Rashid Sunyaev Explained

Rashid Sunyaev
Birth Date:	1 March 1943
Birth Place:	Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union
Nationality:	Russian, German
Field:	Astronomer
Work Institution:	Russian Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Institute for Advanced Study
Alma Mater:	Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MS), Moscow State University (Ph.D)
Known For:	Cosmic microwave background radiation
Prizes:	King Faisal International Prize for Physics (2009), Heineman Prize (2003), Crafoord Prize (2008), Kyoto Prize (2011), Dirac Medal, ICTP (2019), Max Planck Medal (2023)

Rashid Alievich Sunyaev (Tatar: Рәшит Гали улы Сөнәев, Russian: link=no|Раши́д Али́евич Сюня́ев; born 1 March 1943 in Tashkent, USSR) is a German, Soviet, and Russian astrophysicist of Tatar descent.^[1] He got his MS degree from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) in 1966. He became a professor at MIPT in 1974. Sunyaev was the head of the High Energy Astrophysics Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and has been chief scientist of the Academy's Space Research Institute since 1992. He has also been a director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Germany since 1996, and Maureen and John Hendricks Distinguished Visiting Professor in the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton since 2010.^[2] In February 2022, he signed an open letter from Russian scientists and science journalists condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.^[3]

Works

Sunyaev and Yakov B. Zeldovich developed the theory for the evolution of density fluctuations in the early universe. They predicted the pattern of acoustic fluctuations that have been clearly seen by WMAP and other CMB experiments in the microwave sky and in the large-scale distribution of galaxies. Sunyaev and Zeldovich stated in their 1970 paper, "A detailed investigation of the spectrum of fluctuations may, in principle, lead to an understanding of the nature of initial density perturbations since a distinct periodic dependence of the spectral density of perturbations on wavelength (mass) is peculiar to adiabatic perturbations." CMB experiments have now seen this distinctive scale in temperature and polarization measurements. Large-scale structure observations have seen this scale in galaxy clustering measurements.

With Yakov B. Zeldovich, at the Moscow Institute of Applied Mathematics, he proposed what is known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, which is due to electrons associated with gas in galaxy clusters scattering the cosmic microwave background radiation.^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}

Sunyaev and Nikolay I. Shakura developed a model of accretion onto black holes, from a disk,^[8] and he has proposed a signature for X-radiation from matter spiraling into a black hole. He has collaborated in important studies of the early universe, including the recombination of hydrogen and the formation of the cosmic microwave background radiation. He led the team which operated the X-ray observatory attached to the Kvant-1 module of the Mir space station and also the GRANAT orbiting X-ray observatory. Kvant made the first detection of X-rays from a supernova in 1987. His team is currently preparing the Spectrum-X-Gamma International Astrophysical Project and is working with INTEGRAL spacecraft data. At Garching he is working in the fields of theoretical high energy astrophysics and physical cosmology and participates in the data interpretation of the ESA Planck spacecraft mission.

Honors and awards

• 1984 – Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• 1988 – Bruno Rossi Prize for his contributions to understanding cosmic X-ray sources, especially the structure of accretion disks around black holes, the X-ray spectra of compact objects, and the Mir-based discovery of hard X-ray emission from supernova 1987A^[9]
• 1991 – Foreign Associate of USA National Academy of Sciences
• 1995 – Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society^[10]
• 2000 – Bruce Medal for a lifetime of outstanding research in astronomy^{[11] [12]}
• 2000 – State Prize of Russian Federation for research of Black Holes and Neutron stars with GRANAT X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory in 1990–1998^[13]
• 2002 – Alexander Friedman Prize by Russian Academy of Sciences for the publications on the reduction of brightness of cosmic microwave background radiation in the direction of clusters of galaxies^[13]
• 2003 – Heineman Prize for outstanding work in astrophysics^[14]
• 2003 – Gruber Prize in Cosmology for pioneering studies on the nature of the cosmic microwave background and its interaction with intervening matter that led to new cosmological models^[15]
• 2003 – Member of German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina
• 2004 – Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences^[16]
• 2007 – International Member of the American Philosophical Society^[17]
• 2008 – Crafoord Prize for decisive contributions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology.^[18]
• 2008 – Henry Norris Russell Lectureship in 2008^[19]
• 2008 – Karl Schwarzschild Medal of the German Astronomische Gesellschaft^[20]
• 2009 – Foreign Member of the Royal Society
• 2009 – King Faisal International Prize for Science (Physics)
• 2011 – Kyoto Prize^[21]
• 2012 – Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics from the Franklin Institute^[22]
• 2013 – Order of Merit of Republic of Tatarstan, Russia^[23]
• 2013 – Gold Medal of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (Kazan, Russia)^[24]
• 2014 – Einstein Professorship (Chinese Academy of Sciences)
• 2019 – Dirac Medal, (ICTP)^[25] jointly with Viatcheslav Mukhanov and Alexei Starobinsky
• 2019 – Nick Kylafis Lectureship^[26]
• 2023 – Max Planck Medal of the DPG^[27]

Literature

• Bhattacharjee . Y. . In the Afterglow Of the Big Bang . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) . 327 . 5961 . 31 December 2009 . 0036-8075 . 10.1126/science.327.5961.26 . 26–29. 20044554 .

See also

• Ubaydulla Uvatov

External links

• Syunyaev Rashid Alievich. Site of Russian Academy of Sciences
• Biography at the website of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
• Rashid Sunyaev Institute for Advanced Study

Notes and References

1. News: Rashid Syunyaev: "I do not believe in a cosmic catastrophe in the near future..." . 17 August 2017 . Timur Rakhmatullin . Realnoe Vremya.
2. Web site: Rashid Sunyaev. Institute for Advanced Study. en. 25 June 2019.
3. Web site: Open letter of Russian scientists and scientific journalists against the war with Ukraine. T-INVARIANT. ru. 17 May 2024.
4. Sunyaev RA. Zel'dovich YB. The interaction of matter and radiation in a hot-model universe. Astrophys. Space Sci.. 4. 3. 301–16. 1969. 10.1007/BF00661821. 1969Ap&SS...4..301Z. 118207102.
5. Sunyaev RA. Zel'dovich YB. Small-scale fluctuations of relic radiation. Astrophys. Space Sci.. 7. 1. 3–19. 1970. 1970Ap&SS...7....3S. 10.1007/BF00653471. 117050217.
6. Sunyaev RA. Zel'dovich YB. The observations of relic radiation as a test of the nature of X-ray radiation from the clusters of galaxies. Comm. Astrophys. Space Phys.. 4. 173. 1972. 1972CoASP...4..173S.
7. Sunyaev RA. Zel'dovich YB. Microwave background radiation as a probe of the contemporary structure and history of the universe. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.. 18. 1. 537–60. 1980. 10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002541. 1980ARA&A..18..537S.
8. Shakura NI . Syunyaev RA. Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astron. Astrophys.. 24. 337–55. 1973. 1973A&A....24..337S.
9. http://www.aas.org/head/rossi/rossi.recip.html#D HEAD AAS Rossi Prize Winners
10. http://www.ras.org.uk/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=268 Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
11. Web site: The Bruce Medalists: Rashid Sunyaev. www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu. 11 February 2018.
12. Web site: 2000 ASP Annual Award Winners. www.astrosociety.org. 11 February 2018.
13. http://www.iki.rssi.ru/awardspr.htm Awards and best publications
14. http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.php#heineman Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
15. Web site: The Gruber Foundation Homepage – The Gruber Foundation. www.gruberprizes.org. 11 February 2018.
16. Web site: Rashid Sunyaev . https://web.archive.org/web/20160214191224/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/6084 . . 14 February 2016 . 14 February 2016.
17. Web site: APS Member History. 17 May 2021. search.amphilsoc.org.
18. Web site: Crafoord Prize. www.crafoordprize.se. 11 February 2018.
19. http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.php#russell Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
20. Web site: Recipients of the Karl Schwarzschild Medal . 24 September 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524132618/http://www.astronomische-gesellschaft.org/Auszeichnungen/Schwarzschild_eng.html . 24 May 2011 .
21. http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/06/25/52374910.html Kyoto Prize for Russian astronomer
22. Web site: Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics . 2012 . . 7 April 2013 . dead . https://archive.today/20130626174604/http://www.fi.edu/franklinawards/12/bf_physics.html . 26 June 2013 .
23. Web site: Rashid Syunyaev awarded with Order of Merit for the Republic of Tatarstan . 18 March 2013 . 16 January 2022 . Tatarstan President's Press Service.
24. Web site: ru . Золотой медалью АН РТ "За достижения в науке" награждены . 16 January 2022.
25. https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-dirac-medal/the-medallists/dirac-medallists-2019.aspx Dirac Medal 2019, ICTP
26. Web site: Nick Kylafis Lectureship Institute of Astrophysics. 25 October 2021. www.ia.forth.gr.
27. https://www.dpg-physik.de/auszeichnungen/dpg-preise/max-planck-medaille/preistraeger Max Planck Medal 2023