Purian languages explained

Purian
Also Known As:	Puri-Coroado
Region:	East Brazil
Familycolor:	American
Fam1:	Macro-Gê?
Glotto:	puri1261
Glottorefname:	Puri - Coroado
Map:	Puri languages.png

Purian languages are a pair of extinct languages of eastern Brazil:

- Puri Coroado Puri (also known as Colorado)

Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, was added by Campbell (1997), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).^[1]

Purian is part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.^[2]

Attestation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:^[1]

Puri

Martius (1863: 194–195), collected in 1818 at São João do Presídio (now Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais).^[3]
Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio^[4]
Torrezão (1889: 511–513), collected in 1885 at Abre Campo (near Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais)^[5]

Coroado

Martius (1863: 195–198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio
Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio
Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198–207), collected between 1817 and 1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River^[6]
Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro^[7]

Koropó is attested by two word lists:

Eschwege (2002: 122–127), 127 words collected in 1815
Schott (1822, pp. 48–51), 55 words collected in 1818^[8]

Distribution

The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna, São Paulo). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the Doce River in Minas Gerais.^[1]

Dialects

Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri:^[9]

- - Coroado Maritong
- Cobanipake
- Tamprun
- Sasaricon
Puri
- Sabonan
- Wambori
- Shaynishuna

Other languages

Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages:^[10]

Caracatan - once spoken on the Caratinga River and Manhuaçu River, Minas Gerais.
Bucan - found between Funil and Itacolumi near Mariana, Minas Gerais.
Arasi - in Minas Gerais, Serra Ibitipoca and near Barbacena.
Bacunin - near the city of Valença and on the Preto River.
Airuan - Minas Gerais, between the Piranga River and Branco River.
Bocayú - on the Pomba River.
Aripiado - in the Serra da Araponga, Minas Gerais.
Aredé - between Itabirito and Espinhaço.
Guaraxué - between Ouro Preto, Mariana and Piranga.
Sacarú - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River.
Paraíba - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River.
Pitá - state of Rio de Janeiro, on the Bonito River.
Xumeto - in the Serra da Mantiqueira, state of Rio de Janeiro.
Guarú - south of the Pitá tribe, state of Rio de Janeiro.
Lôpo or Rôpo - in the Serra de Abre Campo, state of Minas Gerais.
Abatipó - once spoken on the Matipó River, Minas Gerais.
Caxine - in the state of Minas Gerais between the Preto River and Paraíba River, and near Valença, Rio de Janeiro.
Caramonan - state of Minas Gerais, between the Pomba River and Doce River.
Waitaka or Goytacaz - formerly spoken on the São Mateus River and in the vicinity of Cabo de São Tomé, state of Rio de Janeiro.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.^[10]

gloss			Koropó
one	omi	shombiuan	ipáĩn
two	kuriri	chiri	alinkrin
three		pátapakon	patepakon
tongue	an-gué	topé	pitao
foot	cha-peré	txa-peré	cham-brim
fire	pothe	poté	ké
tree	mpó	ambó	mebm
jaguar	paüan	pauan
house	ngguára	guar	sheume
white	begotara	katáma	guatháma

Proto-language

Proto-Purian
Familycolor:	American
Target:	Purian languages

Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.^[11] Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for Puri, Coroado, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided.

no.	English gloss (translated)	Portuguese gloss (original)	Proto-Purian			Koropó
1	water	água	yaman	yaman	yaman
2	you (sg.)	você	gá		gá	gá
3	tapir	anta	painan	penán	painá
4	here	aqui	kará		kará	kra
5	tree	árvore	mpó	mpo	ãmpo
6	drink	beber	mpa	mpa	pa
7	mouth	boca	čore	čore	čore	šore, čore
8	hair	cabelo	ké	ke	gué	iče, ke
9	head	cabeça	kwe	kwe	ke
10	eat	comer	maše	paše	maše	makšina, maše
11	finger	dedo	šapere	šabrera	šapere
12	day	dia	opé	opé	ope
13	tooth	dente	če	uče	če
14	star	estrela	yuri	šuri	yuri	dzuri, yuri
15	arrow	flecha	apon	apon	apon
16	fire	fogo	poté	poté	poté
17	cat	gato	šapé		šapi	šapé
18	brother	irmão	čatay	šatã	čatay	šatay, čatay
19	daughter	filha	šampe	šampe-mpayma	šãpe	boema
20	leaf	folha	čope	dzoplé	čope	čupe
21	man	homem	kwayman	kuayma, hakorema	kwayman	kwayman
22	moon	lua	petara	petara	petara
23	mother	mãe	ayan	ayan	ayan	ayan
24	maize	milho	makπ	makπ	makπ
25	hand	mão	šapore	kore, šapeprera	šapore, kokor¤e
26	mountain	monte	pré	pré	pre	pré
27	large mountain	monte grande	pré-heroyma	pré deka	pré-heroyma	pré-heroyma
28	much, very	muito	purika	prika	purika
29	woman	mulher	poyman	mpayma	poyman	boeman
30	nose	nariz	ni	ni	yẽ
31	boy	menino	šapoma		šapona	šapoma
32	night	noite	miriponan	miriponan	maripoyan	merĩdan
33	eye	olho	merĩ	miri	merĩ	šwarĩ
34	ear	orelha	pepéna	bipina	pepéna
35	father	pai	are	are	uaré
36	bird	pássaro	šipu	šipu	šapu
37	foot	pé	čapere	šaprera	čapere	čamprĩ
38	feather	pluma	pé	šipupé	pe
39	pig	porco	šorã	sotanšira	šorã
40	river	rio	rorá	mñama róra	yamã rora	kwã
41	sun	sol	opé	opé	ope
42	afternoon	tarde	tušahi	tošora, tušahi	šare
43	earth	terra	oše	guašé, ušó	oše
44	trunk	tronco	pranü	pon-réna	põ pranü
45	wind	vento	džota	džota	nan dota	narã dzota
46	belly	ventre, barriga	tikĩ	tikĩ	tekĩ	ičĩ
47	herb, plant, grass	erva, planta, capim	šapuko	šapúko, spangué	šapuko	šapuka

However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían.^[1] Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê (Maxakalían branch).^[12]

Bibliography

Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

PROEL: Familia Purían

Notes and References

Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277.
Web site: Hammarström. Harald. Forke. Robert. Haspelmath. Martin. Bank. Sebastian. 2020. Puri-Coroado . Glottolog 4.3.
Martius, Karl Friedrich Philip von. 1863. Glossaria linguarum Brasiliensium: glossarios de diversas lingoas e dialectos, que fallao os Indios no imperio do Brazil. Erlangen: Druck von Jange.
Eschwege, Wilhelm Ludwig von. 2002. Journal do Brasil 1811-1817. Belo Horizonte: Fundação João Pinheiro.
Torrezão, Alberto Noronha. 1889. "Vocabulario puri". Revista trimensal do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brazileiro, Rio de Janeiro, t. LII, parte Ia, pp.511-514.
Marlière, Guido Thomaz. 1906. "Escritos avulsos, correspondência" Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Ano X, fascículos III e IV, pp. 383-668.
Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm. 1822. Tagebücher des K.K. Gärtners in Brasilien. vol. 2. Brünn.
Book: Mason, John Alden . John Alden Mason . 1950 . The languages of South America . Julian . Steward . Handbook of South American Indians . 6 . 157–317 . Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 . Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office.
Book: Loukotka, Čestmír . Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.
Silva Neto, Ambrósio Pereira da Silva. 2007. Revisão da classificação da família lingüística Puri. M.A. dissertation, University of Brasília.
Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.