Push and pull factors in migration explained

Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's modearea that one live in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.^[1]

Notes and References

1. de Haas . Hein . 2021-02-24 . A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework . Comparative Migration Studies . en . 9 . 1 . 8 . 10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4 . free . 2214-594X . 7902564 . 33680858.
2. 2060063 . A Theory of Migration . Demography . Everett S. . Lee . 1966 . 3 . 1 . 47–57 . 10.2307/2060063 . 46976

   Factors

   Push

   • Not enough jobs or opportunities
   • Famine or drought
   • Political fear of persecution
   • Poor medical care
   • Loss of wealth
   • Natural disasters
   • Death threats
   • Desire for more political or religious freedom
   • Pollution
   • Poor housing
   • Bullying
   • Discrimination
   • Poor chances of marrying
   • Contamination
   • War
   • Sickness

   Pull

   • Job opportunities
   • Higher Benefits
   • Better living conditions
   • Having more political or religious freedom
   • Enjoyment
   • Education
   • Better medical care
   • Attractive climates
   • Security
   • Family links
   • Better chances of marrying

   Criticism

   Sociology professor Hein de Haas has criticized the push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.^[1]

   See also

   • Human migration
   • Return migration
   • Urbanization

   Further reading

   • Azunre, Gideon Abagna, Richard Azerigyik, and Pearl Puwurayire. "Deciphering the drivers of informal urbanization by Ghana's urban poor through the lens of the push-pull theory." InPlaning Forum Vol. 18. (2021). online
   • Dorigo, Guido, and Waldo Tobler. "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online
   • Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India." PloS one 14.4 (2019): e0214511. online
   • Khalid, Bilal, and Mariusz Urbański. "Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push and pull migration trend." Economics & Sociology 14.4 (2021): 242–267. DOI:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/14
   • 2060063 . A Theory of Migration . Demography . Everett S. . Lee . 1966 . 3 . 1 . 47–57 . 10.2307/2060063 . 46976641 . free.
   • Yaro, Joseph A. "Development as push and pull factor in migration." Migration & Entwicklung (2008): 16+ online.
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