Chrysanthemin Explained

Chrysanthemin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3-glucoside of cyanidin (kuromanin).[1]

Natural occurrences

Chrysanthemin can be found in the roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malvaceae), different Japanese angiosperms,[2] Rhaponticum (Asteraceae),[3] The fruits of the smooth arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum, Caprifoliaceae) appear blue. One of the major pigments is cyanidin 3-glucoside, but the total mixture is very complex.[4]

In food

Chrysanthemin has been detected in blackcurrant pomace, in European elderberry,[5] in red raspberries, in soybean seed coats,[6] in Victoria plum,[7] in peach,[8] lychee and açaí.[9] It is found in red oranges[10] and black rice.[11]

It is the major anthocyanin in purple corn (Zea mays). Purple corn is approved in Japan and listed in the "Existing Food Additive List" as purple corn color.[12]

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in Escherichia coli was demonstrated by means of genetic engineering.[13]

In Arabidopsis thaliana, a glycosyltransferase, UGT79B1, is involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. UGT79B1 protein converts cyanidin 3-O-glucoside to cyanidin 3-O-xylosyl(1→2)glucoside.[14]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cyanidin 3-glucoside. . . 2024-04-07 .
  2. 10.1007/BF02490176 . 85 . A survey of anthocyanins in sprouting leaves of some Japanese angiosperms studies on anthocyanins, LXV . 1972 . The Botanical Magazine Tokyo . 303–306 . Yoshitama . Kunijiro. 4 . 46453668 .
  3. 10.1007/BF00565267 . 14 . Chrysanthemin and cyanin in species of the genusRhaponticum . 1978 . Chemistry of Natural Compounds . 450–451 . Vereskovskii . VV. 4 . 4817423 .
  4. 10.1080/10408398909527503 . 28 . Food colorants: Anthocyanins . 1989 . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition . 273–314 . Francis . FJ . 4 . 2690857.
  5. Foods in which the polyphenol Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside is found, http://www.phenol-explorer.eu/contents/polyphenol/9
  6. Choung. Myoung-Gun. Baek. In-Youl. Kang. Sung-Taeg. Han. Won-Young. Doo-Chull. Shin. Moon. Huhn-Pal. Kang. Kwang-Hee. Isolation and Determination of Anthocyanins in Seed Coats of Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001. 49. 12. 5848–5851. 10.1021/jf010550w. 11743773.
  7. 10.1002/jsfa.2740071103 . 7 . The chemical constituents of victoria plums: Chrysanthemin, acid and pectin contents . 1956 . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture . 699–705 . Dickinson . D. 11 .
  8. Postharvest sensory and phenolic characterization of 'Elegant Lady and 'Carson' peaches. Rodrigo Infante, Loreto Contador, Pía Rubio, Danilo Aros and Álvaro Peña-Neira, Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 71(3), July–September 2011, pages 445–451 (article)
  9. Del Pozo-Insfran D, Brenes CH, Talcott ST . Phytochemical composition and pigment stability of Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) . J. Agric. Food Chem. . 52 . 6 . 1539–45 . March 2004 . 15030208 . 10.1021/jf035189n .
  10. 18646002 . 10.1002/mnfr.200700377 . 52 . Influence of glucose on cyanidin 3-glucoside absorption in rats . 2008 . Mol Nutr Food Res . 959–64 . Felgines . C . Texier . O . Besson . C . Vitaglione . P . Lamaison . JL . Fogliano . V . Scalbert . A . Vanella . L . Galvano . F. 8 .
  11. Um. Min Young. Ahn. Jiyun. Ha. Tae Youl. 2013-09-01. Hypolipidaemic effects of cyanidin 3-glucoside rich extract from black rice through regulating hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 93. 12. 3126–3128. 10.1002/jsfa.6070. 1097-0010. 23471845. free.
  12. Anthocyanins isolated from purple corn (Zea mays L.). Hiromitsu Aoki, Noriko Kuze and Yoshiaki Kato (article)
  13. Yan Y, Chemler J, Huang L, Martens S, Koffas MA . Metabolic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. . 71 . 7 . 3617–23 . 2005 . 16000769 . 10.1128/AEM.71.7.3617-3623.2005 . 1169036. 2005ApEnM..71.3617Y .
  14. Yonekura-Sakakibara . Keiko . Fukushima . Atsushi . Nakabayashi . Ryo . Hanada . Kousuke . Matsuda . Fumio . Sugawara . Satoko . Inoue . Eri . Kuromori . Takashi . Ito . Takuya . Shinozaki . Kazuo . Wangwattana . Bunyapa . Yamazaki . Mami . 2012 . Two glycosyltransferases involved in anthocyanin modi?cation delineated by transcriptome independent component analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana . The Plant Journal . 69 . 1. 154–167 . 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04779.x . 21899608 . 3507004.

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