Qaytarma Explained

Qaytarma
Genre:Folk dance
Inventor:Crimean Tatars or Sephardic Jews
Year:Before 1793
Origin:Sufi whirling (Possibly; see History)

Qaytarma (; also written as Haytarma[1]) is a form of Crimean Tatar folk dance and folk music characterised by cyclical motion. It is most commonly performed at weddings and on holidays.[2]

Description

During Qaytarma, a male dancer holds his arms apart and forms fists, making short, provocative movements with small jumps. His dancing partner, usually a woman, acts without sharp movements. Instead, she performs exact movements of her legs and shoulders, making smooth, rotational hand movements.[3] According to other studies, among them those conducted by, only women should participate in Qaytarma, or, if men participate, they should do so separately from women.[4]

In addition to Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks, Crimean Karaites,[5] Urums, and Ukrainian Greeks also dance Qaytarma.[6] According to researcher Serhiy Zaichenko, Qaytarma music is typically in 9/8 or 7/8 time, which is common of Turkic music.[7]

History

The exact origins of Qaytarma remain uncertain, but two theories are dominant. The first, proposed by Anatolii Bohorod, suggests that it originates from Sufi whirling.[8] The second theory claims that the dance originated with the arrival of Sephardic Jews in Crimea following their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula through the Crimean Roma. Qaytarma was first mentioned in 1793.[9] [10]

In a 1925 archaeological and ethnographic expedition of Crimea, Crimean Tatar researchers Usein Bodaninsky, Osman Aqçoqraqlı, and recorded 25 different versions of Qaytarma. Refatov further concluded in 1932 that Qaytarma was unique to the Crimean Tatars, without influence from Russian, Turkish, or Iranian culture.[11] In Zaichenko's 1995 study of Greek Ukrainian dances, he recorded further variations of Qaytarma practiced in the south-eastern Pryazovia region.

In popular culture

The first written piece of Qaytarma music was created by Alexander Spendiaryan in 1903 during his stay in Bilohirsk (then known as Karasubazar) as part of his Crimean Sketches symphony.[12] Unlike most authentic pieces, Spendiaryan's Khaytarma (Russian: Хайтарма) is in 3/8 time.

In the 1930s, Ennan Alimov painted a piece about Qaytarma, titled Girl Dancing Qaytarma.[13]

The ensemble was established in 1939 as part of the .

Crimean Tatar director Akhtem Seitablayev has referenced Qaytarma multiple times, most notable as the title and opening sequence of his 2013 film Haytarma.[14] On Tantsi z zirkamy, he performed the dance alongside dancer .[15]

Elements of Qaytarma and Tım-tım, another Crimean Tatar folk dance, were incorporated into the music video for the song 1944.[16]

In 2015, Ukrposhta issued a stamp depicting Qaytarma as part of its Crimean Tatar stamp series.[17]

References

  1. News: 14 July 2020 . Pride of the nation: Crimean Tatar folk dance . Voice of Crimea . 10 February 2023.
  2. News: 12 December 2015 . Весілля в Криму по-кримськотатарськи (фотогалерея) . uk . Crimean Tatar Wedding in Crimea (Photo gallery) . . 10 February 2023.
  3. Book: Oleinyk, M. A. . Народная хореографическая культура крымских татар . . Simferopol . 87–89 . ru . Folk Choreographic Culture of Crimean Tatars.
  4. Book: Şerfedinov, Yaya . Звучит кайтарма . Gʻafur Gʻulom Publishing House . 1978 . Tashkent . 181 . ru . The Sound of Qaytarma.
  5. News: Кіевъ . ru . Kyiv . Karaite Life . 10 February 2023.
  6. News: Нацменшини на лінії розмежування: греки Приазов’я . uk . National minorities on the dividing line: the Pryazovia Greeks . . 10 February 2023.
  7. Altynkaynak . Erdogan . 2003 . Музыкально-танцевальное искусство греков Приазовья, как источник изучения этнической истории . Musical and dance art of the Pryazovia Greeks as a source of ethnic historical study . Cultures of the Pontic Peoples . ru . 46 . 198–201.
  8. Bohorod . Anatolii . 2015 . Танцювальні ритуали і практики мусульман: релігієзнавчий аспект . Dance Rituals and Practices of Muslims: the Religious Aspect . Gilea: Scientific Bulletin . uk . 103 . 227–232.
  9. Kazachenko . B. N. . Bakshi . N. Yu. . Achikinadze . A. L. . Музыкально-поэтическое наследие крымчаков . Musical and Poetic Heritage of the Krymchaks . Art Criticism . ru . Cyberleninka.
  10. Book: Святыни и проблемы сохранения этнокультуры крымских караимов-караев . 2008 . 15 . ru . Sanctuaries and problems of preserving the ethnic culture of the Crimean Karaites-Karaim.
  11. Babiy . A. N. . 2004 . Крымскотатарский народный танец в фольклорно-этнографических исследованиях 20-30-х гг. ХХ ст. . Crimean Tatar folk dance in folklore and ethnographic studies of the 1920-1930s . Cultures of the Pontic Peoples . ru . 51 . 75–78.
  12. News: 1 November 2016 . Крымские напевы Александра Спендиарова . ru . Alexander Spendiaryan's Crimean Sketches . . 10 February 2023.
  13. Web site: 25 September 2012 . Первый директор Крымского художественного училища . The First Director of the Crimean Art School . 10 February 2023 . . ru.
  14. News: 21 March 2014 . В Днепропетровске презентовали сканадальный фильм о депортации татар из Крыма . ru . Scandalous film about deportation of Tatars from Crimea screened in Dnipropetrovsk . 34 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200113030701/https://34.ua/v-dnepropetrovske-prezentovali-skanadalnyj-film-o-deportacii-tatar-iz-kryma_n26957 . 13 January 2020.
  15. News: Barna . Nataliya . 17 December 2017 . VIVA! САМЫЕ КРАСИВЫЕ-2018: ЗВЕЗДЫ ТАНЦЕВ СО ЗВЕЗДАМИ ПОПАЛИ В НОМИНАЦИИ . ru . Viva! 2018's most beautiful: Stars of "Dancing with the Stars" nominated . Viva . 10 February 2023.
  16. News: 12 May 2016 . Евровидение 2016: украинские музыканты сыграли песню Джамалы на этнических инструментах . ru . Eurovision: Ukrainian musicians perform Jamala's song on ethnic instruments . Telenedelia . 10 February 2023.
  17. News: 14 May 2015 . "УКРПОШТА" ПРЕЗЕНТУВАЛА СЕРІЮ ПОШТОВИХ МАРОК, ПРИСВЯЧЕНИХ КРИМСЬКИМ ТАТАРАМ . uk . Ukrposhta presents postage stamp series about Crimean Tatars . . dead . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200112042711/https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/ukrposhta-prezentuvala-seriiu-poshtovykh-marok-prysviachenykh-krymskym-tataram-80286.html . 12 January 2020.

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