| Native Name: | Chinese: 齊 |
| Conventional Long Name: | Qi |
| Common Name: | Qi |
| Government Type: | Monarchy |
| Year Start: | 1046 BCE |
| Year End: | 221 BCE |
| P1: | Pugu (state)Pugu |
| S1: | Qin dynasty |
| Event Start: | Enfeoffment of Duke Tai |
| Event End: | Conquered by Qin |
| Image Map Caption: | Qi in 260 BCE |
| Capital: | Yingqiu (11 c.–866 BCE) Bogu (866–859 BCE) Linzi (859–221 BCE) |
| Currency: | Knife money |
| Leader1: | Duke Huan of Qi |
| Leader2: | Duke Jing of Qi |
| Year Leader1: | 685–643 BCE |
| Year Leader2: | 547–490 BCE |
| Deputy2: | Yan Ying |
| Year Deputy2: | 556–500 BCE |
| Title Leader: | Lord of Qi |
| Deputy1: | Guan Zhong |
| Year Deputy1: | 685–645 BCE |
| Title Deputy: | Chancellor |
| Pic: | Qi (Chinese characters).svg |
| Piccap: | "Qi" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters |
| Picsize: | 65px |
| P: | Qí |
| W: | Ch'i2 |
| Gr: | Chyi |
| J: | Cai4 |
| Y: | Chàih |
| Buc: | Cà̤ |
| Suz: | Zí |
| Poj: | Chê |
| Tl: | Tsê |
| Oc-Bs: | *pronounced as /[dz]ˤəj/ |
Qi, or Ch'i[1] in Wade–Giles romanization, was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (Chinese: 侯), then Gong, before declaring themselves independent Kings. Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang, . Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya (Lord Tai; 1046–1015 BCE), minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386BCE.[2] Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.
See main article: Western Zhou. During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya, a native of Ju County served as the chief minister to King Wu, the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang charged with ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to the Duke of Zhou's regency during the Three Guards' failed rebellion. The Shang prince Wu Geng had joined the revolt along with the Dongyi polities of Yan, Xu, and Pugu, located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039BCE, but the Bamboo Annals suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time .
Transmitted documents from the Western Zhou period are scant, but it is known that King Yi of Zhou (865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai to death. During the time of King Xuan of Zhou (827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Zhou cultural sphere.
See main article: Spring and Autumn period.
The succession crisis following the violent death of King You of Zhou led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi (685–643BCE). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of the landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties ruled directly by ministers of the state court.[3] Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including Tan – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of Legalism.[4]
In 667BCE, the lords of Qi, Lu, Song, Chen, and Zheng assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, King Hui of Zhou pronounced him Bà, the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the Son of Heaven (the Zhou king). The first of five such hegemons,[5] he earned a tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected Yan from encroaching Western Rong nomads; drove off Northern Di nomads after their invasions of Wey and Xing, providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer Cai and thereby block the northward expansion of Chu.[6]
After Duke Huan's death, a war of succession between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632BCE, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu, only to be defeated by Jin itself at the Battle of An in 589. In 579, the four great powers of Qin, Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength.
Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532BCE, the Tian clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later, the Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The Warring States period ended with the Qin conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and the era of Imperial China began.
Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu, composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the Classic of Documents, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, Yu the Great, throughout each of the regions.
Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:
While visiting Qi, Confucius was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of Shao music (Chinese: 韶) therein.[7]
During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's Jixia Academy, where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands the Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the Yanzi Chunqiu.[8]
The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the ancestral temple, to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.
Smaller estates known as chengyi (Chinese: 城邑) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.
The Great Wall of Qi (Chinese: 齊長城) is the oldest existing Great Wall in China.[9] Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE to defend against attacks from the states of Jin and Yue.[10] Construction ended during the Warring States period, with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like Ju, Lu, and Chu.[11] The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, Jinan, running across the mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of Qingdao.[11] Its total length has been estimated at .[12] Most of the wall is still visible.
See main article: Chinese constellations. Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "Girl" lunar mansion in the "Black Turtle" symbol. Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in the "Left Wall" asterism in the "Heavenly Market" enclosure.[13]
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| width=7% | Title | width=5% | Name | width=7% | Reign (BC) | width=15% | Relationship | width=20% | Notes |
| Duke Tai 齊太公 | Shang 尚 | 11th century | Enfeoffed by King Wu of Zhou, with capital at Yingqiu | ||||||
| Duke Ding 齊丁公 | Ji 伋 | 10th century | 5th-generation descendant of Duke Tai | Traditionally believed to be son of Duke Tai | |||||
| Duke Yǐ 齊乙公 | De 得 | 10th century | Son of Duke Ding | ||||||
| Duke Gui 齊癸公 | Cimu 慈母 | c. 10th century | Son of Duke Yǐ | ||||||
| Duke Ai 齊哀公 | Buchen 不辰 | 9th century | Son of Duke Gui | Boiled to death by King Yi of Zhou | |||||
| Duke Hu 齊胡公 | Jing 靜 | 9th century | Son of Duke Gui | Moved capital to Bogu, killed by Duke Xian | |||||
| Duke Xian 齊獻公 | Shan 山 | 859?–851 | Son of Duke Gui | Moved capital back to Linzi | |||||
| Duke Wu 齊武公 | Shou 壽 | 850–825 | Son of Duke Xian | ||||||
| Duke Li 齊厲公 | Wuji 無忌 | 824–816 | Son of Duke Wu | Killed by supporters of Duke Hu's son. | |||||
| Duke Wen 齊文公 | Chi 赤 | 815–804 | Son of Duke Li | ||||||
| Duke Cheng 齊成公 | Yue 說 | 803–795 | Son of Duke Wen | ||||||
| Duke Zhuang I 齊前莊公 | Gou 購 | 794–731 | Son of Duke Cheng | Reigned for 64 years | |||||
| Duke Xi 齊僖公 | Lufu 祿甫 | 730–698 | Son of Duke Zhuang I | ||||||
| Duke Xiang 齊襄公 | Zhu'er 諸兒 | 697–686 | Son of Duke Xi | Committed incest with sister Wen Jiang, murdered her husband Duke Huan of Lu, conquered the state of Ji, murdered by cousin Wuzhi | |||||
| none | Wuzhi 無知 | 686 | Cousin of Duke Xiang, grandson of Duke Zhuang I | Killed by Yong Lin. | |||||
| Duke Huan 齊桓公 | Xiaobai 小白 | 685–643 | Younger brother of Duke Xiang | First of the Five Hegemons, when Qi reached zenith of its power. Starved to death by ministers | |||||
| none | Wukui or Wugui 無虧 or 無詭 | 643 | Son of Duke Huan | Killed by supporters of Duke Xiao | |||||
| Duke Xiao 齊孝公 | Zhao 昭 | 642–633 | Son of Duke Huan | Crown prince of Qi | |||||
| Duke Zhao 齊昭公 | Pan 潘 | 632–613 | Son of Duke Huan | His supporters murdered the son of Duke Xiao | |||||
| none | She 舍 | 613 | Son of Duke Zhao | Murdered by uncle Shangren | |||||
| Duke Yì 齊懿公 | Shangren 商人 | 612–609 | Uncle of She, son of Duke Huan | Killed by two ministers | |||||
| Duke Hui 齊惠公 | Yuan 元 | 608–599 | Son of Duke Huan | Defeated Long Di invaders | |||||
| Duke Qing 齊頃公 | Wuye 無野 | 598–582 | Son of Duke Hui | Defeated by Jin at the Battle of An | |||||
| Duke Ling 齊靈公 | Huan 環 | 581–554 | Son of Duke Qing | Annexed the State of Lai; defeated by Jin at the Battle of Pingyin, capital Linzi burned | |||||
| Duke Zhuang II 齊後莊公 | Guang 光 | 553–548 | Son of Duke Ling | Ascended throne by killing Prince Ya with the help of Cui Zhu; committed adultery with Cui's wife, killed by Cui | |||||
| Duke Jing 齊景公 | Chujiu 杵臼 | 547–490 | Half brother of Duke Zhuang II | Killed Cui Zhu. Had famous statesman Yan Ying as prime minister | |||||
| An Ruzi 安孺子 | Tu 荼 | 489 | Youngest son of Duke Jing | Deposed by Tian Qi and killed by Duke Dao. Also called Yan Ruzi | |||||
| Duke Dao 齊悼公 | Yangsheng 陽生 | 488–485 | Son of Duke Jing | Killed by a minister, possibly Tian Heng | |||||
| Duke Jian 齊簡公 | Ren 壬 | 484–481 | Son of Duke Dao | Killed by Tian Heng | |||||
| Duke Ping 齊平公 | Ao 驁 | 480–456 | Brother of Duke Jian | ||||||
| Duke Xuan 齊宣公 | Ji 積 | 455–405 | Son of Duke Ping | ||||||
| Duke Kang 齊康公 | Dai 貸 | 404–386 | Son of Duke Xuan | Deposed by Duke Tai of Tian Qi, died in 379 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| width=3% | Title | width=3% | Name | width=2% | Reign (BC) | width=7% | Relationship | width=5% | Notes |
| Duke Tai 齊太公 | Tian He 田和 | 404–384 | Son of Tian Bai | Officially recognized as Qi ruler in 386BC | |||||
| none | Tian Yan 田剡 | 383–375 | Son of Duke Tai | Killed by Duke Huan. | |||||
| Duke Huan 齊桓公 | Tian Wu 田午 | 374–357 | Brother of Tian Yan | ||||||
| King Wei 齊威王 | Tian Yinqi 田因齊 | 356–320 | Son of Duke Huan | Most powerful Qi ruler of the Warring States. | |||||
| King Xuan 齊宣王 | Tian Bijiang 田辟彊 | 319–300 | Son of King Wei | ||||||
| King Min 齊愍王 | Tian Di 田地 | 300–283 | Son of King Xuan | Temporarily declared himself "Emperor of the East". | |||||
| King Xiang 齊襄王 | Tian Fazhang 田法章 | 283–265 | Son of King Min | ||||||
| none, known as Houzhu of Qi | Tian Jian 田建 | 264–221 | Son of King Xiang | Qi conquered by Qin |
All dates are BCE