Quadriga Fintech Solutions Explained

Quadriga Fintech Solutions
Foundation:2013
Defunct:5 February 2019
Products:Cryptocurrency exchange

Quadriga Fintech Solutions was the owner and operator of QuadrigaCX, which was believed to be Canada's largest cryptocurrency exchange at the time of its collapse in 2019, with the exchange ceasing operations and the company filing for bankruptcy with C$215.7 million in liabilities and about C$28 million in assets.[1]

The company's CEO and founder, Gerald William Cotten, died in 2018 after traveling to India. Up to C$250 million (US$190 million) in cryptocurrency owed to 115,000 customers was missing[2] or could not be accessed because only Cotten held the password to off-line cold wallets.[3]

Quadriga likely never invested the funds entrusted to it, according to Chainalysis, a cryptocurrency tracking firm. Either the funds were never received or quickly went missing. "What Quadriga really did with the money that customers gave it to buy Bitcoin remains a mystery," according to Chainalysis.[4]

Ernst & Young was appointed as an independent monitor while Quadriga was granted temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act. On 8 April 2019 the firm entered bankruptcy under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act as the possibility of a successful reorganization appeared to be remote.[5] [6]

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were reportedly investigating the company.[7] Lawyers for the customers of the exchange have asked that Cotten's body be exhumed.[8]

History

Early life and education of Cotten

Gerald Cotten (born 11 May 1988)[9] lived in Belleville, Ontario, before attending the Schulich School of Business at York University in Toronto. He graduated from York with a bachelor of business administration in 2010.[10]

Cotten was already involved in Ponzi schemes as a teenager, using the online handle Sceptre on the online forum TalkGold. There, Cotten would promote HYIPs (high-yield investment programs) that "promised very high returns but were unregulated and anonymous, disclosing little or no details about the investment or who was behind it", while transactions were anonymous and hidden using digital currency. Cotten secretly cooperated with Michael Patryn on these Ponzi schemes. Cotten also sold a "proxy service that would reroute a user's internet connection so that their IP address would be hidden".[11] [10]

Founding

Cotten learned about Bitcoin in Toronto and travelled to Vancouver, British Columbia, where he founded Quadriga in November 2013 with Michael Patryn. Cotten and Patryn were previously involved in online Ponzi schemes, but whereas Patryn had caught the attention of authorities, Cotten's involvement had not been discovered yet, so Cotten's sterling reputation enabled him to be the public face of Quadriga.[10]

Quadriga started by doing only local trades. Their online exchange launched after the first month. In January 2014 they installed the second Bitcoin ATM in Vancouver.[12] In 2014, C$7.4 million worth of bitcoin were exchanged on Quadriga. In a 2014 interview, founder Gerald Cotten explained that the company stored customer funds on paper wallets in safe deposit boxes: "So we just send money to them, we don’t need to go back to the bank every time we want to put money into it. We just send money from our Bitcoin app directly to those paper wallets, and keep it safe that way."[13]

The company tried to raise money and list on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE) working with Patryn. The company raised C$850,000 but cancelled plans to list on the exchange in early 2016. Quadriga had four employees in 2015 with offices in Vancouver and Toronto, but ran out of money by June 2015.

In 2016, Cotten became the sole director of Quadriga when all the other directors resigned. Other than a few contractors, it had no employees, offices, or bank accounts thereafter.[14] [15]

In 2017, Bitcoin experienced a speculative frenzy rising in price from about US$1,000 to almost US$20,000. About C$1.2 billion worth of bitcoin was exchanged on Quadriga. While the large increase in volume increased commissions, it also caused cash-flow problems due to the exchange's reliance on external payment processors and its lack of a proper accounting system. In June 2017, Quadriga announced that they had lost ethereum worth US$14 million due to a smart contract error.[16]

Throughout 2018, as Bitcoin prices crashed, customers of the exchange reported delays when attempting to withdraw dollars.[17] [18] C$28 million held by Costodian, a Quadriga payment processor, was frozen by the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) in January 2018. CIBC stated that they could not determine the ownership of the money and could not contact Cotten or Quadriga. In November 2018 the case was decided with the accounts going to the court to decide the ownership individually. Neither Costodian or Quadriga could access the funds.[19] [20] [21]

According to court filings, Quadriga also used WB21 as a payment processor. Michael Gastauer, Chief Executive of WB21, has been named in a civil lawsuit by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as part of a US$165 million fraud.[22] Another payment processor used by Quadriga, Crypto Capital, was named in a civil suit filed by the New York Attorney General in April 2019. In that case, $851 million entrusted to Crypto Capital had been "lost, stolen or absconded with", according to the suit.[23]

Quadriga used an unusual teller-window system for customers to withdraw their money. Rather than pay customers via bank wires, they were told to come to a nondescript building in Laval, Quebec, to pick up the cash. Customers reported that once they arrived, there was nobody in the office, or that there was no cash to be disbursed.

In January 2019 Ernst & Young reported that Quadriga did not have a bank account, but instead used third-party payment processors. It apparently had no formal accounting system. The business was run from Cotten's encrypted laptop from Cotten's home in Fall River, Nova Scotia.[24]

Omar Dhanani

Quadriga co-founder Michael Patryn was identified by The Globe and Mail as Omar Dhanani, who was convicted on identity theft charges in the U.S. and served 18 months in Federal prison. Dhanani also had pleaded guilty to burglary and grand theft charges and had been deported to Canada.[25] Bloomberg also identified Patryn as Dhanani, showing that he had officially changed his name from Omar Dhanani to Omar Patryn in British Columbia in March 2003 and changed it again to Michael Patryn in October 2008.[26]

CEO's death

According to Jennifer Robertson, Cotten's widow, he died on 9 December 2018 while travelling in India. She had accompanied him to a hospital in Jaipur the previous day and he was diagnosed with septic shock, perforation, peritonitis, and intestinal obstruction. On the 9th, he allegedly died after episodes of cardiac arrest. On 10 December, a death certificate was issued by the local municipality as well as a "no objection certificate" from the police to return the body to Nova Scotia.[27]

Robertson filed an affidavit on behalf of the company which included a "Statement of Death" for Cotten, filed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 12 December 2018.[28] It also stated that Quadriga has 363,000 registered users and a sum of C$250 million is owed to 115,000 affected users.

Cotten's will was signed 27 November 2018, twelve days before he allegedly died. It left Robertson the entire C$9.6-million estate and named her as the trustee. The estate includes an airplane, a sailboat, a 2017 Lexus, and real estate in Nova Scotia and Kelowna, British Columbia. A C$100,000 trust fund was made to provide lifelong care for Cotten's two chihuahuas in case of Robertson's death.[29] [30]

On 14 January 2019,[31] Quadriga announced that their CEO Gerald Cotten had died the month prior from Crohn's disease while doing volunteer work at an orphanage in India.[32] After the exchange was put into maintenance mode for several days in January, they announced on the 31st that they were applying for creditor protection.[33] Quadriga continued to accept deposits until 26 January 2019.

According to an affidavit by the CEO's widow, approximately 115,000 customers are owed C$250 million (US$190 million), most of which was cryptocurrency held in Quadriga's cold wallet in the laptop that only the deceased CEO had access to.[34] Blockchain analysts have reported that they are unable to find evidence of Quadriga's cold wallets on the blockchain, a public ledger used for cryptocurrencies.[35] [36]

According to some of Cotten's family members, there was a crypto "dead man's switch" that would provide Quadriga with operating information in the event of his death; however, "neither the monitor nor others involved with the organization are aware of a dead-man switch email having been received."[37] [38]

Ernst & Young found five Quadriga cold wallet addresses, but they were empty, containing no cryptocurrency since April 2018. Another "appears to have been used to receive Bitcoin from another cryptocurrency exchange account and subsequently transfer Bitcoin to the Quadriga hot wallet" on 3 December.[39] Another three empty wallets were believed to possibly be owned by Quadriga. Fourteen trading accounts that were also examined were used to trade on other exchanges.

Ponzi scheme

Some Reddit users suggested that Cotten faked his own death in order to defraud customers through an exit scam, while others believe that Cotten's death exposed a Ponzi scheme.[40] [41] On 13 December 2019, the court-appointed law firm representing the exchange's former users sent a letter to the RCMP asking that they exhume Cotten's body to confirm his identity and verify a cause of death.[42]

In June 2020, the Ontario Securities Commission officially concluded[43] that Quadriga was indeed a fraud and a Ponzi scheme. It stated that Gerald Cotten committed fraud by opening accounts under aliases and crediting himself with fictitious currency and crypto asset balances, which he traded with unsuspecting clients, and that "What happened at Quadriga was an old-fashioned fraud wrapped in modern technology."[44]

Gerald Cotten's widow has maintained that she knew nothing about her husband's activities and agreed to forfeit $12 million in assets.[45]

Insolvency proceedings

On 5 February 2019, Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice Michael J. Wood ordered a "30-day stay that precludes the filing of claims against Quadriga", which is a temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, a legal status that allows insolvent corporations to restructure their business and financial affairs.[46] Meanwhile, in order to manage the finances of the company during the process, a third-party monitor, Ernst & Young, was appointed. Aaron Matthews served as Director of Operations.

Ernst & Young reported on 6 February 2019 that C$468,675 of bitcoin were "inadvertently" sent to an inaccessible cold wallet.[47]

On 5 March 2019, Justice Wood extended Quadriga's court protection to 23 April. He appointed Peter Wedlake of Grant Thornton to be chief restructuring officer. Quadriga's customers are owed C$260 million in cryptocurrency and cash. A C$24.7 million disbursement fund has been planned with C$300,000 to go to Cotten's widow, Jennifer Robertson, who advanced that amount to start the court proceedings; C$200,000 will go to Ernst & Young and another C$250,000 to its lawyers; C$229,842 will go to Quadriga's lawyers; and C$17,000 to independent contractors.[48]

Quadriga's lawyer, the firm Stewart McKelvey, withdrew from the case due to a potential conflict of interest.[49]

On 10 March 2023, the trustee in bankruptcy Ernst & Young declared a first interim dividend at the rate of C$0.13 per CAD of proven claim value. The aggregate amount of the First Interim Dividend is approximately $40,000,000. Payment of the First Interim Dividend is subject to the Superintendent of Bankruptcy's Levy of approximately 0.39% of the dividend.[50] The interim dividend provides for a distribution of approximately 87.0% of the funds the Trustee is currently holding.[51]

In popular media

A documentary titled about the story of Gerald Cotten premiered at the 2021 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.[52]

The CBC released a 6-episode podcast about Quadriga and the death of its founder called A Death in Cryptoland. The podcast was hosted by Takara Small.[53]

A Netflix documentary titled about the story of Gerald Cotten was released in March 2022.

A 2021 8-episode podcast entitled Exit Scam followed the buildup of Quadriga, and investigated whether Gerald Cotten had faked his own death. The podcast was reported by Aaron Lammer and Lane Brown.[54]

The story of Gerald Cotten also served as the basis for the plot to the first episode of .

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 13 May 2019 . Investigation of Quadriga cryptocurrency debacle turns up only $28 million in assets . . . live . 14 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514185214/https://ottawacitizen.com/technology/blockchain/investigation-of-quadrigacx-cryptocurrency-debacle-turns-up-28-million-in-assets/wcm/60219305-631c-421a-99ba-efd1a0228d7b . 14 May 2019.
  2. News: Vigna . Paul . Shifflett . Shane . 19 February 2019 . 'Our Cash Went to Something': Customers Hunt for Bankrupt Crypto Exchange's Missing Millions . Wall Street Journal . live . 20 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190219213804/https://www.wsj.com/articles/our-cash-went-to-something-customers-hunt-for-bankrupt-crypto-exchanges-missing-millions-11550596908 . 19 February 2019.
  3. News: Ligaya . Armina . 4 February 2019 . Canada's largest cryptocurrency exchange Quadriga seeks creditor protection . . BellMedia . live . 5 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190205145700/https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canada-s-largest-cryptocurrency-exchange-quadriga-seeks-creditor-protection-1.4282216 . 5 February 2019 . CTV-Lig-Feb4.
  4. News: Wieczner . Jen . 24 April 2019 . Bitcoin Accounts for 95% of Cryptocurrency Crime, Says Analyst . Fortune . live . 27 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190427021522/http://fortune.com/2019/04/24/bitcoin-cryptocurrency-crime/ . 27 April 2019 . "What we found very quickly was that Quadriga as an exchange actually didn’t have those customer funds that were reported in the media to be now lost—those funds actually never existed", Levin explains. What Quadriga really did with the money that customers gave it to buy Bitcoin remains a mystery..
  5. News: McDonald . Michael . 8 April 2019 . Controversial QuadrigaCX cryptocurrency exchange placed in bankruptcy . . The Canadian Press . live . 9 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190408213018/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/quadrigacx-cryptocurrency-exchange-bankruptcy-1.5089539 . 8 April 2019.
  6. News: Pearson . Natalie Obiko . 2 April 2019 . Quadriga Should Shift to Bankruptcy Proceedings, Monitor Says . Bloomberg . live . 5 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190407053616/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-02/quadriga-should-shift-to-bankruptcy-proceedings-monitor-says . 7 April 2019.
  7. News: Roberts . Jeff John . 4 March 2019 . FBI Probing Bitcoin Exchange Quadriga Over Missing $136 Million, Source Alleges . . live . 5 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190305024431/http://fortune.com/2019/03/04/quadriga-fbi-bitcoin/ . 5 March 2019.
  8. News: 14 December 2019 . Quadriga: Lawyers for users of bankrupt crypto firm seek exhumation of founder . BBC . 14 December 2019.
  9. News: How Gerald Cotten built Quadriga — and created the ensuing crypto storm . Financial Post. 11 February 2019 . Zochodne . Geoff .
  10. Rich . Nathaniel . 2019-11-22 . Ponzi Schemes, Private Yachts, and a Missing $250 Million in Crypto: The Strange Tale of Quadriga . 2022-07-30 . Vanity Fair . en-US.
  11. https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/bitcoin-gerald-cotten-quadriga-cx-death/
  12. News: Hui . Stephen . 14 February 2014 . Geek Speak: Gerald Cotten, CEO of Quadriga CX . The Georgia Straight . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202070639/https://www.straight.com/life/587456/geek-speak-gerald-cotton-ceo-quadriga-cx . 2 February 2019.
  13. News: Alexander . Doug . 15 February 2019 . Quadriga's late founder used to store clients' Bitcoin passwords on paper so they wouldn't get lost . 19 June 2019 . Financial Post .
  14. News: Castaldo . Joe . Posadzki . Alexandra . Jessica . Leeder . Jones . Lindsay . 8 February 2019 . Crypto chaos: From Vancouver to Halifax, tracing the mystery of Quadriga's missing millions . . live . 12 February 2019 . https://archive.today/20190209011951/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-crypto-chaos-from-vancouver-to-halifax-tracing-the-mystery-of/ . 9 February 2019.
  15. News: 8 February 2019 . Details emerging about Gerald Cotten, the young founder of QuadrigaCX . Vancouver Sun . . live . 9 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124638/https://vancouversun.com/pmn/business-pmn/details-emerging-about-gerald-cotten-the-young-founder-of-quadrigacx/wcm/82859963-a082-4810-b040-9e60b4885f7d . 9 February 2019.
  16. News: Butcher . Jared . 12 June 2017 . My smart contract just ate $14 million—now what? Re-thinking indemnification for smart contract risks . Lexology . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041843/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c3e967ea-92a2-495b-a54a-0f46143f6833 . 2 February 2019.
  17. News: Alini . Erica . 27 March 2018 . 'I just want my money back.' Couple had $100K wire stuck for months after trying to buy Bitcoin . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202075624/https://globalnews.ca/news/4090875/100k-wire-transfer-bitcoin-canada-quadriga-cx/ . 2 February 2019.
  18. News: Lee-Young . Joanne . 15 April 2018 . Bitcoin investors face long delays cashing out, criticize two B.C. firms . Vancouver Sun . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202043202/https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/bitcoin-investors-face-long-delays-cashing-out-criticize-two-b-c-firms . 2 February 2019.
  19. News: 7 February 2019 . What happens when your bitcoin banker dies? . . live . 9 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124509/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/02/09/what-happens-when-your-bitcoin-banker-dies . 9 February 2019.
  20. News: Posadzki . Alexandra . 9 October 2018 . Vancouver crypto exchange, CIBC clash over frozen accounts . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181009065604/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-vancouver-crypto-exchange-cibc-clash-over-frozen-accounts/ . 9 October 2018.
  21. News: Posadzki . Alexandra . 13 November 2018 . Judge rules with CIBC, grants possession of disputed Quadriga funds to Ontario Superior Court . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190124200914/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-judge-rules-with-cibc-grants-possession-of-disputed-quadriga-funds-to/ . 24 January 2019.
  22. News: Shubber . Kadhim . 8 October 2018 . The fintech 'genius' accused in $165m fraud . Financial Times . live . 5 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111746/https://www.ft.com/content/82d17d1e-cae2-11e8-b276-b9069bde0956 . 6 March 2019.
  23. News: Alexander . Doug . Leising . Matthew . 26 April 2019 . Crypto Firm Cited in Bitfinex Case Had Also Worked With Quadriga . Bloomberg . live . 28 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190428012709/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-26/crypto-firm-cited-in-bitfinex-case-had-also-worked-with-quadriga . 28 April 2019.
  24. Web site: Supreme Court of Nova Scotia . 31 January 2019 . Pre-filing report of the proposed monitor . 7 February 2019 . 12 . 25 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200525171222/https://documentcentre.eycan.com/eycm_library/Quadriga%20Fintech%20Solutions%20Corp/English/1.%20Monitor%27s%20Reports/Proposed%20Monitor%27s%20Report/Pre-Filing%20Report%20of%20the%20Proposed%20Monitor.pdf . dead .
  25. News: Castaldo . Joe . Posadzki . Alexandra . 28 February 2019 . Quadriga co-founder served time in U.S. for role in identity-theft ring, documents reveal . Globe and Mail . live . 5 March 2019 . https://archive.today/20190301004800/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-quadriga-co-founder-served-time-in-us-for-role-in-identity-theft/ . 1 March 2019.
  26. News: Alexander . Doug . Robinson . Matt . 19 March 2019 . Criminal Past Haunts Surviving Founder of Troubled Crypto Exchange . Bloomberg . live . 20 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-19/from-fraud-to-fintech-quadriga-co-founder-s-past-crimes-emerge . 27 March 2019.
  27. News: Purohit . Dishank . 7 February 2019 . Crypto firm CEO with $190 million password did die in Jaipur hospital . . live . 8 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190208122506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/man-with-190m-password-did-die-in-jaipur-hospital/articleshow/67876757.cms?from=mdr . 8 February 2019.
  28. News: Bill . Chappell . 4 February 2019 . Cryptocurrency Exchange Says It Can't Access $190 Million After CEO Unexpectedly Died . . live . 5 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190206042104/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/04/691296170/cryptocurrency-exchange-says-it-cant-access-millions-after-founder-s-unexpected . 6 February 2019.
  29. News: Alexander . Doug . 5 February 2019 . Crypto Exchange Founder Filed Will 12 Days Before He Died . Bloomberg . live . 8 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125330/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-05/crypto-exchange-founder-filed-last-will-12-days-before-he-died . 9 February 2019.
  30. News: Brend . Yvette . 7 February 2019 . Quadriga CEO, whose death ignited a cryptocurrency storm, a kind man with taste for fine things, say friends . CBC News . live . 8 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190208011536/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/quadriga-gerald-cotton-friends-react-to-his-death-in-india-michael-patryn-canada-cryptocurrency-creditors-1.5009625 . 8 February 2019.
  31. News: Alexander . Doug . 1 February 2019 . Crypto Exchange Mystery Deepens as Board Seeks Court Protection . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095214/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/crypto-exchange-mystery-deepens-as-court-protection-sought . 2 February 2019.
  32. News: 6 February 2019 . Millions in cryptocurrencies frozen in Canada after only person who had password dies in India . en-IN . The Hindu . live . 7 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190207141926/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/millions-in-cryptocurrencies-frozen-in-canada-after-only-person-who-had-password-dies-in-india/article26191522.ece . 7 February 2019.
  33. News: Posadzki . Alexandra . 31 January 2019 . Crypto exchange Quadriga files for creditor protection . . live . 1 February 2019 . https://archive.today/20190201010410/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-crypto-exchange-quadriga-files-for-creditor-protection/ . 1 February 2019.
  34. News: Shore . Randy . 1 February 2019 . Troubled Bitcoin trader QuadrigaCX takes another bizarre turn . Vancouver Sun . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085215/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/troubled-bitcoin-trader-quadrigacx-takes-another-bizarre-turn . 3 February 2019.
  35. Web site: Williams . Cassie . 9 February 2019 . Quadriga mystery deepens with little evidence of cold wallets containing $250M . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209115302/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/quadriga-mystery-deepens-with-little-evidence-of-cold-wallets-containing-250m-1.5011573 . 9 February 2019 . 10 February 2019 . CBC News.
  36. News: Vigna . Paul . 7 February 2019 . A Crypto-Mystery: Is $136 Million Stuck or Missing? . Wall Street Journal . live . 10 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210004119/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-crypto-mystery-is-140-million-stuck-or-missing-11549449001 . 10 February 2019.
  37. Cassie Williams, QuadrigaCX founder used aliases, moved assets into personal accounts: report June 20, 2022 CBC
  38. Web site: Crypto Deadmanswitch. www.crypto.Deadmanswitch.com. 2022-12-19.
  39. News: Alexander . Doug . 1 March 2019 . Quadriga Crypto Mystery Deepens With 'Cold Wallets' Found Empty . Bloomberg . live . 6 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190306161552/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-01/quadriga-has-6-cold-wallets-but-they-don-t-hold-any-crypto . 6 March 2019.
  40. News: Telford . Taylor . After founder's sudden death, cryptocurrency exchange can't access $190 million in holdings . en . Washington Post . live . 5 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190206104931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/04/cryptocurrency-company-owes-customers-million-it-cant-repay-because-owner-died-with-only-password/ . 6 February 2019.
  41. News: Chappell . Bill . 6 March 2019 . Crypto Mystery: Quadriga's Wallets Are Empty, Putting Fate Of $137 Million in Doubt . . live . 8 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190308020242/https://www.npr.org/2019/03/06/700651500/crypto-mystery-quadrigas-wallets-are-empty-putting-fate-of-137-million-in-doubt . 8 March 2019.
  42. News: Stack . Liam . 17 December 2019 . Unable to Retrieve Money, Cryptocurrency Investors Want Dead Executive Exhumed . The New York Times .
  43. https://www.osc.gov.on.ca/quadrigacxreport/ QuadrigaCX: A Review by Staff of the Ontario Securities Commission
  44. Tara Deschamps Crypto exchange Quadriga was a fraud and founder was running Ponzi scheme, OSC report finds June 11, 2020, CBC
  45. Cassie Williams, Quadriga CEO's widow speaks out over his death and the missing crypto millions January 18, 2022 CBC
  46. News: Zraick . Karen . 5 February 2019 . Crypto-Exchange Says It Can't Pay Investors Because Its C.E.O. Died, and He Had the Passwords . New York Times . live . 7 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190206170338/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/quadriga-cx-gerald-cotten.html . 6 February 2019.
  47. News: Alexander . Doug . Kharif . Olga . 13 February 2019 . Quadriga Accidentally Moved More Bitcoin to an Inaccessible Wallet . Bloomberg . live . 8 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085724/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-13/quadriga-accidentally-moved-more-bitcoin-to-inaccessible-wallet . 27 March 2019.
  48. News: Alexander . Doug . 5 March 2019 . Quadriga Founder's Widow Seeks Repayment of Her Costs . Bloomberg . live . 16 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190305211822/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-05/quadriga-founder-s-widow-asks-court-for-repayment-of-her-costs . 5 March 2019.
  49. News: Pearson . Natalie Obiko . 15 March 2019 . Quadriga Lawyer Withdraws Amid Conflict of Interest Concerns . Bloomberg . live . 16 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092826/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-15/quadriga-lawyer-withdraws-amid-conflict-of-interest-concerns-jtacj599 . 27 March 2019.
  50. Web site: Notice of declaration of dividend . 6 Jun 2023 . Ernst & Young Inc. Trustee in Bankruptcy of Quadriga.
  51. Web site: QuadrigaCX . 2023-06-06 . Miller Thomson LLP . en-US.
  52. Jeremy Kay, "Hot Docs’ Shane Smith: ‘We’ve crossed the digital divide’". Screen Daily, April 29, 2021.
  53. Web site: A Death in Cryptoland . cbc.ca . CBC.
  54. Web site: Exit Scam: A Podcast Series about the Death and Afterlife of Gerald Cotten. Treats Media . 2022-08-23.

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