Quadrigyridae Explained

Quadrigyridae is the only family within Gyracanthocephala, an order of parasitic worms of class Eoacanthocephala. This family contains two subfamilies, ten genera and about 92 species.

Species

Species in Quadrigyridae are divided into two subfamilies: Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928 with five genera and Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920 with three.

Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928

Acanthogyrus

See main article: Acanthogyrus. Golvan in 1959 divided the genus Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 into two subgenera: Acanthogyrus and Acanthosentis based on the number of proboscis hooks; there are 18 (3 circles of 6 hooks each) in Acanthosentis and 24 (3 circles of 8 hooks each) in Acanthogyrus.

Acanthogyrus (Acanthogyrus) Thapar, 1927

• Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927
• Acanthogyrus tripathi Rai, 1967

Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) Verma and Datta, 1929

• Acanthogyrus acanthuri (Cable and Quick, 1954)
• Acanthogyrus adriaticus Amin, 2005
• Acanthogyrus alternatspinus Amin, 2005
• Acanthogyrus anguillae (Wang, 1981)
• Acanthogyrus antespinus (Verma and Datta, 1929)
• Acanthogyrus arii (Bilqees, 1971)
• Acanthogyrus bacailai (Verma, 1973)
• Acanthogyrus barmeshoori Amin, Gholami, Akhlaghi and Heckmann, 2013
• Acanthogyrus betwai (Tripathi, 1956)
• Acanthogyrus bilaspurensis (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
• Acanthogyrus cameroni (Gupta and Kajaji, 1969)
• Acanthogyrus cheni Amin, 2005
• Acanthogyrus dattai (Podder, 1938)
• Acanthogyrus giuris (Soota and Sen, 1956)
• Acanthogyrus gobindi (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
• Acanthogyrus golvani (Gupta and Jain, 1980)
• Acanthogyrus heterospinus (Khan and Bilqees, 1990)
• Acanthogyrus holospinus (Sen, 1937)
• Acanthogyrus indicus (Tripathi, 1959)
• Acanthogyrus intermedius (Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941)
• Acanthogyrus lizae (Wang, 1986)
• Acanthogyrus malawiensis Amin and Hendrix, 1999

• Acanthogyrus maroccanus (Dollfus, 1951)
• Acanthogyrus multispinus Wang, 1966
• Acanthogyrus nigeriensis Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
• Acanthogyrus papilo Troncy and Vassiliades, 1974
• Acanthogyrus parareceptaclis Amin, 2005
• Acanthogyrus partispinus (Furtado, 1963)
• Acanthogyrus paucispinus Wang, 1966
• Acanthogyrus periophthalmi (Wang, 1980)
• Acanthogyrus phillipi (Mashego, 1988)
• Acanthogyrus putitorae (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
• Acanthogyrus scomberomori (Wang, 1980)
• Acanthogyrus seenghalae (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
• Acanthogyrus shashiensis (Tso, Chen, and Chien, 1974)
• Acanthogyrus shuklai (Agrawal and Singh, 1982)
• Acanthogyrus siamensis (Farooqi and Sirikanchana, 1987)
• Acanthogyrus similis (Wang, 1980)
• Acanthogyrus sircari (Podder, 1941)
• Acanthogyrus thapari (Parasad, Sahay and Shambhunath, 1969)
• Acanthogyrus tilapiae (Baylis, 1948) ^[1]
• Acanthogyrus vancleavei (Gupta and Fatma, 1986)
• Acanthogyrus vittatusi (Verma, 1973)

Hexaspiron

Hexaspiron Dollfus and Golvan, 1956 contains two species:

• Hexaspiron nigericum Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
• Hexaspiron spinibarbi Yu and Wang, 1977

Palliolisentis

Palliolisentis Machado-Filho, 1960 contains three species:

• Palliolisentis ornatus Machado-Filho, 1960
• Palliolisentis polyonca Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
• Palliolisentis quinqueungulis Machado-Filho, 1960 (type species)

Pallisentis

Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 is divided into three subgenera: Brevitritospinus, Demidueterospinus, and Pallisentis with 26 species:^[2]

• Pallisentis channai Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015^[3]
• Pallisentis vinodai Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015^[3]

Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000

• Pallisentis allahabadii Agarwal, 1958
• Pallisentis cavasii Gupta and Verma, 1980
• Pallisentis croftoni Mital and Lal, 1981
• Pallisentis fasciati Gupta and Verma, 1980
• Pallisentis fotedari Gupta and Sinha, 1991
• Pallisentis guntei Sahay, Nath, and Sinha, 1967
• Pallisentis indica Mital and Lal, 1981
• Pallisentis mehrai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
• Pallisentis punctati Gupta, Gupta, and Singhal, 2015^[4]
• Pallisentis vietnamensis Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000

Pallisentis (Demidueterospinus) Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000

• Pallisentis basiri Farooqi, 1958
• Pallisentis ophiocephali (Thapar, 1931)

Pallisentis (Pallisentis) Van Cleave, 1928

• Pallisentis celatus (Van Cleave, 1928)
• Pallisentis cholodkowskyi (Kostylev, 1928)
• Pallisentis chongqingensis Liu and Zhang, 1993
• Pallisentis clupei Gupta and Gupta, 1980
• Pallisentis colisai Sarkar, 1956
• Pallisentis gaboes (Maccallum, 1918)
• Pallisentis garuai (Sahay, Sinha and Ghosh, 1971)
• Pallisentis gomtii Gupta and Verma, 1980
• Pallisentis guptai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
• Pallisentis jagani Koul, Raina, Bambroo and Koul, 1992
• Pallisentis kalriai Khan and Bilqees, 1985
• Pallisentis magnum Saeed and Bilgees, 1971
• Pallisentis nagpurensis' (Bhalerao, 1931)
• Pallisentis nandai Sarkar, 1953
• Pallisentis pesteri (Tadros, 1966)
• Pallisentis rexus Wongkham and Whitfield, 1999
• Pallisentis singaporensis Khan and Ip, 1988
• Pallisentis sindensis Khan and Bilqees, 1987
• Pallisentis umbellatus Van Cleave, 1928
• Pallisentis ussuriensis (Kostylev, 1941)

Pararaosentis

Pararaosentis Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000 contains only one species:

• Pararaosentis golvani (Troncy and Vassiliades, 1973)

Raosentis

Raosentis Datta, 1947 contains five species:

• Raosentis dattai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
• Raosentis godavarensis Vankara and Vijayalakshmi, 2009
• Raosentis ivaniosi George and Nadakal, 1978
• Raosentis podderi Datta, 1947
• Raosentis thapari Rai, 1967

Triaspiron

Triaspiron Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012 contains only one species:

• Triaspiron aphanii Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012

Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920

Acanthodelta

Acanthodelta Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1958 contains one species:

• Acanthodelta scorzai (Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1957)

Machadosentis

Machadosentis Noronha, 1992 contains only one species:

• Machadosentis travassosi Noronha, 1992

Quadrigyrus

Quadrigyrus Van Cleave, 1920 contains 9 species:

• Quadrigyrus brasiliensis Machado-Filho, 1941
• Quadrigyrus chinensis Mao, 1979
• Quadrigyrus guptai Gupta and Gunjan-Sinh, 1992
• Quadrigyrus machadoi Fabio, 1983
• Quadrigyrus nickoli Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
• Quadrigyrus polyspinosus Li, 1984
• Quadrigyrus rhodei Wang, 1980
• Quadrigyrus simhai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
• Quadrigyrus torquatus Van Cleave, 1920

Hosts

Quadrigyridae species parasitize fish.

Notes and References

1. Louizi . Halima . Hill-Spanik . Kristina M. . Qninba . Abdeljebbar . Connors . Vincent A. . Belafhaili . Amine . Agnèse . Jean-Francois . Pariselle . Antoine . de Buron . Isaure . Parasites of Moroccan desert Coptodon guineensis (Pisces, Cichlidae): transition and resilience in a simplified hypersaline ecosystem . Parasite. 29 . 2022 . 10.1051/parasite/2022064 . 64. free . 36562431 . 9879152 .
2. . Amin . O. M . Heckmann . R. A. . Ha . Nguyen Van . Luc . Pham Van . Doanh . Pham Ngoc . Revision of the genus Pallisentis (Acanthocephala : Quadrigyridae) with the erection of three new subgenera, the description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) vietnamensis subgen. et sp. n., a key to species of Pallisentis, and the description of a new quadrigyrid genus, Pararaosentis gen. n . Comparative Parasitology . 2000 . 67 . 1 . 40–50 .
3. Gupta . R . Maurya . R . Saxena . AM . Two New Species of the Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from the Intestine of Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) from the River Gomti at Lucknow, India. . Iranian Journal of Parasitology . January 2015 . 10 . 1 . 116–21 . 25904954 . 4403530 .
4. Gupta . Neelima . Gupta . Dileep K. . Singhal . Priyanka . Description of Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) punctati n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from Channa punctatus in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India . Iranian Journal of Parasitology . 2015 . 10 . 4 . 605–616 . 26811728 . 4724838 .