Pugnoides Explained

Pugnoides is an extinct genus of brachiopod belonging to the order Rhynchonellida and family Petasmariidae.^[1] Specimens have been found in Devonian^[2] to Permian^[3] beds in North America,^[4] Asia,^[5] Europe, western Australia,^[6] New Zealand,^[3] and New Zealand.^[3] The genus was particularly widespread in the Visean (Lower Mississippian).^[6]

Description

Members of the genus are typically small to medium in size. The general shape of the shell is roughly circular to roughly triangular, and both valves are strongly convex in shape. The beak (the oldest portion of the valve closest to the hinge) is incurved rather than flat. The foramen (the opening through which the animal's pedicle or foot was extended) is large and oval in shape.^[6] /

Species

• P. mazhalaensis Jin and Shi 1979^[7]
• P. quinqueplecis Easton 1962^[8]
• P. ardivenus Waterhouse 1982^[3]

Notes and References

1. Book: A. . Williams . C. H. C. . Brunton . S. J. . Carlson . F. . Alvarez . R. B. . Blodgett . A. J. . Boucot . P. . Copper . A. S. . Dagys . R. E. . Grant . Y.-G. . Jin . D. I. . MacKinnon . M. O. . Mancenido . E. F. . Owen . J.-Y. . Rong . N. M. . Savage . D.-L. . Sun . 2002 . 4 . Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology H: Brachiopoda . 921–1688.
2. Wallace . Peigi . Homeomorphy between Devonian brachiopod communities in France and Iowa . Lethaia . October 1978 . 11 . 4 . 259–272 . 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1978.tb01878.x. 1978Letha..11..259W .
3. J. B. . Waterhouse . 1982 . New Zealand Permian brachiopod systematics, zonation, and paleoecology . New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin . 48 . 7–158.
4. Butts . Susan H. . Solicified carboniferous (Chesterian) Brachiopoda of the Arco Hills Formation, Idaho . Journal of Paleontology . January 2007 . 81 . 1 . 48–63 . 10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[48:SCCBOT]2.0.CO;2.
5. R. . Feist . 2019 . Post-Kellwasser event recovery and diversification of phacopid trilobites in the early Famennian (Late Devonian) . Bulletin of Geosciences . 94 . 1 . 1–22. 10.3140/bull.geosci.1727 . 219305871 . free .
6. Brezinski . David K. . Kollar . Albert D. . Lithofacies and Fauna of the Loyalhanna Limestone (Chesterian, Upper Mississippian) and Their Implications for its Origin in the Appalachian Basin . Annals of Carnegie Museum . 15 July 2021 . 87 . 2 . 10.2992/007.087.0203. 237402329 .
7. Book: Y. G. . Jin . Y. . Wang . D. L. . Sun . Q. . Shi . 1985 . Late Paleozoic and Triassic brachiopods from the east of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau . Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Western Sichuan and Eastern Xizang . 182–249.
8. Easton . W.H. . Carboniferous formations and faunas of central Montana . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper . 1962 . 348 . 10.3133/pp348. free .