Pyrus pyrifolia explained

Pyrus pyrifolia is a species of pear tree native to southern China and northern Indochina that has been introduced to Korea, Japan and other parts of the world.[1] The tree's edible fruit is known by many names, including Asian pear,[2] Persian pear, Japanese pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear,[3] [4] [5] Taiwanese pear, apple pear,[6] zodiac pear, three-halves pear, papple, naspati and sand pear. Along with cultivars of P. × bretschneideri and Pyrus ussuriensis, the fruit is also called the nashi pear.[7] [8] Cultivars derived from Pyrus pyrifolia are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Traditionally in East Asia the tree's flowers are a popular symbol of early spring, and it is a common sight in gardens and the countryside.

The fruits are not generally baked in pies or made into jams because they have a high water content and a crisp, grainy texture, very different from the European varieties. They are commonly served raw and peeled. The fruit tends to be quite large and fragrant. When carefully wrapped, having a tendency to bruise because of its juiciness, it can last for several weeks (or more) in a cold, dry place.

Culture

Due to their relatively high price and the large size of the fruit of cultivars, the pears tend to be served to guests, given as gifts, or eaten together in a family setting.[9]

In cooking, ground pears are used in vinegar- or soy sauce-based sauces as a sweetener, instead of sugar.[10] They are also used when marinating meat, especially beef, with a notable example being in the Korean dish bulgogi, due to the presence of enzymes to tenderize the proteins in the meat.[11] [12]

In Australia, these pears were first introduced into commercial production beginning in 1980.[13]

In Japan, fruit is harvested in Chiba, Ibaraki, Tottori, Fukushima, Tochigi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama and other prefectures, except Okinawa. Nashi (Japanese: 梨) may be used as a late Autumn kigo, or "season word", when writing haiku. Nashi no hana (Japanese: 梨の花, pear flower) is also used as a kigo of spring.[14] At least one city (Kamagaya-Shi, Chiba Prefecture) has the flowers of this tree as an official city flower.

In Nepal (Nepali: Naspati नस्पाती) and the Himalayan states of India, they are cultivated as a cash crop in the Middle Hills between about 1500and in elevation, where the climate is suitable. The fruit are carried to nearby markets by human porters or, increasingly, by truck, but not for long distances because they bruise easily.[15]

In Taiwan, pears harvested in Japan have become luxurious presents since 1997 and their consumption has jumped.[16]

In China, the term "sharing a pear" is a homophone of "separate", as a result, sharing a pear with a loved one can be read as a desire to separate from them.[17]

In Korea, the fruit is known as (Korean: 배), and it is grown and consumed in great quantity. In the South Korean city of Naju, there is a museum called The Naju Pear Museum and Pear Orchard for Tourists (Korean: 나주 배 박물관 및 배밭 관광체험).[18]

In Cyprus, the pears were introduced in 2010 after initially being investigated as a new fruit crop for the island in the early 1990s. They are currently grown in Kyperounta.[19]

Cultivars

Cultivars are classified in two groups. Most of the cultivars belong to the Akanashi ('Russet pears') group, and have yellowish-brown rinds. The Aonashi ('Green pears') have yellow-green rinds.

Important cultivars include:

Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta

Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta is a Japanese cultivar of pears.[37] [38] [39] [40] It is also known as a Nashi tree.[41] [42] [43] Sometimes called the Sand Pear[44] [45]

Yamanashi Prefecture is named after the fruit.

Kanji

It has a Chinese character representing it in Japanese . It is one of the Kyōiku kanji or Kanji taught in elementary school in Japan.[46]

It is one of the 20 kanji added to the Kyoiku kanji that are found in the names of the following prefectures of Japan[47]

It also generically refers to Pears in Chinese.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: . 2017 . Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai . 4 November 2020 . Plants of the World Online . Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. Book: Bailey, L.H.. Bailey, E.Z.. the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium . amp . 1976 . Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada . registration. Macmillan . New York . 9780025054707.
  3. Lee. Ho-Sun. Isse. Toyoshi. Kawamoto. Toshihiro. Woo. Hyun-Su. Kim. An Keun. Park. Jong Y.. Yang. Mihi. Effects and action mechanisms of Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo) on alcohol detoxification.. Phytotherapy Research. November 2012. 26. 11. 1753–1758. 10.1002/ptr.4630. 22451246. 22181078.
  4. News: Mishkin. Leah. Korean pear season in full swing at Hamilton Township farm. 20 January 2018. NJTV News. 9 October 2017.
  5. News: Coyne. Kevin. Evergreen Farm Taps New Jersey Market for Ethnic Crops. 20 January 2018. The New York Times. 21 August 2009.
  6. News: https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/9251/. ja:アジア1の生産を誇る延辺龍井リンゴ梨 接ぎ木から100周年を祝う. KoreaWorldTimes . 2021-05-17. ja. 2021-05-30.
  7. Web site: NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties. Agfact H4.1.14 . 2011-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150618071254/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi . 2015-06-18 . dead .
  8. In Japanese the fruit is called nashi. The best variety is called shingo in Korean.
  9. Web site: Sasaki. Shigeyuki. 2008. Japanese Fruits - Fruits Grown in Japan. 2021-05-22. The Takasago Times: Research & Development.
  10. Web site: Imatome-Yun. Naomi. 2019-08-18. What You Should Know About the Bae Pear. 2021-05-22. The Spruce Eats. en.
  11. News: Hagedorn. David. 2012-11-27. Cook Asian pears at your peril. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-05-22. 0190-8286.
  12. Web site: Kim. Emily [Maangchi]. Roskin. Julia. Bulgogi (Korean Grilled Beef) Recipe. 2021-05-22. New York Times Cooking. en-US.
  13. Web site: Nashi asian pear varieties . 26 April 2007 . New South Wales Department of Primary Industries . 18 December 2017.
  14. http://www.youngleaves.org/poetry/The%20Yuki%20Teikei%20Haiku%20Season%20Word%20List.htm The Yuki Teikei Haiku Season Word List
  15. Gotame. Tek Prasad. Subedi. Giri Dhari. Dhakal. Maheshwar. Khatiwada. Prerana. December 2015. Postharvest Handling of Asian Pear in Nepal. Nepal Agricultural Research Council Horticulture Research Division. 1–41. ResearchGate.
  16. Web site: Foltán. Kamil. Bryant. Zurina. Chang. Ri. 2018-06-12. Asian Pear – The Asian Apple. 2021-05-22. The Indigenous Bartender. en.
  17. Web site: Chinese Food Symbolism.
  18. Web site: Korea Sparkling(Naju Pear Museum). www.youtube.com.
  19. Web site: Home-grown Japanese pear officially launched - Cyprus Mail. https://web.archive.org/web/20100918065413/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/home-grown-japanese-pear-officially-launched/20100917. dead. September 18, 2010.
  20. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121337/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/cyoujuurou.html. 2011-10-03.
  21. Web site: Nashi Variety: Chojuro. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2002. December 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125340/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/chojuro. June 25, 2015. dead.
  22. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121228/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/kousui.html. 2011-10-03.
  23. Web site: NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, kosui. Agfact H4.1.14 . 2011-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125423/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/kosui . 2015-06-25 . dead .
  24. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121238/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/housui.html. 2011-10-03.
  25. Web site: NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, housui. Agfact H4.1.14 . 2011-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125404/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/hosui . 2015-06-25 . dead .
  26. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121410/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/imamuraaki.html. 2011-10-03.
  27. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121252/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/nijisseiki.html. 2011-10-03.
  28. Web site: NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, nijiseiki. Agfact H4.1.14 . 2011-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125434/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/nijiseik . 2015-06-25 . dead .
  29. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121259/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/niitaka.html. 2011-10-03.
  30. Web site: NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, nitaka. Agfact H4.1.14 . 2011-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125428/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/nitaka . 2015-06-25 . dead .
  31. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121404/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/okusankichi.html. 2011-10-03.
  32. Web site: NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, okusanki. Agfact H4.1.14 . 2011-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125439/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/okusanki . 2015-06-25 . dead .
  33. Book: Edwards, Barbara . Olivella, Mary . 2011 . From Tree to Table: Growing Backyard Fruit Trees in the Pacific Maritime Climate . Skiptone. Seattle. 127. 9781594855191.
  34. Web site: 独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研. affrc.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121318/http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/nashi/shinkou.html. 2011-10-03.
  35. Web site: Nashi Variety: Shinko. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2002. December 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125502/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/nashi/shinko. June 25, 2015. dead.
  36. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.587.23 . The genetic resources and their utilization of Pyrus pyrifolia in China. Acta Horticulturae. 587. 201–205. Z.R. Luo . Q.L. Zhang . amp . 2002.
  37. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (PYUPC)[Overview] EPPO Global Database ]. 2023-06-30 . gd.eppo.int.
  38. Web site: taxonomy . Taxonomy browser (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) . 2023-06-30 . www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  39. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai . 2023-06-30 . www.worldfloraonline.org.
  40. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta . 2023-06-30 . marsNova . en.
  41. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta - Nashi Tree FLORA TOSKANA . 2023-06-30 . Flora Toskana GmbH . en.
  42. Web site: Hortipedia - Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta . 2023-06-30 . en.hortipedia.com.
  43. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai . 2023-06-30 . www.gbif.org . en.
  44. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta - efloraofindia . 2023-06-30 . sites.google.com.
  45. Web site: Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai var. culta (Mak.) Nakai (PYRUS_PYR_CUL) . 2023-06-30 . www.upov.int.
  46. Web site: The Kyoiku Kanji (教育漢字) - Kanshudo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324010221/https://www.kanshudo.com/collections/kyoiku_kanji . March 24, 2022 . 2023-05-06 . www.kanshudo.com.
  47. News: 小学校の必修漢字に都道府県名20字追加 20年度にも. 朝日新聞デジタル. 2016-05-18. 2016-06-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20160518004607/http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASJ5K4VGYJ5KUTIL02Q.html. 2016-05-18. live.

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