Netesov . S. V. . Nichol . S. T. . Palacios . G. . Peters . C. J. . Tenorio . A. . Volchkov . V. E. . Jahrling . P. B. . Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations . 10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x . Archives of Virology . 155 . 12 . 2083–2103 . 3074192 . 2010 . 21046175.
  9. Towner . J. S. . Khristova . M. L. . Sealy . T. K. . Vincent . M. J. . Erickson . B. R. . Bawiec . D. A. . Hartman . A. L. . Comer . J. A. . Zaki . S. R. . Ströher . U. . Gomes Da Silva . F. . Del Castillo . F. . Rollin . P. E. . Ksiazek . T. G. . Nichol . S. T. . Marburgvirus Genomics and Association with a Large Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Angola . 10.1128/JVI.00069-06 . Journal of Virology . 80 . 13 . 6497–6516 . 1488971 . 2006 . 16775337.
  10. Bertherat . E. . Talarmin . A. . Zeller . H. . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Between civil war and the Marburg virus. International Committee of Technical and Scientific Coordination of the Durba Epidemic . Médecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Santé Colonial . 59 . 2 . 201–204 . 1999 . 10546197.
  11. 10.3201/eid0912.030355 . Bausch . D. G. . Borchert . M. . Grein . T. . Roth . C. . Swanepoel . R. . Libande . M. L. . Talarmin . A. . Bertherat . E. . Muyembe-Tamfum . J. J. . Tugume . B. . Colebunders . R. . Kondé . K. M. . Pirad . P. . Olinda . L. L. . Rodier . G. R. . Campbell . P. . Tomori . O. . Ksiazek . T. G. . Rollin . P. E. . Risk Factors for Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 9 . 12 . 1531–1537 . 2003 . 14720391 . 3034318.
  12. Bausch . D. G. . Nichol . S. T. . Muyembe-Tamfum . J. J. . Borchert . M. . Rollin . P. E. . Sleurs . H. . Campbell . P. . Tshioko . F. K. . Roth . C. . Colebunders . 10.1056/NEJMoa051465 . R. . Pirard . P. . Mardel . S. . Olinda . L. A. . Zeller . H. . Tshomba . A. . Kulidri . A. . Libande . M. L. . Mulangu . S. . Formenty . P. . Grein . T. . Leirs . H. . Braack . L. . Ksiazek . T. . Zaki . S. . Bowen . M. D. . Smit . S. B. . Leman . P. A. . Burt . F. J. . Kemp . A. . Swanepoel . R. . Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Multiple Genetic Lineages of Virus . New England Journal of Medicine . 355 . 9 . 909–919 . 2006 . 16943403 . 2018-12-31 . 2022-12-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165458/http://dspace.itg.be/bitstream/handle/10390/1163/2006nejm0909.pdf;jsessionid=7840E1D94C0B2DCAE3FF61BCD7EACBD1?sequence=1 . dead .
  13. Adjemian . J. . Farnon . E. C. . Tschioko . F. . Wamala . J. F. . Byaruhanga . E. . Bwire . G. S. . Kansiime . E. . Kagirita . A. . Ahimbisibwe . S. . Katunguka . F. . Jeffs . B. . Lutwama . J. J. . Downing . R. . Tappero . J. W. . Formenty . P. . Amman . B. . Manning . C. . Towner . J. . Nichol . S. T. . Rollin . P. E. . Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Among Miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007 . 10.1093/infdis/jir312 . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 204 . Suppl 3 . 3203392 . S796–S799 . 2011 . 21987753.
  14. Towner . J. S. . Amman . B. R. . Sealy . T. K. . Carroll . S. A. R. . Comer . J. A. . Kemp . A. . Swanepoel . R. . Paddock . C. D. . Balinandi . S. . Khristova . M. L. . Formenty . P. B. . Albarino . C. G. . Miller . D. M. . Reed . Z. D. . Kayiwa . J. T. . Mills . J. N. . Cannon . D. L. . Greer . P. W. . Byaruhanga . E. . Farnon . E. C. . Atimnedi . P. . Okware . S. . Katongole-Mbidde . E. . Downing . R. . Tappero . J. W. . Zaki . S. R. . Ksiazek . T. G. . Nichol . S. T. . Rollin . P. E. . Fouchier . Ron A. M. . Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats . 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536 . PLOS Pathogens . 5 . 7 . e1000536 . 2713404 . 2009 . 19649327. free .

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