| Quanzhou | |
| Nativename: | 泉州话 / 泉州話 |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[tsuan˨ tsiu˧ ue˦˩]/ |
| States: | China, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar. |
| Region: | city of Quanzhou, Southern Fujian province |
| Speakers: | over 7 million |
| Date: | 2008 |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Southern Min |
| Fam7: | Hokkien |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Script: | Han characters |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | chae1235 |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-jd > 79-AAA-jdb |
| Map: | Hokkien Map.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Quanzhou dialect |
The Quanzhou dialects, also rendered Chin-chew or Choanchew, are a collection of Hokkien dialects spoken in southern Fujian (in southeast China), in the area centered on the city of Quanzhou. Due to migration, various Quanzhou dialects are spoken outside of Quanzhou, notably in Taiwan and many Southeast Asian countries, including mainly the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
The Quanzhou dialects are classified as Hokkien, a group of Southern Min varieties. In Fujian, the Quanzhou dialects form the northern subgroup (Chinese: 北片) of Southern Min. The dialect of urban Quanzhou is one of the oldest dialects of Southern Min, and along with the urban Zhangzhou dialect, it forms the basis for all modern varieties. When compared with other varieties of Hokkien, the urban Quanzhou dialect has an intelligibility of 87.5% with the Amoy dialect and 79.7% with the urban Zhangzhou dialect.
Before the 19th century, the dialect of Quanzhou proper was the representative dialect of Southern Min in Fujian because of Quanzhou's historical and economic prominence, but as Xiamen developed into the political, economic and cultural center of southern Fujian, the Amoy dialect gradually took the place of the Quanzhou dialect as the representative dialect. However, the Quanzhou dialect is still considered to be the standard dialect for Liyuan opera and nanyin music.
pronounced as /notice/This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Quanzhou, specifically in Licheng District.
There are 14 phonemic initials, including the zero initial (not included below):
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 边 / 邊 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 地 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 争 / 爭 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 求 | |||
| pronounced as //pʰ// Chinese: 普 | pronounced as //tʰ// Chinese: 他 | pronounced as //tsʰ// Chinese: 出 | pronounced as //kʰ// Chinese: 气 / 氣 | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 文 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 语 / 語 | ||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 时 / 時 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 喜 | |||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 柳 | ||||||
When the rhyme is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes pronounced as //b//, pronounced as //l// and pronounced as //ɡ// are realized as the nasal stops pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/, respectively.
The inventory of initial consonants in the Quanzhou dialect is identical to the Amoy dialect and almost identical to the Zhangzhou dialect. The Quanzhou dialect is missing the phoneme pronounced as /link/ found in the Zhangzhou dialect due to a merger of pronounced as /link/ into pronounced as /link/. The distinction between pronounced as /link/ (Chinese: 日) and pronounced as /link/ (Chinese: 柳) was still made in the early 19th century, as seen in Huìyīn Miàowù by Huang Qian, but Huìyīn Miàowù already has nine characters categorized into both initials. Rev. Carstairs Douglas has already observed the merger in the late 19th century. In some areas of Yongchun, Anxi and Nan'an, there are still some people, especially those in the older generation, who distinguish pronounced as /link/ from pronounced as /link/, showing that the merger is a recent innovation. In Hokkien, evidently even during the early 17th century, pronounced as //l// can fluctuate freely in initial position as either a flap pronounced as /[ɾ]/ or voiced alveolar plosive stop pronounced as /[d]/.[1]
There are 87 rimes:
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ai// | pronounced as //au// | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ia// | pronounced as //io// | pronounced as //iu// | pronounced as //iau// | ||||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ua// | pronounced as //ue// | pronounced as //ui// | pronounced as //uai// |
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //am// | pronounced as //əm// | pronounced as //an// | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //aŋ// | pronounced as //ɔŋ// | ||
| pronounced as //im// | pronounced as //iam// | pronounced as //in// | pronounced as //ian// | pronounced as //iŋ// | pronounced as //iaŋ// | pronounced as //iɔŋ// | ||
| pronounced as //un// | pronounced as //uan// | pronounced as //uaŋ// |
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ãi// | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //iã// | pronounced as //iũ// | pronounced as //iãu// | ||||
| pronounced as //uã// | pronounced as //uĩ// | pronounced as //uãi// |
| pronounced as //ap// | pronounced as //at// | pronounced as //ak// | pronounced as //ɔk// | pronounced as //aʔ// | pronounced as //ɔʔ// | pronounced as //oʔ// | pronounced as //əʔ// | pronounced as //eʔ// | pronounced as //ɯʔ// | pronounced as //auʔ// | pronounced as //m̩ʔ// | pronounced as //ŋ̍ʔ// | pronounced as //ãʔ// | pronounced as //ɔ̃ʔ// | pronounced as //ẽʔ// | pronounced as //ãiʔ// | pronounced as //ãuʔ// | |||||||
| pronounced as //ip// | pronounced as //iap// | pronounced as //it// | pronounced as //iat// | pronounced as //iak// | pronounced as //iɔk// | pronounced as //iʔ// | pronounced as //iaʔ// | pronounced as //ioʔ// | pronounced as //iauʔ// | pronounced as //iuʔ// | pronounced as //ĩʔ// | pronounced as //iãʔ// | pronounced as //iũʔ// | pronounced as //iãuʔ// | ||||||||||
| pronounced as //ut// | pronounced as //uat// | pronounced as //uʔ// | pronounced as //uaʔ// | pronounced as //ueʔ// | pronounced as //uiʔ// | pronounced as //uĩʔ// | pronounced as //uãiʔ// |
The actual pronunciation of the vowel pronounced as //ə// has a wider opening, approaching pronounced as /[ɤ]/. For some speakers, especially younger ones, the vowel pronounced as //ə// is often realized as pronounced as /[e]/, e.g. pronouncing Chinese: 飞 / Chinese: 飛 (pronounced as //pə//, "to fly") as pronounced as /[pe]/, and the vowel pronounced as //ɯ// is either realized as pronounced as /[i]/, e.g. pronouncing Chinese: 猪 / Chinese: 豬 (pronounced as //tɯ//, "pig") as pronounced as /[ti]/, or as pronounced as /[u]/, e.g. pronouncing Chinese: 女 (pronounced as //lɯ//, "woman") as pronounced as /[lu]/.
For single syllables, there are seven tones:
| Name | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| yin level | pronounced as /˧/ (33) | mid level | |
| yang level | pronounced as /˨˦/ (24) | rising | |
| yin rising | pronounced as /˥˥˦/ (554) | high level | |
| yang rising | pronounced as /˨/ (22) | low level | |
| departing | pronounced as /˦˩/ (41) | falling | |
| yin entering | pronounced as /˥/ (5) | high | |
| yang entering | pronounced as /˨˦/ (24) | rising |
In addition to these tones, there is also a neutral tone.
As with other dialects of Hokkien, the tone sandhi rules are applied to every syllable but the final syllable in an utterance. The following is a summary of the rules:
zh:周长楫
. zh:闽南方言大词典. 2006. Fujian People's Publishing House. Fuzhou. 7-211-03896-9. Chinese.