Quechumaran languages explained

Quechumaran
Acceptance:	controversial
Region:	Andes
Familycolor:	American
Glotto:	none

Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.^[1] Terrence Kaufman^[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.^[3] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.^[4]

Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.^[5]

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)^[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.

Swadesh lists

100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):^[7]

no.	gloss	Proto-Quechuan	Proto-Aymaran
1.	I	ya-qa	na-ya
2.	you	qam	huma
3.	we	ya-qa-nčik	hiwa-sa
4.	this	kay	aka
5.	that	čay	uka
6.	who?	pi	qači
7.	what?	ima	qu
8.	not	mana	hani
9.	all	λapa	taqi
10.	many	ačka	aλuqa
11.	one	ŝuk	maya
12.	two	iŝkay	paya
13.	big	hatu(n)	haĉ’a
14.	long	suni	suni
15.	small	učuk	hisk’a
16.	woman	warmi	marmi
17.	man	qari	čača
18.	person	runa	haqi
19.	fish	čaλwa	čǎλwa
20.	bird	pisqu	amač’i
21.	dog	aλqu	anu(qa)
22.	louse	usa	lap’a
23.	tree	maλki	quqa
24.	seed	muhu	atʰa
25.	leaf	rapra	lapʰi
26.	root	sapʰi	asu
27.	bark	qara	siλp’i
28.	skin	qara	lip’iči
29.	flesh	ayča	hanči
30.	blood	yawar	wila
31.	bone	tuλu	ĉ’aka
32.	grease	wira	lik’i
33.	egg	runtu / *ruru	k’awna
34.	horn	waqra	waqra
35.	tail	ĉupa	wič’inkʰa
36.	feather	pʰuru	pʰuyu
37.	hair	aqča / *čukča	nik’uĉa
38.	head	uma	p’iqi
39.	ear	rinri	hinču
40.	eye	ñawi	nawra
41.	nose	sinqa	nasa
42.	mouth	simi	laka
43.	tooth	kiru	laka ĉ’akʰa
44.	tongue	qaλu	laqra
45.	claw	ŝiλu	šiλu
46.	foot	ĉaki	kayu
47.	knee	qunqur	qhunquru
48.	hand	maki	ampara
49.	belly	paĉa / *wiksa	puĉa(ka)
50.	neck	kunka	kunka
51.	breasts	ñuñu	ñuñu
52.	heart	ŝunqu	čuyma
53.	liver	k’ipĉa(n)	k’ipĉa
54.	drink	upya-	uma-
55.	eat	mikʰu-	manq’a- / *palu-
56.	bite	kani-	aĉu-
57.	see	rikʰu-	uλa-
58.	hear	uya-	iša-
59.	know	yaĉa-	yaĉi-
60.	sleep	puñu-	iki-
61.	die	wañu-	hiwa-
62.	kill	wañu-či-	hiwa-ya-
63.	swim	wayt’a-	tuyu-
64.	fly	pʰaya-ri-	hala-
65.	walk	puri-	sara- / *wasa-
66.	come	ŝa-mu-	huta-
67.	lie	anĉ’a-ra-	haqu-ši-
68.	sit	taya-ku-	uta-ĉ’a-
69.	stand	ŝaya-ri-	saya-
70.	give	qu-	čura-
71.	say	ñi-	saya-
72.	sun	rupay	lupi
73.	moon	kiλa	paqši
74.	star	quyλur	wara(wara)
75.	water	yaku	uma
76.	rain	tamya / *para	haλu
77.	stone	rumi	qala
78.	sand	aqu	č’aλa
79.	earth	paĉa	uraqi
80.	cloud	pʰuyu / *pukutay	qhinaya / *urpi
81.	smoke	q’usñi / *quntay	iwq’i
82.	fire	nina	nina
83.	ashes	uĉpa	qhiλa
84.	burn	k’añay	nak’a-
85.	path	ñayani	tʰaki
86.	mountain	urqu	quλu
87.	red	puka	čupika
88.	green	q’umir / *ĉiqya(q)	č’uqña
89.	yellow	q’iλu / *qarwa	tuyu
90.	white	yuraq	anq’u
91.	black	yana	ĉ’iyara
92.	night	tuta	aruma
93.	hot	q’unu	hunĉ’u
94.	cold	čiri	tʰaya
95.	full	hunta	pʰuqa
96.	new	muŝuq	mačaqa
97.	good	aλi	aski
98.	round	muyu	muruqu
99.	dry	čaki	waña
100.	name	suti	suti

Further reading

• Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. Language, 44:528-55.

Notes and References

1. Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2000). Lingüística aimara. Cuzco: CBC, p. 301.
2. Book: Kaufman, Terrence . 1990. Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more. David L. Payne. Amazonian Linguistics. 13–74. Austin. University of Texas Press.
3. Book: Adelaar, Willem . 1992. Quechuan Languages. W. Bright. Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 3. 303–10. New York, Oxford. Oxford University Press.
4. Book: Campbell, Lyle . 1997. American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 0-19-509427-1. 188, 273–283.
5. Moulian . Rodrígo . Catrileo . María. Landeo . Pablo. María Catrileo . 2015 . Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia . Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia . . 53 . 2 . 73–96 . 10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 . January 13, 2019. es. free .
6. Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
7. [Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino|Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo]