Panzerhaubitze 2000 Explained

Panzerhaubitze 2000
Origin:Germany
Type:Self-propelled howitzer
Is Vehicle:yes
Is Ranged:yes
Is Artillery:yes
Service:1998–present
Design Date:1987–1995
Production Date:1995–present
Unit Cost:\€17 million (2022)[1]
Used By:See Operators
Wars:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Range:DM121 Boattail: 30km (20miles)
M1711 base bleed: 40km (30miles)
M2005 V-LAP (RAP): 54km (34miles)
Rate:3 rounds in 9 seconds (burst)
10 rounds per minute
Length:11.7m (38.4feet)
Width:3.6m (11.8feet)
Height:3.1m (10.2feet)
Weight:Combat: 55.8t
Suspension:Torsion bar
Speed:Road: 67 km/h (41 mph)
Off-road: 45 km/h (28 mph)
Vehicle Range:420km (260miles)
Primary Armament:Rheinmetall 155 mm L52 Artillery Gun
60 rounds
Secondary Armament:7.62 mm Rheinmetall MG3 machine gun
Armour:Welded steel, 14.5 mm resistant
Additional bomblet protection
Engine:MTU 881 Ka-500
Crew:5 (commander, driver, gunner, and two loaders)
Engine Power:1,000 PS (986 hp, 736 kW)
Pw Ratio:17.92 PS/t

The Panzerhaubitze 2000 (pronounced as /de/), meaning "armoured howitzer 2000"[2] and abbreviated PzH 2000, is a German 155 mm self-propelled howitzer developed by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) and Rheinmetall in the 1980s and 1990s for the German Army. The PzH 2000 has automatic support for up to five rounds of multiple round simultaneous impact. Replenishment of shells is automated. Two operators can load 60 shells and propelling charges in less than 12 minutes. The PzH 2000 equips the armies of Germany, Italy, Ukraine, Netherlands, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Qatar, and Croatia, mostly replacing older systems such as the M109 howitzer.

In November 2019, a PzH 2000 L52 gun fired a shell a distance of almost 67km (42miles).[3] Rheinmetall started testing a prototype L52 gun barrel with a new charge for a range of at least 75km (47miles) since 2020.[4] In May 2024, Rheinmetall announced that it would supply "a three-digit number" of L52 gun barrel systems for the Panzerhaubitze 2000 for "a European customer country".[5]

Development

In 1986, Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany agreed to terminate their existing development of the PzH 155-1 (SP70) programme, which had run into reliability problems and had design defects, notably being mounted on a modified tank chassis. German industry was asked for proposals to build a new design with a gun conforming to the JBMOU. Of the proposed designs, Wegmann's was selected.

Design

Rheinmetall designed the 155 mm 52-calibre JBMOU compliant rifled gun (60-rifles, right-hand spiral), which is chromium-lined over its entire 8 m length and includes a muzzle brake on the end. The gun uses a new modular charge system with six charges (five identical), which can be combined to provide the optimal total charge for the range to the target, as well as the conventional bagged charge systems. Primer is loaded separately via a conveyor belt, and the entire loading, laying and clearing are completely automated.

The maximum range of the gun with standard issue DM92 propellant charges is 30 km with the standard DM121 boattail round, 40 km with base bleed rounds, and 54 km with M2005 V-LAP rocket-assisted projectile.[6] With Rheinmetall's ERC (Extender Range Charge, previously known as the Top Charge) high pressure unitary charge, the range is 36 km with DM121 BT round, 47 km with M0121 BB round and 67 km with the M2005 V-LAP RAP.[7] [8] The gun can also fire the SMArt 155 artillery round used by Germany and Greece.

Wegmann supplied both the chassis, sharing some components with the Leopard 2, and the turret for the gun. The system has superb cross-country performance because of its use of continuous tracks and considerable protection in the case of counter-fire. The turret includes a phased array radar on the front glacis for measuring the muzzle velocity of each round fired. Laying data can be automatically provided via encrypted radio from the battery fire direction centre.

A lighter, more air-portable version developed by KMW and called the Artillery Gun Module uses the gun in a module fitted to a lighter chassis.

In December 2013, Raytheon and the German Army completed compatibility testing for the M982 Excalibur extended range guided artillery shell with the PzH 2000. Ten Excaliburs were fired at ranges from 9 to 48 km. Shells hit within 3 m of their targets, with an average miss distance of 1 m at 48 km. The Excalibur was accepted by the German Army in 2014.[9]

A PzH 2000 L52 gun fired a shell 67 km at the Alkantpan test range in South Africa on 6 November 2019.

In 2021, Germany and the Netherlands agreed to jointly define & execute a Mid-Life Update to the operational Pzh2000 in their inventories and ensure standardisation and availability.

Combat record and alterations

See also: War in Afghanistan (2001–2021). The PzH 2000 was used for the first time in combat by the Fire Support Command of the Royal Netherlands Army in August 2006 against Taliban targets in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, in support of Operation Medusa.[10] It was then used regularly in support of coalition troops in Uruzgan province. The PzH 2000 was also used extensively during the Battle of Chora. It was known as "the long arm of ISAF" and proved to be accurate and effective. However, the gun was criticised by the Dutch in Uruzgan province as the NBC system, designed for use in Europe, could not cope with the high level of dust in Afghanistan.

The guns have been modified with additional armor being fitted to the roof to protect against mortar rounds. There have been reports of other problems, including the need to keep it in the shade unless actually firing, the damage done when traveling on poorly built roads, and a significant 'cold gun' effect necessitating the use of 'warmers'.

Starting in June 2010 as a result of the Good Friday Battle, German ISAF troops at PRT Kunduz had three PzH 2000s at their disposal. They were first used on 10 July 2010 to provide support for the recovery of a damaged vehicle. This was the first time in its history that the Bundeswehr has used heavy artillery in combat.[11] The PzH 2000 also played a key role during Operation Halmazag in November 2010, when the villages of Isa Khel and Quatliam were retaken from the Taliban by German paratroopers.[12]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 21 June 2022, twelve PzH 2000s were deployed to Ukraine; seven came from Germany and five from the Netherlands.[13] After a couple of weeks of intensive use, the guns required repairs, and error messages were being displayed as they are designed and built to fire no more than 100 shots a day.[14] Germany considers 100 shots per day "a high-intensity mission". Ukraine has consistently exceeded this number, placing stress on the loading mechanism. Ukraine also fired "special ammunition at too great a distance." The Bundeswehr sent spare parts and a repair facility in Lithuania was chosen to repair the weapons.[15] This came as Ukraine and KMW entered into a 1.7 billion euro deal to purchase 100 PzH 2000s.[16]

Russian state news agency TASS reported that a PzH 2000 was destroyed by Russian forces in Kherson Oblast on 30 October 2022.[17] The open-source intelligence site Oryx reported one visually confirmed damaged PzH 2000.[18]

Due to the intensity of artillery fire on the battlefield, Lithuania undertook to repair twelve of the howitzers,[19] finishing repair work on six by December 2022. By this time, the number of PzH 2000s sent to Ukraine rose to twenty-two; fourteen from Germany and eight from the Netherlands.[20] As of February 2023, fifteen of the howitzers were waiting to be repaired in Slovakia, but were being held up at the border for several weeks due to legal issues.[21] [22]

According to the Rheinmetall CEO Armin Papperger the barrels of the PzH 2000 had an expected lifetime of around 4,500 shots, but to the surprise of the manufacturer they have achieved up to 20,000 in Ukraine.[23]

Production status

As of June 2024, 41 remain to be manufactured, it includes 1 for Hungary, 22 for Germany and 18 for Ukraine.[24]

Operators

Summary

Operators
April 2024		OrderDeliveriesSold
[– ]
/ Bought
[+ ]		Donation
[– ] / [+ ]		Known Losses
[– ]		Operational
German Army225185- 37- 14— 134
Croatian Army——+ 16— — 16
Hellenic Army2525—— — 25
Hungarian Army2423—— — 23
Italian Army7070—- 6 — 64
Lithuanian Army——+ 21— — 21
Dutch Army5757—- 8 — 49
Qatari Army2424—— — 24
Ukrainian Army———+ 28—28
TOTAL42538400—384

Current operators

(16)
  • 16 ordered (second-hand from Germany);[25] 12 to be modernized and overhauled, 3 for spare parts, 1 for training. Total value of the contract was 55 million euros.[26] The first PzH 2000 was delivered on 29 July 2015.[27] Agreement for the procurement was signed in 2014, deliveries were to take place between 2015 and 2016, howitzers to be introduced in service by 2019.[28]
    (134 in service, 12 on order)
  • Orders:

    Second hand sales:

    Donations to Ukraine:

    (25)
  • 25 ordered in 2001 and delivered between 2003 and 2004.
    (24)
  • 24 were ordered in December 2018.[37] [38] As of 2024, 23 were delivered.[39]
    (64)
  • 70 ordered in 2002 and delivered between 2004 and 2008.[40] 6 donated to Ukraine.
    (21)
  • 21 delivered between 2015 and 2022. 17 active, 3 for spare parts, and 1 for training.[41] [42]
    (49)
  • 57 ordered in 2002. Prior to the war in Ukraine, 33 were in storage, 18 in active service, and 6 used for training. Now, 46 to be modernised by 2024.[43] [44] In 2022, 5+3 were sent to Ukraine.
    (24)
  • 24 ordered in 2013,[45] first three delivered in 2015[46]
    (28)
  • 28 delivered.[47] During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was announced on 20 April 2022 that five Dutch PzH 2000s would be transferred to Ukraine, with ammunition and training to be provided by Germany.[48] On 6 May, it was announced that Ukraine would receive seven units from German army stocks which were undergoing maintenance.[49] On 7 May, Chancellor Olaf Scholz agreed to supply the ammunition required, straight from industry to Ukrainian forces, without having to go through the German government for approval in the future.[50] Training of Ukrainian artillery crews started on 11 May 2022 at the Bundeswehr's artillery school in Idar-Oberstein.[51] On 21 June, Ukrainian Minister of Defence Oleksii Reznikov announced that the first PzH 2000s had entered Ukrainian service.[52] Der Spiegel reported on 27 July that Germany had agreed to sell 100 more PzH 2000s to Ukraine.[53] By this time, many PzH 2000 ammo loading mechanisms had broken down due to considerable strain: while the PzH 2000 is designed to fire 100 shells per day, the Ukrainians likely fired the gun much more often. In addition to shipping necessary spare parts to Ukraine, the German government was negotiating the creation of a repair center for its equipment in Poland.[54] In October 2022, the howitzers were sent to Lithuania because Poland denied the German request for exclusive access to the Huta Stalowa Wola facilities, as it would halt all production in the factory (HSW manufactures and services Krab SPGs for Poland and Ukraine, among other weapon systems).[55] Eventually, a planned repair center in Slovakia will shorten the route to and from the war zone in Ukraine. In late 2023, it emerged that Ukraine did not sign the purchase agreement for the delivery of 100 PzH 2000.[56]
  • In February 2024, Germany announced supporting Ukraine with 18 additional PzH 2000 and 18 more RCH-155. [57] [58]

    Potential sales

    (54)
  • 54 additional systems are in discussion as of June 2024, to be supplied to Germany and to Ukraine.

    Failed bids

    Australia
  • The PzH 2000 was a contender for Phase 1C of Australia's Land 17 Artillery Replacement Programme, until that phase of the project was cancelled in May 2012.[59]
    Finland Finland tested a PzH 2000 alongside the 155mm SpGH ZUZANA and AS-90 "Braveheart". Tests ended in 1998; more of the cheaper 155 K 98 field guns were bought instead of self-propelled systems.[60]
    Germany - Navy
  • The German Navy evaluated a modified system known as MONARC for installation onboard frigates; while the system performed well, components were difficult to protect against corrosion. Sweden evaluated a slightly modified version, but selected the Archer Artillery System instead.
    Romania (54)
  • The PzH 2000 participated in the Romanian tracked self-propelled artillery system competition against the Korean K9 Thunder and the Turkish T-155 Fırtına II which included 54 howitzers in total.[61] [62] The Korean offer was the only one to progress in the contract bid, and negotiations between South Korea and Romania were finished in April 2024, although the contract was not signed yet.[63]
    United States
  • The PzH 2000 was considered for the US Army's Crusader concept system, but several requirements of the Crusader made it unsuitable. The Crusader specifications placed the crew and gun in separate compartments, allowing a single highly armoured crew compartment to control the firing of an entire battery of guns through intervehicle links. In addition, the Crusader included an automated ammunition tender, and an active cooled barrel.[64]

    See also

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: KMW from Germany offers Ukraine to purchase 100 PZH 2000 155mm howitzers | Defense News April 2022 Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army year 2022 | Archive News year .
    2. Web site: Krauss-Maffei Wegmann – PZH 2000 – Ihr Partner rund um Wehrtechnik . Kmweg.com . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071028115025/https://www.kmweg.com/gb/frame.php?page=19 . 28 October 2007 . dead.
    3. Web site: Rheinmetall sets three new distance records for indirect fire in South Africa . edrmagazine.eu . 27 November 2019 . 4 May 2023.
    4. Web site: Rheinmetall develops new long-range howitzer. Janes.com. 28 July 2022.
    5. Web site: Press release - L52 gun barrel systems to European customer country . . 28 July 2024.
    6. Web site: 155mm Artillery Modular Charge System .
    7. Web site: Extended Range Charge for 155mm artillery .
    8. Web site: Valpolini . Paolo . 2019-11-27 . Rheinmetall sets three new distance records for indirect fire in South Africa . 2023-11-28 . EDR Magazine . en-GB.
    9. http://www.deagel.com/news/German-Army-PzH-2000-Howitzer-Test-Fires-Excalibur-155mm-Artillery-Projectile_n000012199.aspx German Army PzH 2000 Howitzer Test Fires Excalibur 155mm Artillery Projectile
    10. Web site: Krauss-Maffei Wegmann – Ihr Partner rund um Wehrtechnik . 2 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100123/https://www.kmweg.com/gb/spezial.php?id=21 . 28 September 2007 .
    11. http://www.abendblatt.de/politik/ausland/article1564057/Bundeswehr-setzt-erstmals-schwere-Artillerie-ein.html Bundeswehr setzt erstmals schwere Artillerie ein
    12. http://www.derwesten-recherche.org/2012/11/der-kampf-um-quatliam/ Der Kampf um Quatliam
    13. Web site: 21 June 2022 . First heavy weapons from Germany arrive in Ukraine. 22 June 2022 . www.dw.com . en.
    14. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/ukraine-krieg-panzerhaubitzen-muessen-schon-repariert-werden-18208150.html?GEPC=s6 Gelieferte Panzerhaubitzen müssen schon repariert werden
    15. Web site: 14 October 2022. Lithuania Has Repaired PzH 2000 Howitzer and Returning Them to Service of Ukraine's Armed Forces. 2 December 2022 . defence-ua.com. en.
    16. Web site: 30 July 2022. German PzH 2000s in Ukraine wear out: error message after heavy fire . Boyko Nikolov . 2 August 2022 . bulgarianmilitary.com . en.
    17. Web site: Russian forces wipe out German PzH 2000 artillery system in Ukraine operation . 31 October 2022 . TASS.
    18. Web site: Oryx . Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine . 2023-01-12. Oryx.
    19. https://mil.in.ua/en/news/lithuania-to-repair-12-pzh-2000-howitzers-for-ukraine/ Lithuania to repair 12 PzH 2000 howitzers for Ukraine
    20. https://mil.in.ua/en/news/lithuania-hands-over-two-more-repaired-pzh-2000-and-ammunition-to-ukraine/ Lithuania hands over two more repaired PzH 2000 and ammunition to Ukraine
    21. https://www.businessinsider.de/politik/deutschland/ukraine-krieg-slowakei-blockiert-reparatur-deutscher-waffen/ An der Grenze stauen sich kaputte Panzerhaubitzen: Slowakei blockiert Reparatur deutscher Waffen für den Ukraine-Krieg
    22. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/02/16/7389678/ Slovakia is not allowing German howitzers to cross border from Ukraine for repairs for several weeks
    23. Web site: n-tv NACHRICHTEN . Rheinmetall-Chef räumt Verluste deutscher Waffen in Ukraine ein . de . 2023-06-11.
    24. Web site: 18 June 2024 . KNDS OFFERS THE COMPLETE RANGE OF PROVEN ARTILLERY SYSTEMS .
    25. Web site: 14 November 2019 . Panzerhaubitze 2000 – Konzepte zur Schließung der Reichweitenlücke .
    26. PzH Howitzer test firing . Ministry of Defence of Croatia . 28 June 2017 . 29 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181852/https://www.morh.hr/en/news/press-releases/14925-pzh-howitzer-test-firing.html . 6 August 2017 . live.
    27. News: Nicholas . de Larrinaga . 29 July 2015 . Croatia receives first PzH 2000 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150802055803/http://www.janes.com/article/53313/croatia-receives-first-pzh-2000 . 2 August 2015 . 8 August 2015 . IHS Jane's 360 . IHS Jane's 360.
    28. Signing of Agreement on Procurement of German PzH 2000 Howitzers . Ministry of Defence of Croatia . 9 December 2014 . 29 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180629235749/https://www.morh.hr/en/news/press-releases/10704-signing-of-agreement-on-procurement-of-german-pzh-2000-howitzers.html . 29 June 2018 . live.
    29. Contract For 24 PzH 2000 Self-Propelled Howitzers Signed With Greece . 29 June 2018 . defense-aerospace.com . Briganti et Associés . 5 July 2001 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211614/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/5868/greece-buys-24-pzh-2000-sp-howitzers-(july-6).html . 29 June 2018 . live.
    30. Web site: 2022-05-06 . Panzerhaubitze 2000 – Kiew bekommt eines der modernsten und gefährlichsten Artilleriesysteme der Welt . 2024-04-03 . stern.de . de.
    31. Web site: Ukraine conflict: Germany orders 10 PzH 2000 SPHs to replace those sent to Kyiv . 2024-04-03 . Janes.com . en.
    32. News: 2023-05-24 . Germany to buy Leopard tanks, howitzers to make up for Ukraine supplies - source . 2023-05-26 . Reuters . en.
    33. https://defence24.com/armed-forces/german-howitzers-transferred-to-croatia
    34. Web site: Editorial . Defense Brief . 2022-03-24 . Lithuania receives final upgraded PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzer . 2024-04-03 . Defense Brief . en-US.
    35. Web site: Militärische Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine Bundesregierung . 26 October 2022 . Webseite der Bundesregierung Startseite . de.
    36. Web site: 2024-03-28 . Military support for Ukraine Federal Government . 2024-04-03 . Website of the Federal Government Bundesregierung . en.
    37. Web site: Braatz . Kurt . 19 December 2018 . Krauss-Maffei Wegmann unterstützt ungarische Heeres-Modernisierung . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230842/https://www.kmweg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Press_Releases/2018/Krauss-Maffei-Wegmann-unterstuetzt-ungarische-Heeres-Modernisierung_19-12-2018.pdf . 20 December 2018 . 22 December 2018 . Krauss-Maffei Wegmann . de . Munich.
    38. Web site: Dunai . Peter . 20 December 2018 . Update: Hungary orders Leopard 2 MBTs and PzH 2000 SPHs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181221152550/https://www.janes.com/article/85369/update-hungary-orders-leopard-2-mbts-and-pzh-2000-sphs . 21 December 2018 . 22 December 2018 . IHS Jane's 360 . Budapest.
    39. Web site: Gábor . Baranyai . 3 December 2022 . Növelnék az aktív katonák számát . 22 December 2022 . Növelnék az aktív katonák számát . hu.
    40. Oto Melara: Italian Army Contract for 70 PZH 2000 Self-Propelled Howitzers . 29 June 2018 . defense-aerospace.com . Briganti et Associés . 17 December 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211436/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/13273/italian-army-orders-70-self_propelled-guns-(dec.-18).html . 29 June 2018 . live.
    41. Web site: Lietuva iš Vokietijos perka kelias dešimtis haubicų . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171023174327/https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/lietuva-is-vokietijos-perka-kelias-desimtis-haubicu.d?id=69123838 . 23 October 2017 . 28 December 2016.
    42. Web site: NSPA DELIVERS PZH 2000 SELF-PROPELLED HOWITZER TO THE LITHUANIAN ARMED FORCES . 28 April 2022.
    43. The Netherlands Sign Contract For PzH 2000 Self-Propelled Howitzers . 29 June 2018 . defense-aerospace.com . Briganti et Associés . 1 May 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211651/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/9881/netherlands-order-sp-howitzers-(may-3).html . 29 June 2018 . live.
    44. Web site: 23 September 2019 . Vuursteun Commando Koninklijke Landmacht . 1 December 2019 . defensie.nl . Ministerie van Defensie . nl.
    45. Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Supports Qatar's Army Moderni zation . 18 April 2013 . Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG . 18 April 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130531091044/http://www.kmweg.de/de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Press_Releases/Press_Release_Army_modernization_Qatar.pdf . 31 May 2013 . live.
    46. Web site: Hickmann . Christoph . Berlin . Georg Mascolo . 22 October 2015 . Waffenexporte: Deutschland liefert Kampfpanzer nach Katar . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170102032945/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/waffenexporte-deutschland-liefert-kampfpanzer-nach-katar-1.2703573 . 2 January 2017 . 28 December 2016 . Sueddeutsche.de.
    47. Web site: Cannoni e mezzi hi tech, ecco le armi date dall'Italia per l'offensiva ucraina . 30 October 2022 . la Repubblica . it.
    48. News: 20 April 2022 . Deutschland bildet offenbar Ukrainer an Panzerhaubitze 2000 aus . 20 April 2022 . Handelsblatt . German.
    49. News: 6 May 2022 . Deutschland liefert Panzerhaubitzen . 2 July 2022 . Tagesschau . German.
    50. News: 7 May 2022 . Germany to send seven howitzers to Ukraine in further policy reversal . 7 May 2022 . Reuters . English.
    51. News: 11 May 2022 . Ukrainische Soldaten zur Ausbildung in Rheinland-Pfalz angekommen . 2 July 2022 . SWR Aktuell . German.
    52. 1539225560588734466 . oleksiireznikov . Panzerhaubitze 2000 are finally part of 155 mm howitzer arsenal of the Ukrainian artillery . Oleksii . Reznikov . Oleksii Reznikov . 21 June 2022 . 26 December 2022 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208005725/https://twitter.com/oleksiireznikov/status/1539225560588734466 . 8 December 2022 . live.
    53. Web site: Gebauer . Matthias . Traufetter . Gerald . 28 July 2022 . (S+) Ukraine-Krieg: Berlin genehmigt Verkauf von 100 Panzerhaubitzen . 28 July 2022 . Spiegel.de.
    54. Web site: Front News - Ukraine appealed to Germany because of problems with PzH 2000 howitzers .
    55. Web site: Behrendt . Paweł . 2022-10-08 . Remonty ukraińskich PzH 2000 w Polsce – co i jak? . 2023-01-13 . Konflikty.pl . pl-PL.
    56. Web site: Ukraine and Germany fail to seal deal for 100 PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzers . 2024-01-18 . RBC-Ukraine . en.
    57. Web site: 2024-02-16 . Military support for Ukraine Federal Government . 2024-02-18 . Website of the Federal Government Bundesregierung . en.
    58. Web site: ES&T Redaktion . 2024-02-18 . Deutschland unterstützt die Ukraine weiter mit einer Sicherheitsvereinbarung und dem „Münchner Paket“ . 2024-02-18 . esut.de . de-DE.
    59. News: 3 May 2012 . Rethink of Defence projects to save billions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120503202448/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-03/defence-white-paper-now-due-in-2013/3987042 . 3 May 2012 . 3 May 2012 . ABC Online.
    60. Web site: Eversti J.A.Alasjärvi - Suomen Tykistömuseo . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123854/http://www.tykistomuseo.fi/historia/tykiston_tarkastajat/alasjarvi/ . 14 May 2011 . 4 March 2011.
    61. Web site: Romania Short-lists German, Turkish & S.Korean howitzers . 2024-01-26 . www.defensemirror.com.
    62. Web site: Adamowski . Jaroslaw . 2024-01-22 . Romanian government readies fighting vehicle, howitzer deals in 2024 . 2024-01-26 . Defense News . en.
    63. Web site: Sud coreenii de la Hanwha au pus ochii pe România. Vor deschiderea unui centru de logistică şi mentenanţă pentru obuzierele autopropulsate K9, dar planurile sunt mult mai mari. Partea I. ro. Andreea Soare. monitorulapararii.ro. 26 April 2024.
    64. Web site: General Accounting Office . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150409032325/https://fas.org/man/gao/nsiad-97-121.htm . 9 April 2015 . 4 April 2015.

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