Puma (brand) explained

Puma (brand) should not be confused with Puma Energy.

Puma SE
Type:Latin: [[Societas Europaea]]
Founder:Rudolf Dassler
Area Served:Worldwide
Revenue Year:2022
Income Year:2022
Net Income Year:2022
Assets Year:2022
Equity Year:2022
Num Employees:18,071
Num Employees Year:2022
Predecessor:Split from Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory
Location:Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany
Footnotes:[1] [2] [3]

Puma SE is a German multinational corporation who design and manufacture athletic and casual footwear, apparel, and accessories, headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany. Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world. The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler (1898–1974). In 1924, Rudolf and his brother Adolf "Adi" Dassler had jointly formed the company German: Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ('Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory'). The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until they agreed to split in 1948, forming two separate entities, Adidas and Puma. Following the split, Rudolf originally registered the newly established company as Ruda (derived from Rudolf Dassler, as Adidas was based on Adi Dassler), but later changed the name to Puma. Puma's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D, which was registered, along with the company's name, in 1948. Puma's shoe and clothing designs feature the Puma logo and the distinctive "Formstrip" which was introduced in 1958.

History

Background

Christoph Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, while his wife Pauline ran a small laundry in the Franconian town of Herzogenaurach, 20km (10miles) from the city of Nuremberg. After leaving school, their son, Rudolf Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in World War I, Rudolf was trained as a salesman at a porcelain factory, and later in a leather trading business in Nuremberg.[4]

In July 1924, Rudolf and his younger brother, Adolf, nicknamed "Adi", founded a shoe factory. They named the new business "Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik" (Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory) which was the only business at the time that manufactured sports shoes. The pair started their venture in their mother's laundry. At the time, electricity supplies in the town were unreliable, and the brothers sometimes had to use pedal power from a stationary bicycle to run their equipment.[5] In 1927, they moved into a separate building.

The brothers drove from Bavaria to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin with a suitcase full of spikes and persuaded United States sprinter Jesse Owens to use them, the first sponsorship for an African American. Owens won four gold medals. Business boomed; the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes annually before World War II.[6]

Both brothers joined the Nazi Party, but Rudolf was a keen Nazi, who applied to join, and was accepted into the Gestapo; they produced boots for the Wehrmacht.[7] [8] A growing rift between the brothers reached a breaking point during a 1943 Allied bomb attack. Adi and his wife climbed into a bomb shelter that Rudolf and his family were already in. "Here are the bloody bastards again," Adi remarked, apparently referring to the Allied war planes, but Rudolf, due to his apparent insecurity, was convinced his brother meant him and his family. When Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, he was convinced that his brother had turned him in.

Split and creation of Puma

After increasingly different views of how to run the business, the brothers split the business in 1948. Rudolf moved to the other side of the Aurach River to start his own company. Adolf started his own company using a name he formed using his nickname—Adi—and the first three letters of his last name—Das—to establish Adidas. Rudolf created a new firm that he called "Ruda", from "Ru" in Rudolf and "Da" in Dassler. A few months later, Rudolf's company changed its name to Puma Schuhfabrik Rudolf Dassler.

Puma and Adidas entered a fierce and bitter rivalry after the split. The town of Herzogenaurach was divided on the issue, leading to the nickname "the town of bent necks"—people looked down to see which shoes strangers wore.

In the first football match after World War II in 1948, several members of the West Germany national football team wore Puma boots, including the scorer of West Germany's first post-war goal, Herbert Burdenski.[9] Rudolf developed a football boot with screw-in studs, called the "Super Atom" in collaboration with people such as West Germany's national coach Sepp Herberger.[10]

Olympic presence

At the 1952 Summer Olympics, 1500 metres runner Josy Barthel of Luxembourg won Puma's first Olympic gold in Helsinki, Finland.

At the 1960 Summer Olympics, Puma paid German sprinter Armin Hary to wear Pumas in the 100-metre sprint final. Hary had previously worn Adidas products and approached Adolf for compensation. However, Adidas declined the request. Despite winning a gold medal in Pumas, Hary chose to wear Adidas during the medals ceremony, surprising the two Dassler brothers. Hary seemingly aimed to benefit financially from both brands, but Adolf was infuriated to the extent of banning the Olympic champion.[6]

During the 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute, Puma-sponsored African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos, after having won gold and bronze in the 200 meters, respectively, took to the podium with their Puma Suede shoes in hand and bowed their heads and raised their black-gloved fists in silent protest during the playing of the national anthem, an act meant to stand up for human rights and to stand up for black Americans.[11]

World Cup and the Pelé Pact

A few months prior to the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Armin Dassler (Rudolf's son) of Puma and his cousin Horst Dassler (Adi's son) of Adidas sealed an agreement which was dubbed "The Pelé Pact". This agreement dictated that Pelé would be out of bounds for both Adidas and Puma, feeling that a bidding war for the most famous athlete in the world would become too expensive, only for Puma to break the pact and sign him.[12]

In addition to paying Pelé a percentage of Puma King boot sales, Puma paid him $120,000 ($2.85 million in 2022) to tie his laces prior to Brazil's quarter-final game against Peru to advertise their boots.[13] [14] An idea conceived by Puma's representative Hans Henningsen, Pelé stopped the referee from starting the game with a last-second request to tie his shoelaces, and with the camera panning in on Pelé, the Puma King boots were broadcast to a global audience, generating enormous publicity for the brand.[15] [13]

The most notable event in the Dassler brothers feud, the breaking of the "Pelé Pact" outraged Horst, and future peace agreements were called off.[12] The Puma deal for Pelé was praised as a shrewd marketing move, and many business experts credit the rivalry and competition between the two companies for transforming sports apparel into a highly-lucrative industry.[13]

Later events

During the 1972 Summer Olympics, Puma provided shoes for the Ugandan 400 metres hurdles champion, John Akii-Bua. After Akii-Bua was forced out of Uganda by its military government, Puma employed him in Germany. Eventually, Akii-Bua returned to Uganda.[16]

Puma launched the Puma Clyde in 1973, a basketball shoe based on the Suede. Designed for basketball player Walt "Clyde" Frazier, it gained wide popularity and became significant in the old school hip hop and skate punk subcultures.[17] [18]

Going public

Puma became a public company in 1986,[19] and thereafter was listed on the Börse München and Frankfurt Stock Exchange; its first profit since the IPO was registered in 1994.[20] In May 1989, Rudolf's sons Armin and Gerd Dassler sold their 72 percent stake in Puma to Swiss business Cosa Liebermann SA.[21] The company acquired Scandinavian Tretorn Group in 2001, later sold to Authentic Brands Group in 2015.[22] For the fiscal year 2003, the company had revenue of €1.274 billion, and majority shareholder Monarchy/Regency sold its shareholdings to a broad base of institutional investors.[23]

In February 2007, Puma reported that its profits had fallen by 26% to €32.8 million ($43 million; £22 million) during the final three months of 2006. Most of the decline in profits was due to higher costs linked to its expansion; sales rose by more than a third to €480.6 million.[24] In early April, Puma's shares rose €29.25 per share, or about 10.2%, to €315.24 per share.[25] On 10 April, the French conglomerate PPR (which became Kering in 2013) announced that it had bought a 27% stake in Puma, clearing the way for a full takeover. The deal valued Puma at €5.3 billion. PPR said that it would launch a friendly takeover of Puma, worth €330 a share, once the acquisition of the smaller stake was completed. The board of Puma welcomed the move, saying it was fair and in the firm's best interests. As of July 2007, PPR owned over 60% of Puma stock.[26]

In 2008, Melody Harris-Jensbach was appointed deputy chief executive officer; designer and artist Hussein Chalayan became creative director,[27] and Puma acquired a majority stake in Chalayan's fashion business.[28]

2010 onward

In 2010, Puma acquired Cobra Golf, and took over bodywear and socks company Dobotex the following year.[29] [30] In July 2011, the company completed a conversion from an German: [[Aktiengesellschaft]] (German public limited company) to a Latin: [[Societas Europaea]], the European Union-wide equivalent, changing its name from Puma AG Rudolf Dassler Sport to Puma SE.[31] At the same time, replaced the long-serving Jochen Zeitz as the firm's chief executive officer (CEO), with Zeitz becoming chairman.[32] The company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden since 1 July 2013. Arne Freundt was appointed CEO in November 2022.[33]

Since 2018, the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement has called for a boycott of Puma over its sponsorship of the Israel Football Association and demanded that the company "end complicity with the Israeli colonial and apartheid regime." The BDS campaign also stated that Puma contracted with an Israeli distributor operating in illegal Israeli settlements in the West Bank.[34] Puma will end its sponsorship of the Israel national football team in 2024.[35]

Finances

Puma has been a public company since 1986, listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. French luxury group Kering (formerly known as PPR) holds 9.8%, Kering's largest shareholder Groupe Artemis owns 29% of the share capital.[36]

Puma ranks as one of the top shoe brands with Adidas and Nike,[37] and employs more than 18,000 people worldwide. The company has corporate offices around the world, including four defined as "central hubs": Assembly Row, Somerville, Massachusetts;[38] Hong Kong; Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; and global headquarters in Herzogenaurach, Germany.[39]

Financial data in € millions[40] !Year!2013!2014!2015!2016!2017!2018!2019!2020!2021
Revenue2,9852,9723,3873,6274,1364,6485,5025,2346,805
Net Income564376213618726279310
Assets2,3092,5502,6202,7652,8543,2074,3784,6845,728
Employees10,75010,83011,35111,49511,78712,89414,33214,37416,125

Sponsorships

International footballers Neymar, retired Gianluigi Buffon, retired Sergio Agüero, Antoine Griezmann, Marco Reus, Raphael Varane, Luis Suárez, retired David Silva, retired Vincent Kompany, Sunil Chhetri, Christian Pulisic, Yann Sommer, Jonas Hofmann, Wataru Endo, Kaoru Mitoma and more sport Puma football boots.[41]

Puma holds a 5% stake in German football club Borussia Dortmund, and has been its supplier since 2012.[42] In 2014, Puma and Arsenal Football Club entered a 5-year merchandising partnership, the biggest deal in Puma and Arsenal's history.[43] The partnership ended in 2019. Other football clubs include Barrow A.F.C., Manchester City F.C., Fenerbahçe S.K., Galatasaray S.K., Olympique de Marseille, Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Lillestrøm SK, Valencia CF, AC Milan, Peñarol, US Sassuolo, Club de Fútbol Monterrey, Bengaluru FC, Chennaiyin FC, Mumbai City FC, Universidad Católica, Universitatea Craiova, Kawasaki Frontale, Shimizu S-Pulse, Cerezo Osaka and many others. National football teams include Guinea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Iceland, New Zealand, Senegal, Switzerland, Austria, Morocco and Egypt.[44]

In athletics (track and field), Puma sponsors the athletic associations for Brazil (CBAt),[45] Jamaica (JAAA), Cuba (FCA), The Bahamas (BAAA), Grenada (GAA), Trinidad & Tobago (NAAATT), Dominica (DAAA), Barbados (AAB), Portugal (FPAtletismo), Switzerland (Swiss Athletics), and Norway (NFIF).[46] It also has Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, under contract along with other track and field athletes like Andre De Grasse, Karsten Warholm, and Gianmarco Tamberi. Several world records were achieved by athletes wearing Puma shoes, such as Heinz Futterer (1954), Armin Hary (1960), Jim Hines (1976), Tommie Smith (1968), Asafa Powell (2015), and Usain Bolt (2002).[47] [48]

In 2018, Puma announced its entrance back into basketball after a break of almost 20 years, and appointed Jay-Z as the division's creative director.[49] [50] Marvin Bagley III, Deandre Ayton, Zhaire Smith, and Michael Porter Jr. are the first players to join Puma's basketball roster and play in performance Puma basketball shoes.[51] [52] In December 2021, the brand launched High Court, its first women's basketball line, designed by creative director June Ambrose.[53]

Puma made its partnership with netball after 28 years by sponsoring the Melbourne Vixens in 2018, and became the official apparel sponsor of New Zealand's national netball team, the Silver Ferns.[54] [55] Golfers such as Rickie Fowler and Lexi Thompson are equipped by Puma's golf brand Cobra Golf.[56] [57] [58]

Puma is the main producer of enthusiast driving shoes and race suits and entered a partnership with BMW, Ducati and Ferrari to make their respective shoes.[59] In Formula 1, Puma equips the teams of Mercedes AMG Petronas, Scuderia Ferrari and Alfa Romeo,[60] they also equipped Red Bull Racing until 2022. It also sponsors BMW, Mercedes and Porsche in all of their Motorsports activities.[61] In NASCAR, Puma equips Team Penske with fire suits, gloves, and shoes.[62]

Rihanna was named creative director of Puma's womenswear line in December 2014.[63] Two years later, Puma partnered with The Weeknd as a creative collaborator.[64] In 2018, Puma launched its venture with its ambassador Selena Gomez called "Phenom Lux''[65] [66] In 2019, Big Sean became Puma's brand ambassador.[67]

In 2024, Puma appointed Milind Soman as its running ambassador.[68] The same year, Sekou became the brand's ambassador.[69] Later in June, Rosé becomes Puma's brand ambassador.[70]

Labour practices and factory conditions

In 2000, Puma began auditing all of its suppliers on a yearly basis, and makes the results available in its sustainability reports. Since 2005, it has publicly provided a list of its suppliers.[71]

In August 2004, a joint report from the National Labor Committee and China Labor Watch stated that workers at some of Puma's Chinese factories were enduring sweatshop conditions, working up to 16.5 hours per day for about US$0.31 an hour. Puma said it would investigate the claims.[72]

In February 2012, a woman who worked for one of Puma's suppliers in Cambodia was shot during a protest over factory working conditions. Puma acknowledged the poor working conditions and said it would work to improve the situation.[73]

According to a joint report from Labour Behind the Label and Community Legal Education Centre, 30 workers fainted in November 2012 while producing clothing for Puma in China. The faintings were caused by excessive heat and alleged forced overtime.[74] [75] In 2014, almost 120 workers fainted in two Cambodian clothing factories where sportswear was being produced for Puma and Adidas, due to temperatures above 100°F.[76] In March 2017, 150 workers assembling Puma products in Cambodia fainted due to thick smoke.[77]

Puma has obtained the Ethical Clothing Australia accreditation for its Australian-made products.[78] This labour-friendly accreditation applies to only a small percentage of Puma's total production.

In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including Puma, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang.[79] In 2022, researchers from Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences identified cotton from Xinjiang in Puma shirts.[80]

Research of the social democratic party in the European Parliament, the Sheffield Hallam University and further groups showed in December 2023 Puma is using Uyghur forced labour in camps provided by the Anhui Hunao Group Co. ltd for production.[81]

Revocation of sponsorship with Israel Football Association

Puma has decided not to renew its sponsorship of the Israel national football team when it expires in 2024.[82]

Environmental practices

In May 2011, English newspaper The Guardian stated that Puma was the "world's first major company to put a value on its environmental impact" and that Puma "has made a commitment that within four years, half its international collections will be manufactured according to its internal sustainability standard, by using more sustainable materials such as recycled polyester, as well as ensuring its suppliers develop more sustainable materials and products."[83]

Puma is also known for boosting positive environmental practices in its supply chain through financial incentives. The supply chain finance scheme implemented links the sustainability performance of key suppliers to the costs at which they can access finance. Puma managed to limit the carbon emissions that emanate from its supply chain through employing more eco-friendly and less carbon intensive materials.[84] The system won the company an "Innovation Award" in Supply Chain Finance in 2016.[85]

Puma managed to reduce its own carbon emissions worldwide by 88% between 2017 and 2021. This was mainly facilitated through buying renewable energy or renewable energy certificates.

In 2023, Puma announced that it would stop using kangaroo leather in its products, including its redesigned KING football boot, which features uppers containing at least 20% recycled material.[86] [87] Also, in April 2023, Puma announced its new sustainable initiative, Voices of a Re:Generation, which aims to develop the brand's 'sustainable journey' through involving the 'recommendations' and 'perspectives' of the next generation.[88] [89] [90]

In January 2024, the fashion Energy Report of Utility Bidder, a utility switching service, categorized Puma as the 'most sustainable brand' with a high sustainability rating, a high level of transparency, and a low amount of CO2 produced when someone visits their website.[91]

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Puma Annual Report 2022. 5 December 2022. 3 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221003123301/https://about.puma.com/en/investor-relations/financial-reports. live.
  2. Web site: Kering Finance Puma . 20 June 2018 . 24 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181224200722/http://www.kering.com/en/finance/distribution-puma . dead .
  3. https://craft.co/puma Puma company profile
  4. Web site: The History of Adidas and Puma. Newsweek. 13 April 2008. 1 September 2015. 17 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150817061824/http://www.newsweek.com/history-adidas-and-puma-86373. live.
  5. Web site: The Town that Sibling Rivalry Built, and Divided. Deutsche Welle – dw-world.de. 7 March 2006. 6 November 2010. 16 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150716150435/http://www.dw.com/en/the-town-that-sibling-rivalry-built-and-divided/a-2074427. live.
  6. Web site: Kirschbaum . Erik . 2005-11-08 . How Adidas and Puma were born . The Journal . 2008-07-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080117230846/http://in.rediff.com/sports/2005/nov/08adi.htm . 17 January 2008 . dead.
  7. Web site: Von Robert . Kuhn . Thomas . Thiel . Shoes and Nazi Bazookas – The Prehistory of Adidas and Puma . Spiegel Gruppe . . Paul Cohen . 3 April 2009 . 4 January 2020 . 5 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805092644/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/shoes-and-nazi-bazookas-the-prehistory-of-adidas-and-puma-a-611400.html . live .
  8. Web site: Aneculaesei . Calin . The Nazi Origins of Adidas and Puma . History of Yesterday . 8 September 2022 . 8 September 2022 . 8 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220908142633/https://historyofyesterday.com/the-nazi-origins-of-adidas-and-puma/ . live .
  9. Book: Thomas, Rob . Big Data Revolution: What Farmers, Doctors and Insurance Agents Teach Us About Discovering Big Data Patterns . . Patrick McSharry . 2015 . 978-1-118-94373-1 . Chichester . 182 . 899739038 . 3 February 2023 . 3 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230203041512/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt8WBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 . live .
  10. Web site: Furness . Joseph . 12 May 2022 . The best Puma shoes you can buy right now . 2023-03-18 . . en-GB . 18 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230318190714/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/gallery/best-puma-shoes . live .
  11. News: Puma Pays Homage to Tommie Smith and the Black Power Salute in New "BHM" Collection. complex. 2016-01-29. 27 January 2016. 8 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202700/https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2016/01/puma-black-history-month-pack-commemorating-tommie-smith. live.
  12. News: Was Pele paid to tie his shoes during the 1970 World Cup final? . 13 September 2023 . Los Angeles Times . 15 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230915030254/https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2012-oct-15-la-sp-sn-pele-shoes-world-cup-20121015-story.html . live .
  13. Book: Jaskulka . Marie . Puma . 2022 . ABDO . 38–40.
  14. News: Marriages, music, endorsements: Pele's life away from the field . 13 September 2023 . France24 . 15 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230915030254/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221230-marriages-music-endorsements-pele-s-life-away-from-the-field . live .
  15. News: One of the Greatest Marketing Plays of All Time Was a Pair of Untied Pumas . 13 September 2023 . Medium . 15 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230915030256/https://mrcodella.medium.com/one-of-the-greatest-marketing-plays-of-all-time-was-a-pair-of-untied-pumas-9f5727efdca0 . live .
  16. Web site: The John Akii Bua Story: An African Tragedy. SpeedEndurance.com. 7 November 2014. 2015-09-03. 12 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150612140157/http://speedendurance.com/2014/11/07/the-john-akii-bua-story-an-african-tragedy/. live.
  17. Web site: Rowland . Sarah . 28 February 2007 . Old-school style drives historical Puma forward . 2023-05-15 . . 15 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515234301/https://www.straight.com/article-72958/old-school-style-drives-historical-puma-forward . live .
  18. Web site: 20 Sneakers That Have Lived Double Lives – Puma Clyde. Complex Networks. 2015-09-03. 17 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180817060139/https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/10/sneakers-that-live-double-lives/clyde. live.
  19. Book: Matthews, Peter. Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. 2012-03-22. 9780810879850.
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  21. Book: Thomas, Rob. Big Data Revolution: What Farmers, Doctors, and Insurance Agents Can Teach Us about Patterns in Big Data. John Wiley & Sons. 2015-01-07. 9781118943717.
  22. Web site: tretorn-acquired-authentic-brands-group. 30 June 2015 . 1 September 2015.
  23. Web site: Monarchy Regency sells its stake in Puma – New Europe. 2015-09-03.
  24. News: Puma sees sharp fall in profit. 19 February 2007. BBC News. 22 May 2010. 20 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080320202131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6375175.stm. live.
  25. News: Puma's shares surge on bid rumour. 5 April 2007. BBC News. 22 May 2010. 17 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070917061349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6530423.stm. live.
  26. News: Gucci-firm PPR buys stake in Puma. 10 April 2007. BBC News. 22 May 2010. 9 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080209212116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6540391.stm. live.
  27. Web site: Jack Wolfskin Appoints Melody Harris-Jensbach Chief Executive. Snow Industry News. 2015-09-03. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141229031037/http://www.snowindustrynews.com/articles/jack-wolfskin-appoints-melody-harris-jensbach-chief-executive. 29 December 2014.
  28. Web site: Hussein Chalayan Appointed Creative Director of Puma. Adweek. 3 March 2008 . 2015-09-03. 5 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161005080155/http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/hussein-chalayan-appointed-creative-director-of-puma/276059. live.
  29. News: 2010-03-10 . UPDATE 2-Fortune Brands selling Cobra golf line to Puma . . 2022-11-01 . 1 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221101134212/https://www.reuters.com/article/fortune-idUSN1012872620100310 . live .
  30. News: 2011-05-20 . UPDATE 1-Puma kicks off shopping tour with sock licensee . . 2022-11-05 . 5 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105214735/https://www.reuters.com/article/puma-idUKLDE74J0NH20110520 . live .
  31. News: Koch ist neuer Puma-Chef. 25 July 2011. Focus. de. 3 August 2011. 15 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121015003808/http://www.focus.de/finanzen/finanz-news/puma-koch-ist-neuer-puma-chef_aid_649072.html. live.
  32. News: Passariello . Christina . March 15, 2011 . Puma Names New CEO . . 2015-09-03 . 0099-9660 . 5 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161005071024/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704893604576200452302421790 . live .
  33. News: ((Reuters)) . 2022-11-04 . Puma CEO Gulden set to become new Adidas head -source . . 2022-11-05 . 5 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105214735/https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/puma-ceo-gulden-set-become-new-adidas-ceo-manager-magazin-2022-11-04/ . live .
  34. News: BDS calls for Puma boycott over Israeli football sponsorship . Middle East Monitor . 9 November 2023 . 9 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109095545/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220213-bds-calls-for-puma-boycott-over-israeli-football-sponsorship/ . live .
  35. News: Puma beendet im kommenden Jahr (2024) sein Sponsoring der israelischen Fußballnationalmannschaft . spiegel.de . de . 12 December 2023 . 13 December 2023 . 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213154404/https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/fussball-puma-beendet-sponsoring-von-israels-nationalmannschaft-a-c473ecca-25cb-4bb5-bf62-f4424093f91d . live .
  36. Web site: Puma welcomes planned Change in Ownership Structure. about.puma.com. en. 2018-06-06. 28 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180528012045/http://about.puma.com/en/newsroom/corporate-news/2018/january/PUMA-welcomes-planned-Change-in-Ownership-Structure. live.
  37. Web site: Maguire . Lucy . CEO Bjørn Gulden on the big Puma comeback . https://web.archive.org/web/20220207075923/https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/ceo-bjorn-gulden-on-the-big-puma-comeback . 2022-02-07 . 2022-06-15 . . 7 February 2022 . en-GB.
  38. Web site: Puma is moving its headquarters to Assembly Row . . 1 February 2019 . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095153/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/01/17/puma-moving-its-headquarters-assemby-row/pEQhXpgGkQTkLba5UfBD5O/story.html . live .
  39. Web site: Puma Locations . 1 February 2019 . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042029/https://about.puma.com/en/careers/locations . live .
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