Purton Hulks Explained

The Purton Hulks or Purton Ships' Graveyard is a number of abandoned boats and ships, deliberately beached beside the River Severn near Purton in Gloucestershire, England, to reinforce the river banks. Most were beached in the 1950s and are now in a state of considerable decay. The site forms the largest ship graveyard in mainland Britain.[1]

A riverbank collapse in 1909 led to concerns that the barrier between the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal would be breached. Old vessels were run aground and soon filled with water and silt to create a tidal erosion barrier. The vessels included steel barges, Severn trows and concrete ships. The boats came from throughout the British Isles and were built in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th.

Since 2000, archaeological investigations have been undertaken to find out more about the vessels and their states of decay. Explanatory labels have been provided. One barge has been scheduled as an ancient monument and several are included in the National Register of Historic Vessels.

History

Purton lies on the southern bank of the River Severn about NaNmiles north of the port of Sharpness. The Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom, at about 220miles[2] [3] and, with an average discharge of at Apperley, Gloucestershire, it is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales.[4]

The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal

At the site of the Purton Hulks there is less than of land between the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (or Gloucester and Berkeley Canal). The 26.5adj=midNaNadj=mid canal was dug between Gloucester and Sharpness; for much of its length it runs close to the tidal River Severn, but cuts off a significant loop in the river, at a once-dangerous bend near Arlingham. It was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world.[5] Conceived in the Canal Mania period of the late 18th century, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal scheme was authorised by a 1793 Act of Parliament.

The canal opened in April 1827, having cost £440,000 in the course of its construction. The flood plain of the Severn hereabouts is very flat and so the elevation of the canal does not require any rise over its length. Outside the dock areas at each end, there are no locks. This encouraged the use of the canal for ships larger than on most other British canals, although there were a number of swing bridges to negotiate. As opened the canal was wide, 18feet deep and could take craft of up to 600 tons. In 1905 traffic exceeded one million tons for the first time. Oil was added to the list of cargoes carried by the canal, with bulk oil carriers taking fuel to storage tanks sited to the south of Gloucester.

Coastal defences

The stretch of canal from Sharpness to Purton runs very close to the river. At a high spring tide they were separated by little more than the width of the towpath. The canal also has no locks, and owing to its width, not even any stop locks. Any damage to the canal bank could thus render the entire canal unnavigable.

In 1909, following a collapse in the bank of the river, the canal company's chief engineer Mr A. J. Cullis called for old vessels to be run aground along the bank of the Severn, near Purton, to create a makeshift tidal erosion barrier to reinforce the narrow strip of land between the river and canal. Barges, trows and schooners were "hulked" at high tide, by towing them from the dock at Sharpness and releasing them to be carried up the bank on the tide. Holes were then made in their hulls so that they filled with water, and over time silt has been laid down inside them.[6]

More boats have been added, including the schooner Katherine Ellen which was impounded in 1921 for running guns to the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Kennet Canal barge Harriett, and ferrocement barges built in World War II.[7] The last boat was beached in 1965.[8] The ground level has built up over the years and some of the more recent additions are lying on top of those which had been beached earlier.[6]

Preservation

In 1999, a local maritime historian, Paul Barnett, commenced a privately funded research project which saw the site's 86 vessels recorded and recognised as the largest ships' graveyard in mainland Britain.[9] The Nautical Archaeology Society investigated the site in 2008 as part of its Diving into History Project,[10] [11] and carried out laser scanning of the remains.[12] In 2010, British Waterways took control of the site in an attempt to protect it.[13] [14] [15]

The only known surviving Kennet barge, Harriett, which was beached at Purton in 1964, has been scheduled as an ancient monument[16] and included in the National Register of Historic Vessels,[17] as are several ferro concrete barges. The remains of the vessels are not covered by the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, as they are not on the seabed. But some of the other vessels may not be eligible for scheduling as ancient monuments, under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, because they are not inland.[18] The issue and the responsibility of various statutory bodies in their protection was debated in the House of Commons in 2009.[19]

Vessels

The wooden vessels include examples of the Severn trow. Several concrete ships can also be seen at the site; these are built of steel and ferrocement (reinforced concrete).

Dispatch is notable for its use of, and the sole surviving remains of, Fell's Patent Knees. These were a patent innovation from 1839 by Jonathan Fell of Workington, Cumberland,[20] and were part of the development of the iron and wood composite hull. Ships before this had been built from oak, where the strong curved brackets needed to join the deck into the hull side frames could be found as naturally grown 'knees' from the angles between major branches and the trunk. In the post-Nelsonic era there was a general shortage of shipbuilding timber, particularly oak, one of the few species with strong enough branch attachments to provide knees.

Dispatch's hull is of pine, which has weak branches. A number of iron substitutes were developed, Fell's design being one of the later and more advanced forms. It had two advantages over earlier rigid-forged patterns: it provided a degree of flexibility in storms and, most significantly, could be stressed after the hull had been constructed and launched or even loaded, when the hull was under its working load.[21] Together with the diagonal iron strapping, this rendered Dispatch's hull particularly strong and had allowed her to endure at least two collisions.

Name!scope="col" style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"
PhotoType/MaterialBuiltBeachedIncluded in NRHVNotes
Abbey No long and with a breadth of .[22] Hull damaged by fire since 2002.
Ada Schooner (Bristol Dandy) No The original masts were removed in 1930 and she became a towed barge and then a floating garbage hold. Since beaching, has been damaged by arson.[23]
Alaska Wood No Originally owned by Gloucester pilots.[24]
Arkendale H Steel barge No One of two barges which hit the Severn Railway Bridge in fog on 25 October 1960.[25] Two spans of the 22-span steel and cast iron bridge collapsed into the river. Parts of the structure hit the barges, causing the fuel oil and petroleum they were carrying to catch fire; five people died in the incident.
Barge Abbey Wooden barge No long.[26]
Barnwood Steel barge No Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton[27]
Barry Dock lighter No Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton B.D[28]
Britannia No Gross 33.71 ton Net 28.36 ton [29]
Birdlip Steel barge No long. Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton B.D[30]
Briton Ferry Steam grab dredger crane and wood pontoon No Used as a dredger and crane by Neath Harbour Board and then Gloucester Docks Board.[31]
Brockworth Steel bargeNo long.[32]
Cam No long. Breadth .[33]
Catherine Ellen (Katherine Ellen) Schooner (2 masted wooden) No Involved in the Irish War of Independence in 1921.[34]
Cranham No
Dispatch/New Dispatch Schooner (two-masted wooden) No Originally a 120-ton vessel which was long, it was rebuilt in Gloucester in 1939 and the name changed.[35]
Dursley Dock lighter No Local timber carrier.[36]
Edith No Transported coal from the Forest of Dean to Bristol, Chepstow and Bridgwater.[37] [38]
Envoy No
FCB 51 Ferrocement bargeNo [39]
FCB 52 Yes[40] Built in World War II to provide port lighterage and floating storage facilities in a time when wood and steel were in short supply.[41] In 1990 the boat was removed from Purton by the Gloucester Waterways Museum. She was at Marshfield until 2012 when she was reported sunk.
FCB 67 Yes[42] [43]
FCB 68 1962Yes[44] [45]
FCB 75 Yes[46] [47]
FCB 76 Yes[48] [49]
FCB 77 Yes[50] [51]
FCB 78 Yes[52] [53]
Forty Ton Flat No
Glenby No
Guide (Shamrock) Schooner (Wood Brigantine) No [54]
Harriett Wooden Kennet barge Yes Scheduled as an ancient monument.
Higre No [55]
Hopper No6 No
Huntley No
Island Maid (Orby) Schooner No Traded with Spain and Mediterranean ports. The wreck was largely destroyed by scrap metal dealers in 1953.[56]
J&AR Severn trow No
Jonadab Severn trow, converted to a motor barge in 1948 No
Lighter No. 6 Steel bargeNo [57]
Lighter No. 9 No [58]
Lighter No. 20 No [59]
Lighter No. 23 No [60]
Lighter No. 32 No [61]
Mary Ann No
Mary of Brimscombe No
Mary of Truro No
Matson Steel barge No [62]
Monarch Severn trow No
Newark Wooden barge No [63]
Petrus No
Priory No
Rockby No Most of remains underground.[64]
Sally (King) Schooner No Little known about the ship's history.[65]
Sandhurst Steel barge No [66]
Sarah MacDonald (Voltaic) No
Selina Jane No
Severn Collier Wooden screw barge No Originally motorised and later converted into a towed barge.[67]
Severn Conveyor Steel tank barge No [68]
Severn Eagle 'Bird' class steel bargeNo [69]
Severn Falcon No [70]
Severn Hawk No [71]
Severn King Steel Screw Car Ferry No Used on the Aust Ferry. Withdrawn 1966. In 1970 this boat was in use to support the demolition of the damaged Severn Railway Bridge, when it collided with one of the bridge piers and was damaged. It was then beached and cut up for scrap.[72]
Society Stroudwater bargeNo
Tirley No
Tribune No
Tuffley Steel barge No [73]
Victoria No
Wastdale H Steel motor barge No One of two barges which hit the Severn Railway Bridge in fog on 25 October 1960.[74] Two spans of the 22-span steel and cast iron bridge collapsed into the river. Parts of the structure hit the barges causing the fuel oil and petroleum they were carrying to catch fire; five people died in the incident.

Bibliography

. Hadfield. Charles. Charles Hadfield (historian). The Canals of South West England. 1967. David & Charles. 978-0715341766.

External links

51.7358°N -2.4575°W

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ministerial visit to historic Purton site . Cotswold Canals Heritage . Paul Barnett . 9 October 2009 . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609230937/http://www.cotswoldcanalsheritage.org.uk/page_id__191_path__0p4p29p.aspx . 9 June 2016 .
  2. Web site: Frankwell Flood Alleviation Scheme, Shrewsbury . 13 March 2010 . UK Environment Agency.
  3. Web site: The River Severn Facts . BBC . 28 December 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115541/http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/ . 11 October 2007.
  4. Book: Marsh. Terry. The Severn Way. 2014. Cicerone Press. 9781783620333.
  5. Web site: Inland Waterways Association: Gloucester and Sharpness Canal . 24 April 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150420172034/https://www.waterways.org.uk/waterways/canals_rivers/gloucester_sharpness/gloucester_sharpness . 20 April 2015.
  6. Web site: Conway-Jones . Hugh . Purton Barge Graveyard . Gloucester Docks and the Sharpness Canal . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160604080919/http://www.gloucesterdocks.me.uk/canal/graveyard.htm . 4 June 2016 .
  7. News: Watkins . Jack . Purton Hulks — maritime history sunk by neglect . 24 May 2016 . Telegraph . 18 October 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160805085842/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/3353521/Purton-Hulks-maritime-history-sunk-by-neglect.html . 5 August 2016 .
  8. Book: Head. Viv. Sailing Ships of the Bristol Channel. 2017. Amberley. 978-1445664002. 75–77.
  9. Web site: The Friends of Purton . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111111003610/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/ . 2011-11-11 .
  10. Web site: Purton 'Ship Graveyard' on the River Severn . Nautical Archaeology Society . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160617200423/http://nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/content/purton-ship-graveyard-river-severn . 17 June 2016 .
  11. Web site: The incredible hulks of Purton . BBC . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160617204721/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/gloucestershire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8270000/8270900.stm . 17 June 2016 .
  12. Web site: Ship graveyard gives up secrets. BBC. 24 May 2016.
  13. News: Purton Hulks taken over by British Waterways . 6 October 2010 . BBC News . 22 September 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100927061946/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-11384382 . 27 September 2010 .
  14. Web site: British Waterways to lead the way in hulks salvation . My Thornbury . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616225055/http://www.mythornbury.co.uk/thornbury/purton-hulks . 16 June 2016 .
  15. Web site: Purton Hulks group meets culture minister to seek help. BBC. 24 May 2016.
  16. Web site: A Kennet built-barge known as HARRIETT, 500m north-west of Kingshill Farm . National Heritage List for England . Historic England . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160610165042/https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1021451 . 10 June 2016 .
  17. Web site: Harriett . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624040024/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/2347/harriett . 24 June 2016 .
  18. Web site: Purton Hulks, Severn Estuary . South Worcestershire Archaeological Group . 29 May 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160506050859/http://swag-online.org.uk/purton_hulks_0910.htm . 6 May 2016 .
  19. Web site: Purton Hulks . Hansard . 8 December 2009 . 29 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160807140521/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmhansrd/cm091208/halltext/91208h0011.htm . 7 August 2016 .
  20. Book: Macintosh . Repertory of patent inventions and other discoveries and improvements in arts, manufactures and agriculture . 13 . 1840 . Specification of a patent granted to Jonathan Fell, of Workington, in the county of Cumberland, Ship Builder, for Improvements in Building Ships and Other Vessels – sealed August 5, 1839 . 210–212 .
  21. Iron knees in wooden vessels-an attempt at a typology . The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology . Stammers . Michael K. . 2001 . 30 . 1 . 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2001.tb01361.x . 119–120 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316062536/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Docs/Fells_Patent_Knees.pdf . 2016-03-16.
  22. Web site: Abbey . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063209/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Abbey.html . 20 June 2016 .
  23. Web site: Ada . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063215/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Ada.html . 20 June 2016 .
  24. Web site: Alaska . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165107/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Alaska.htm . 16 March 2016 .
  25. Web site: Arkendale H . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120509050443/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Arkendale_H.html . 9 May 2012 .
  26. Web site: Barge Abbey . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063219/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Barge_Abbey.html . 20 June 2016 .
  27. Web site: Barnwood . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316170025/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Barnwood.html . 16 March 2016 .
  28. Web site: Barry . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063224/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Barry.html . 20 June 2016 .
  29. Web site: Britannia . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063230/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Britannia.html . 20 June 2016 .
  30. Web site: Birdlip . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120523030555/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Birdlip.htm . 23 May 2012 .
  31. Web site: Briton Ferry . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063235/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Briton_Ferry.html . 20 June 2016 .
  32. Web site: Brockworth . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316170014/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Brockworth.html . 16 March 2016 .
  33. Web site: Cam . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165148/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Cam.html . 16 March 2016 .
  34. Web site: Catherine Ellen . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063240/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Catherine_Ellen.htm . 20 June 2016 .
  35. Web site: Dispatch/New Dispatch . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063245/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Dispatch.htm . 20 June 2016 .
  36. Web site: Dursley . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063250/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Dursley.html . 20 June 2016 .
  37. Web site: Edith . Nautical Archaeology Society . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160625074316/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Docs/EdithNAS2008.pdf . 25 June 2016 .
  38. Web site: Burton . Anthony . Edith . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160625052648/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Edith.htm . 25 June 2016 .
  39. Web site: FCB 51 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316172125/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_51.html . 16 March 2016 .
  40. Web site: FCB52 . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624034845/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/1859/fcb-52 . 24 June 2016 .
  41. Web site: FCB 52 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316184827/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_52.html . 16 March 2016 .
  42. Web site: FCB67 . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051307/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/2419/fcb67 . 24 June 2016 .
  43. Web site: FCB 67 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316170001/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_67.html . 16 March 2016 .
  44. Web site: FCB68 . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624034726/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/2472/fcb-68 . 24 June 2016 .
  45. Web site: FCB 68 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165103/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_68.html . 16 March 2016 .
  46. Web site: FCB75 . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624042239/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/2420/fcb75 . 24 June 2016 .
  47. Web site: FCB 75 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120515081632/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_75.html . 15 May 2012 .
  48. Web site: FCB76. National Historic Ships UK. 24 May 2016.
  49. Web site: FCB 76 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316105705/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_76.html . 16 March 2016 .
  50. Web site: FCB77 . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624033931/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/2422/fcb77 . 24 June 2016 .
  51. Web site: FCB 77 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165123/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_77.html . 16 March 2016 .
  52. Web site: FCB78 . National Historic Ships UK . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043814/http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/register/2423/fcb78 . 24 June 2016 .
  53. Web site: FCB 78 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165135/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/FCB_78.html . 16 March 2016 .
  54. Web site: Guide/Shamrock . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063255/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Guide.html . 20 June 2016 .
  55. Web site: Higre . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063301/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Higre.html . 20 June 2016 .
  56. Web site: Island Maid/Orby . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063306/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Island_Maid.htm . 20 June 2016 .
  57. Web site: Lighter No.6 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120523030601/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Lighter_no6.html . 23 May 2012 .
  58. Web site: Lighter No.9 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316170006/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Lighter_no9.html . 16 March 2016 .
  59. Web site: Lighter No.20 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120515081341/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Lighter_no20.html . 15 May 2012 .
  60. Web site: Lighter No.23 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165131/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Lighter_no23.html . 16 March 2016 .
  61. Web site: Lighter No.32 . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316184823/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Lighter_no32.html . 16 March 2016 .
  62. Web site: Matson . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120515075722/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Matson.html . 15 May 2012 .
  63. Web site: Newark . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316172120/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Newark.html . 16 March 2016 .
  64. Web site: Rockby . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063311/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Rockby.html . 20 June 2016 .
  65. Web site: Sally of London/King . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063317/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Sally.htm . 20 June 2016 .
  66. Web site: Sandhurst . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165114/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Sandhurst.html . 16 March 2016 .
  67. Web site: Severn Collier . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160620063322/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Severn_Collier.html . 20 June 2016 .
  68. Web site: Severn Conveyor . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165144/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Severn_Conveyor.html . 16 March 2016 .
  69. Web site: Severn Eagle . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316184834/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Severn_Eagle.html . 16 March 2016 .
  70. Web site: Severn Falcon . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165152/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Severn_Falcon.html . 16 March 2016 .
  71. Web site: Severn Hawk . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316170029/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Severn_Hawk.html . 16 March 2016 .
  72. Web site: Severn King. Friends of Purton. 10 October 2017.
  73. Web site: Tuffley . Friends of Purton . 26 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165138/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Tuffley.html . 16 March 2016 .
  74. Web site: Wastedale H . Friends of Purton . 24 May 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316110721/http://www.friendsofpurton.org.uk/Vessels/Wastdale_H.html . 16 March 2016 .

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